43个福建省茶树品种指纹图谱构建及遗传多样性分析

为了解福建省茶树品种的遗传多样性,从38对SSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰,多态性较好的引物23对,对43个茶树品种的遗传多样性进行了分析,并选取扩增条带少、多态性较高的7对SSR引物构建茶树品种指纹图谱。聚类结果表明,43个茶树品种可聚成10个类群,遗传距离最远的品种是‘八仙茶’,距离最近的品种是‘福鼎大毫茶’与‘九龙大白茶’;福建省选育的乌龙茶品种比绿茶品种的遗传多样性丰富;同时来源于共同亲本的品种表现出较高的相似系数,聚为一类;来源地相同的品种也因有较高的相似系数而聚为一类;地理距离越远的品种,遗传距离也越大。这为茶叶生产选种和茶树遗传改良提供参考依据。     

基于SSR标记的贵州薏苡种质资源遗传多样性?分析

利用SSR标记研究了22份薏苡种质的遗传多样性,用11对扩增带型稳定的SSR引物从供试材料中检测出105个等位基因变异,每对引物检测等位基因4～20个,平均9.55个。SSR引物的PIC介于0.3048～0.9238,平均多态性信息量为0.8255。利用UPGMA聚类分系法将供试自交系划分为4类,该划分结果与根据地理来源、种质系谱的分类结果基本一致。SSR分子标记辅助的种质改良是薏苡品种改良的重要途径。     

我国陆地棉基础种质遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析

利用398对BNL、JESPR、TMB等SSR引物,对不同亲本来源、不同选育时期、不同种植生态区的43份陆地棉基础种质进行了遗传多样性的SSR分子标记分析。扩增产物用8％的非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶检测,银染观察并照相。遗传多样性带型分析按位点多态信息量（PIC）,Shannon-weaver多样性指数（H^＋）等方法,利用NTSYSpc2．1软件计算品种间的遗传相似系数（Jaccard系数）,并用类平均法（UPGMA）进行聚类。结果表明所选择多态性引物分布在棉花基因组的第3、4、5、8、9、10、16、18、20、23号等染色体上,36对多态性引物在基础种质中扩增等位基因130个,其中多态性等位基因占80％,每个引物扩增等位基因2～8个,平均3．6个,PIC为0．278～0．865,平均0．62,基因型多样性（H^＋）为0．451～2．039,平均1．102,基础种质问SSR遗传相似系数平均为0．610,变幅为0．409～0．865,这说明所选基础种质基因组水平的多样性较丰富,变化范围大、代表性强。按品种不同选育时期来讲,第一、二、三期基础种质的SSR分子标记平均遗传相似系数分别是0．587、0．630、0．630,说明现代基础种质比早期基础种质在基因组水平的差异呈下降的趋势,可能是由于育种者偏重于使用优质高产性状的亲本品种,致使我国棉花的育种基础逐渐变窄。不同棉区基础种质SSR标记性状差异大,北部特早熟棉区基础种质间的SSR标记的多样性大于黄河、长江棉区,主要原因是长江、黄河棉区的育种过分强调高产、优质品种选育,品种间的差异变小;基础种质中的国内品种SSR相似系数（0．624）比引进品种（0.85）高,说明国内品种在遗传多样性上目前还没有超越国外品种。总之,我国棉花现代基础种质比早期基础种质的遗传多样性呈下降的趋势,黄河、长江主产棉区基础种质的遗传多样性还没有超过国外基础种质,品种间的遗传背景较为狭窄,还必须采用多种途径丰富我国棉花种质资源的遗传多样性。     

19个枇杷杂交新品种(系)的SSR鉴定和指纹图谱构建

为探究枇杷(Eriobotryajaponica)杂交品种真实性和DNA指纹图谱,对新育成的19个枇杷杂交品种(系)进行SSR标记鉴定分析。结果表明,从已发表的89对SSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰稳定的多态性引物19对,在24份枇杷材料中共扩增到83条带,每对引物平均扩增4.37条,PIC值为0.234～0.983,平均为0.764。经12对具有父本特征带多态性引物鉴定, 19个杂交新品种(系)全部为真杂种,真杂种率为100%。UPGMA聚类分析表明,19个杂交新品种(系)的遗传相似系数为0.728～0.969,与杂交亲本‘新白2号’和‘贵妃’聚为同一个大类,并可细分为4个亚类,红肉与白肉的枇杷品种(系)间无明显划分。同时利用8对多态性SSR引物组合,构建了19个枇杷杂交新品种(系)的分子指纹图谱。这为枇杷品种鉴定、新品种权保护和杂交育种提供重要参考依据。     

基于SSR分子标记的茶树新品种‘戚家美铭’的亲缘关系分析

目的：探明茶树新品种‘戚家美铭’的亲缘关系。方法：以‘戚家美铭’和同其栽种于同一茶园的两个茶树品种‘鸠坑’和‘乌牛早’，以及叶片形状类似的近似品种‘嘉茗一号’作为研究对象，利用21对SSR引物对其进行聚类分析。结果：21对引物共扩增出102个条带，每个SSR位点的观测等位基因数为2～7个，平均值为4.857 1，多态性达到100%,Shannon多态性信息指数范围在1.906 2～0.693 1，平均值为1.449 5，‘戚家美铭’与‘鸠坑’的遗传距离为1.343 7、遗传相似系数为0.260 9。结论：确定‘戚家美铭’是‘鸠坑’的自然杂交后代。     

中国35个苦荞审定品种EST-SSR指纹图谱构建与遗传多样性分析

核心引物对种质资源遗传多样性分析、品种鉴定、指纹图谱构建等研究具有重要价值。本研究以35个苦荞（Fagopyrum tataricum（L.） Gaertn）审定品种为材料,从91对苦荞EST-SSR引物中筛选出50对多态性引物。综合考虑引物多态性信息量（PIC）大小、鉴别力（DP）,筛选出等位变异位点数在2~4,PIC值在0.60~0.78之间的6对引物（SSR9007、SSR6873、SSR7642、SSR2234、SSR6789、SSR68216）构建了供试品种的分子指纹图谱。遗传多样性聚类分析结果表明,供试品种的相似系数为0.50~0.99。当遗传相似系数为0.60时,可将供试品种分为4大类群,其中54.3%的供试品种被聚为一类,表明苦荞审定品种遗传组成差异较小,遗传基础狭窄。聚类结果表明各类群间没有明显的地域分布趋势,但能较好的反映供试品种间的亲缘关系。     

基于全长转录组信息的枸杞SSR标记开发北大核心CSCD

枸杞是茄科枸杞属的重要经济植物,广泛分布于我国西北地区,环境适应性强。本研究分析了枸杞基因组中SSR的分布特征,并基于宁杞1号全长转录组开发SSR分子标记,对28个枸杞种质进行遗传多样性分析和亲缘关系分析。用MISA软件搜索全长转录组中SSR位点,设计并筛选多态性好的SSR引物,对206对引物经过毛细管电泳筛选后最终选出23对引物对28个不同分布区的枸杞种质进行遗传多样性分析,遗传相似系数用非加权组平均法(UPGMA)聚类。23对引物共扩增得到240个等位基因,每个位点的等位基因数范围为4~17,Shannon信息指数范围为1.177~2.487,期望杂合度和观测杂合度的范围分别为0.635~0.909和0.250~0.964,PIC的范围是0.580~0.902。遗传距离聚类分析显示28份枸杞种质在遗传相似系数为0.71时被分为4类,宁夏枸杞为Ⅰ类,中国枸杞为Ⅱ类,黑果枸杞为Ⅲ类,Ⅳ类中只有中国枸杞种的枸杞岛种质。利用全长转录组序列可以高质量实现枸杞SSR标记开发,新开发的23对引物后续可用于枸杞种质遗传多样性分析和分子标记辅助育种工作。     

中国引种桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析

该研究从110对SSR引物中,选用47个扩增稳定、条带特异的SSR多态位点,对42种159份桉树种质材料进行PCR扩增,通过统计条带构建二维数据库的方法,进行遗传多样性分析和聚类分析。结果显示:(1)共检测到137个等位基因,平均每个位点等位基因数为2.915个,各位点等位基因变异范围为2~7个。(2)遗传多样性分析结果表明,平均Shannon’s信息指数为0.181,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.068,平均多态信息含量PIC为0.182。综合各指标分析发现,位点eSSR-GR018、eSSR-GR083和eSSR-GR109的多态性程度最高,反映的遗传信息量更大,能够在桉树种质资源的遗传多样性分析和种质鉴定等方面发挥更大的作用。(3)非加权类平均法(UPGMA法)和主坐标分析法(PCoA法)聚类分析均表明,159份桉树种质材料分为两大类群,且昆士兰桉和少花桉间具有较高的遗传相似度,很可能产生杂交种;聚类结果与基于形态学的HillJohnson分类系统基本一致。研究表明,中国引种的桉树种质资源具有较高水平的遗传多样性,该研究所选用的47对SSR引物可有效地应用于桉树种质资源的鉴定分析。     

24个菊芋品种（系）遗传多样性的ISSR标记分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术研究了来源于国内外不同区域的24个菊芋（Helianthus tuberosus Linn．）品种（系）的遗传多样性,并结合块茎特征采用聚类分析法探讨了它们的遗传关系。结果表明：用16条ISSR引物从24个品种（系）的基因组DNA共扩增出242条带,包含228条多态性条带,多态性条带百分率达94．2％,其中7条引物的多态性条带百分率达100．0％。各品种（系）间的遗传距离为0．19～1．01,遗传距离平均值为0．45。聚类分析结果显示：在遗传相似系数0．68处可将24个品种（系）划分为5类,第1类仅包含‘青芋1号’（‘Qingyu No．1’）,第Ⅱ类仅包含W12,第Ⅲ类包含W30、W42、‘青芋2号’（‘Qingyu No．2’）、W09、W18、W26和WSl,第Ⅳ类包含W06和W84,第V类包含‘青芋3号’（‘Qingyu No．3’）、w23、W36、W43、W54、W75、WS0、W62、W64、W79、S150、S138和W66;多数块茎特征相似的品种（系）被聚在一起,但也有部分块茎特征不同的品种（系）被聚在同一类中;部分品种（系）的聚类分析结果与其形态分类结果及地理分布不一致。研究结果表明：供试的菊芋品种（系）具有较高的遗传多样性,存在着较为频繁的基因交流;基于ISSR标记分析能较准确地揭示出菊芋品种（系）间的遗传多样性。     

基于SSR标记的陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传多样性分析

丰富的遗传变异对于提高作物的环境适应性和遗传改良进度至关重要。为了解我国早熟陆地棉种质资源遗传多样性,本研究利用136对SSR引物对186份陆地棉材料(96份早熟陆地棉材料和90份中、晚熟陆地棉材料)进行了遗传多样性分析,共检测到等位基因变异355个,平均2.61个。在早熟棉材料中,有134对多态性SSR引物扩增出341个条带,平均2.54个;中、晚熟材料中有133对多态性SSR引物,扩增出345个条带,平均2.59个。早熟棉材料的位点多态性信息含量(PIC)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、基因型多样性(H')分别为0.684、3.994和1.361;中、晚熟棉材料的PIC、Ne、H'分别为0.668、3.852和1.343。早熟棉材料和中、晚熟棉材料的Jaccard相似性系数分别在0.349~0.935和0.270~0.907之间,平均为0.635、0.666。遗传相似性系数总体平均值接近,但早熟棉变化范围较中、晚熟棉小。用类平均法(UPGMA)进行聚类可将186份材料分成2个类群。总体上来看,供试材料遗传相似性系数较高,说明我国陆地棉早熟相关种质遗传基础狭窄。本研究结果为早熟棉育种亲本选配,早熟棉种质创新提供依据。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.