Life history stages and taxonomy of Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) tillyardianum (Diptera: Simuliidae)

The male, female, pupa, 9th‐instar larva, and egg of Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) tillyardianum Dumbleton, 1973, are redescribed, and larval instars one to eight are described and morphologically differentiated for the first time. The relationship of A. (A.) tillyardianum to other New Zealand species is briefly reviewed.     

Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n.sp. from New Zealand (Diptera: Simuliidae)

The female of Austrosimulium (Austrosimulium) dumbletoni n.sp. is described and compared with other New Zealand species in the subgenus. Females were captured while they were biting caged Fiordland crested penguins, Eudyptes p. pachyrhynchus. They are vectors of the blood parasite Leucocytozoori tawaki.     

SYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN THE PHACELIA HUMILES GROUP (HYDROPHYLLACEAE): COROLLA VENATION PATTERNS

A survey of corolla venation patterns in the Phacelia Humiles group (Hydrophyllaceae) revealed considerable diversity, ranging from open venation and no interpetal vascular connections in some taxa to closed venation and interpetal vascular connections in others. In general, the distribution of the different venation patterns agrees with recent taxonomic treatments and provides evidence for the artificiality of sections based on ovule number. In several cases where the affinity of a species was ambiguous, the venation pattern of its corollas provides evidence for its placement.     

Open dichotomous venation in the leaves ofUtricularia striatula (Lentibulariaceae)

The open dichotomous pattern of venation in the leaves ofUtricularia striatula is described in detail and compared withCircaeaster andKingdonia. Similar traits of dichotomous venation occur in other species ofUtricularia and may be due to reduction.Studies on IndianUtricularia, 3.     

Cytogenetics of New Zealand blackflies of the genus Austrosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) 1. The cytogenetics of Austrosimulium australense

Abstract

This study undertakes a cytogenetic analysis of the New Zealand blackfly species Austrosimulium australense (Schiner). The principles of such an approach are outlined, and previous taxonomic studies of the genus Austrosimulium, in particular the taxonomic position of A. australense, are discussed. Populations from North Island localities covering a wide area were sampled and analysed for polymorphisms in the polytene chromosomes, taken from salivary glands of larvae. In all, 1018 larvae from 49 sites were analysed. A polytene chromosome map of A. australense is presented, with details of chromosomal inversions found in salivary gland cells. Three geographical zones are designated, according to the incidence of certain chromosomal polymorphisms.     

贵州小檗属植物(小檗科)叶脉序研究

采用制作叶脉标本和透明叶标本的方法,对贵州产28种2变种小檗属植物叶脉特征进行比较研究。结果表明:贵州小檗属植物的脉序类型有5种:半达缘羽状脉、花环状半达缘羽状脉、简单弓形羽状脉、花环状弓形羽状脉和混合型。叶脉分支一般有五级:1一级脉构架均为羽状脉,粗度有很粗、粗、中等粗细和纤细四种类型,分支方式包括单轴分支和合轴分支;2粗二级脉构架中有分支达缘或分支均不达缘,与中脉夹角变化各异,内二级脉存在或缺失,细二级脉半达缘、真曲行或简单弓形,间二级脉类型复杂多变但频度种间有差异;3三级脉贯串型、结网型或分支型;4四、五级脉网状或自由分支且常混合在一起。脉间区从发育差到良好,小脉从不分支到不均等分支等各种类型均有,叶缘末级脉缺失、不完整、钉状和环状。大部分种类叶缘具齿,每1cm齿数目和齿内腺点的特性等特征在不同种类间有区别,具有鉴定价值,但齿其它特征复杂多变或种间区别较小,同时齿内脉性状也不稳定。此外,齿的有无会对脉序类型产生影响。小檗属植物叶脉类型存在种间差异,具有重要的分类学价值,叶脉类型的变化和复杂程度显示了该属植物的进化特点;叶齿的有无和齿特征具有分类学和系统学意义。基于叶脉特征的研究结果并结合重要的外部形态学特征编制了贵州小檗属植物的分种检索表。研究结果可为小檗属植物分类寻找新的依据并探讨其系统学意义。     

Studies onCabomba aquatica (Cabombaceae)

Cabomba aquatica has been found for the first time in India. Both, submerged and floating leaves are epistomatic. The stomata are anomocytic and perigenous in their development. The metaxylem vessel elements have simple perforation plates and spiral side wall thickening. Vessel elements are found in roots, rhizomes and aerial stems. The venation pattern is of two types like the dimorphic leaves. On the basis of these and other featuresCabomba deserves family rank.     

绣球亚科的脉序研究

本文对绣球亚科全部９个属中选取４５个种或变种作了叶脉序的研究。绣球亚科除黄山梅属外,大体呈曲行羽状脉。叉叶蓝属,蛛网萼属和草绣球属同具真曲行羽状脉和相似的高级脉序;赤壁草属和冠盖藤属表现出明显的环结曲行羽状脉式样;钻地风属多呈现分支曲行羽状脉式样;常山属和绣球属包含多种过渡类型,与其它属密切相连。黄山梅属脉序为独特的羽状达缘型式样,明显表现出向掌状脉的过渡,与其它属不同。脉序研究支持Ｔａｋｈｔａｊａｎ系统把黄山梅属提升为亚科的处理,同时又表明从脉序性状来看,绣球亚科各属之间性状彼此重叠,没有十分明确的界限。     

An early winged crown group stick insect from the Early Eocene amber of France (Insecta,Phasmatodea)

The new stick insect family Gallophasmatidae, based on Gallophasma longipalpis gen. et sp.n. , from the Earliest Eocene French amber has a pattern of tegmina venation typical of Archaeorthoptera, also present in at least some Mesozoic ‘Phasmatodea’. On the other hand, Gallophasma displays in its body anatomy some apomorphies of the extant Euphasmatodea, e.g. fusion of metatergum and abdominal tergum 1, correlated with the reduction of abdominal sternum 1 to lateral triangular sclerites. A unique autapomorphy of Gallophasma is the presence of annulated and apparently multi‐segmented or pseudo‐segmented cerci; all other Phasmatodea have one‐segmented cerci. The venation of the tegmina of Gallophasma differs from that of extant winged Phasmatodea in the plesiomorphic absence of a knob‐like dorsal eversion. This and other differences in the wing venation between extant and extinct Phasmatodea might have been caused by the loss of wings at some point in the evolutionary history of the order and their secondary gain in a subclade of the extant phasmids.     

Marsileaceaephyllum, a new genus for marsileaceous macrofossils: leaf remains from the Early Cretaceous (Albian) of southern Gondwana

Three new taxa from Albian, Early Cretaceous assemblages in Gondwana (Australia and Antarctica) and two previously described fossils from the Late Cretaceous and Eocene of North America are attributable to the heterosporous semi-aquatic fern family Marsileaceae. They are assigned to Marsileaceaephyllum, a morphotaxon erected here for sterile remains (whole plants, and isolated leaves and leaflets) of Marsileaceae. The Gondwanan taxa, Marsileaceaephyllum lobatum and Marsileaceaephyllum spp. B-C, have either a cruciform leaflet arrangement or dichotomous and anastomosing venation characteristic of modern Marsileaceae. Two previously established taxa, Marsilea johnhallii and Marsilea sp., which represent sterile Marsileaceae, are also transferred to the new genus (now Marsileaceaephyllum johnhallii and Marsileaceaephyllum sp. A, respectively). Examination of all fossil venation patterns reveals four new venation types not present in extant taxa, suggesting that most fossil Marsileaceae (leaves) are distinct from extant genera, and are likely members of extinct lineages. This is further supported by the absence of modern megaspore types in the Early Cretaceous.     

中国大陆单羽蛾科Macropiratidae记述（鳞翅目：羽蛾总科）

单羽蛾科是鳞翅目中非常小的科，目前已记录的昆虫仅有3种，分布于中国（台湾），日本，斯里兰卡，斐济和马达加斯加。首次记述了该科在我国大陆的分布，并首次对东方单羽蛾Agdistopis sinhala (Fletcher, 1909) 的雌性进行了描述。东方单羽蛾Agdistopis sinhala (Fletcher, 1909) 翅展31.0 mm。触角背面灰黄色，少毛，腹面灰色，密被短而细的纤毛；下唇须长于复眼直径的2倍；前翅外缘线白色，近前缘4/5处具1不规则的黑灰色斑；翅面具1从顶角延伸至翅面2/3处的白色窄带。雄性外生殖器爪形突宽大；抱器瓣对称，腹基角具1小钩状突；抱器端部二分叶，形成二棒状突；基腹弧延伸成1近三角形的大突起。雌性外生殖器交配孔大而不规则；导管端片不规则球形，基部的右侧弧形内凹；交配囊卵形；具1对小型囊突。     

The Pattern of Distribution of Defects of Wing Venation in the Banded Agrion (Calopteryx splendens)

The distribution of morphological structures was studied in wings of the banded agrion (Calopteryx splendens Harr.) from different intrapopulation groups. Dragon flies of odd years of emergence are characterized by a more stable pattern of ontogenetic processes according to the mean total number of venation defects. The sharply increased level of radiation in summer 1986, which coincided with the flight of dragon-flies, could have caused hereditary defects expressed in a sequence of generations of even years of emergence. Apparently, most alternative features of wing venation in dragon-flies can be considered as markers of stability of the ontogenetic processes, which reflect, to a great extent, genotypic features of the organisms in a population. A possible mechanism has been described, which explains the proposed topological model of formation of the venation defects of different types. The increase in mean frequencies of defects can suggest an enhanced development over the aberrant epigenetic trajectories, which may lead to the elimination of these organisms under the influence of various agents, i.e., to the stabilizing selection in a population. The results obtained suggest that defects of venation arise on the stochastic basis and their frequency increases upon destabilization of ontogenetic processes not only by the environmental factors, but also by genetic stress. Venation defects can be successfully used in population biomonitoring.     

A new genus of the family dictyopharidae (Homoptera) from Argentina

A new monotypical genus with a new species, Phormotegus lenociniosus gen. et sp. n., is described from Argentina. The new genus is closely related to the genera Taosa Distant and Brachytaosa Muir, but differs from them in the reticulate venation of the submacropterous fore wings with outcurved apices and in the unique position of the hind wings projecting laterally from the apices of the fore wings.     

A new rhopalosomatid wasps in the Paleocene of France (Hymenoptera)

The third oldest Rhopalosomatidae, Paleorhopalosoma menatensis n. gen., n. sp., is described from the Paleocene of Menat (France). In addition to the characters unique to rhopalosomatids the plesiomorphic complete wing venation together with plesiomorphic shape of metasoma show that this genus is very likely a more ‘basal’ clade of this family, together with the Early Cretaceous genus Mesorhopalosoma.     

The systematic position ofAsplenium cardiophyllum (Aspleniaceae)

Asplenium cardiophyllum is a morphologically unusual species with simple leaves and anastomosing venation, and is often placed in the segregate genusBoniniella. To determine its systematic position, character comparisons were made of vascular anatomy, raphides in leaf epidermis, chromosome number and perispore of this species and those ofAsplenium sect.Hymenasplenium. Asplenium cardiophyllum conforms with sect.Hymenasplenium in its dorsiventral dictyostele, the presence of raphides, a chromosome number of 2n=156 (x=39), and lophate peristore with spinulate projections on the lumina. We therefore propose to includeA. cardiophyllum in that section. Dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Kunio Mitui.     

紫荆族的脉序研究

本文对代表豆科云实亚科紫荆族全部五个属．即紫荆属、腺叶紫荆属、格里芬豆属、拟羊蹄甲属和羊蹄甲属的几乎全部系或亚组的１３４个种或种下分类单元的叶脉序进行了研究,并描述了本族２０个基本脉序类型．在紫荆族中,腺叶紫荆属和拟羊蹄甲属的脉序式样非常相似;紫荆属的种类的脉式样以全绿叶,一级脉不及绿等特征组合有别于本族其它属;格里芬豆属的脉序高度特化,有别于紫荆亚族的所有类群;羊蹄甲属是叶脉序式样最多样化的类群．在羊蹄甲属中,羊蹄甲亚属和显托亚属的脉序式样非常多样化．Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属的两个组和Ｂａｒｋｌｙａ亚属的脉序式样非常相似．Ｂａｒｋｌｙａ亚属的仅有种了香叶羊蹄甲的脉序仅以其叶全缘区别于Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属．脉序性状支持把Ｃａｎｓｅｎｉａ系、白花羊蹄甲系、羊蹄甲系、绿花羊蹄甲亚组、总状花羊蹄甲亚组、Ｅｌａｙｕｎａ亚属、伞房系、Ｃｈｌｏｒｏｘａｎｔｈａｅ系、棒花系、掌叶组和萼管组等作为自然类群的观点．在本族植物的脉序类型中,一级脉及缘、全缘叶、发育完好的脉岛等性状常相关出现;另一方面,一级脉不及缘,具二小叶或叶深裂,脉岛发育不完善及盲脉多分枝等性状常相关出现．如同形态和花粉性状,脉序性状能为紫荆族的分类提供另一方面的佐