大豆亲环蛋白基因的克隆与分析

亲环蛋白(cyclophilin)基因广泛地存在于动植物中.在植物中,该基因受许多非生物(abiotic)因子和化合物的调节.利用RT-PCR的方法克隆了一个大豆(Glycine max L.)亲环蛋白基因(GmCyp1).该基因的氨基酸与一个菜豆亲环蛋白蛋白质序列的同源性达91%.Southern杂交结果表明GmCyp1以一小家族存在.用来源于酵母细胞壁成分的激发子处理大豆悬浮细胞,发现GmCyp1的表达在所观察的时间范围内没有明显的变化,表明GmCyp1的表达受生物因子的影响较小.     

GmHSFA1基因克隆及其过量表达提高转基因大豆的耐热性

热激转录因子在调节植物对逆境胁迫应答和热激蛋白基因表达方面起重要作用。采用生物信息学和比较基因组学方法结合RACE技术从大豆基因组中克隆到一个新的热激转录因子基因GmHsfA1, 其cDNA全长1 781 bp, 包含1个1 533 bp的开放阅读框, 编码含有510个氨基酸残基的蛋白质(GenBank登录号为AY458843)。与其他转录因子的分子结构相似,GmHSFA1也含有4个典型的结构功能域—DNA结合域、寡聚域、核定位信号和C端激活域。BLAST分析表明, GmHSFA1与其同源性最高的番茄热激转录因子LpHSFA1之间的氨基酸序列相似性为52.46%。RT-PCR、Northern和遗传转化结果显示: 1)GmHsfA1在大豆的不同组织中呈现组成型表达模式; 2)常温下转基因大豆植株的GmHsfA1表达水平明显高于非转基因对照; 3)GmHsfA1的过量表达激活了转基因大豆植株中热激蛋白基因GmHsp22在非诱导条件下的转录, 并加强了高温胁迫下另2个热激蛋白基因GmHsp23和GmHsp70的表达; 4)转GmHsfA1大豆植株的耐热温度(达52℃)明显高于非转基因植株。上述结果说明, GmHsfA1的过量表达激活或促进其下游3个热激蛋白基因的转录或表达, 明显提高了转基因大豆植株的耐热能力。     

大豆C3HC4型RING锌指蛋白基因GmRZFP1克隆与表达分析

锌指蛋白在调节植物防卫基因表达和抗性反应上起关键作用。目前,对大豆中C3HC4型RING锌指蛋白基因的研究不多。本研究利用核蛋白筛选系统(NTT)筛选大豆(铁丰8号)干旱处理5h的cDNA文库,获得一个RING锌指蛋白基因。该基因全长927bp,编码308个氨基酸,含有C3HC4-type RING锌指结构域,命名为GmRZFP1。系统进化树分析显示,Gm-RZFP1属于C3HC4-type锌指亚家族。Real-time PCR结果表明,GmRZFP1基因受干旱、高盐、高温、低温、乙烯和ABA等胁迫诱导表达,表明该蛋白涉及多种胁迫相关的信号传导途径。亚细胞定位结果表明,163hGFP-GmRZFP1融合蛋白定位于细胞核中。本研究结果有助于研究该类基因在大豆逆境应答反应中的作用,阐明大豆抗逆分子机制。     

大花杓兰亲环素基因(CmCyP)的克隆及生物信息学分析

亲环素是一个多基因家族,在植物生命活动中发挥着重要的作用。该研究以大花杓兰(Cypripedium macranthum)为材料,采用RT-PCR技术克隆到1个亲环素基因(CyP),并对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明:大花杓兰CyP基因的开放阅读框序列为525 bp,命名为CmCyP(GenBank登录号为MH411125),编码174个氨基酸。预测CmCyP蛋白是一个位于细胞质、相对分子量约为18 kD、理论pI为8.73、无信号肽、跨膜结构域的亲水性蛋白质。磷酸化和糖基化位点预测分析发现,CmCyP蛋白存在18个潜在的磷酸化位点和2个潜在的糖基化位点。蛋白保守结构域预测分析发现,CmCyP蛋白包含一个高度保守的肽脯氨酰顺反异构酶结构域,属于单结构域亲环素。对二级结构进行预测分析发现,CmCyP蛋白中存在无规卷曲70个、延伸链56个、α-螺旋23个、β-折叠25个,这4种结构元件在三级结构中也有体现。系统进化树结果显示,大花杓兰CmCyP蛋白与铁皮石斛(Dendrobium catenatum)和万带兰(Vanda hybrid cultivar)的CyP蛋白的亲缘关系较近。该研究首次克隆了大花杓兰亲环素基因(CmCyP),为进一步探讨CmCyP基因的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

大豆蔗糖合成酶家族成员的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

该研究基于已公布的大豆基因组序列,旨在对大豆蔗糖合成酶(SUS)家族成员进行全基因组鉴定及表达分析,以探讨大豆SUS家族基因的生物学功能,为GmSUS基因的利用及大豆高产育种奠定理论基础。结果表明:(1)在大豆基因组中共鉴定到12个蔗糖合成酶基因(GmSUS1~GmSUS12)。(2)GmSUS蛋白之间序列一致性很高,均具有植物SUS家族蛋白特有的蔗糖合成结构域和糖基转移结构域;除GmSUS5外,其他GmSUS蛋白N端均具有一个保守的丝氨酸(Ser)磷酸化位点。(3)系统进化分析显示,GmSUS蛋白主要聚为3组(SUSⅠ~SUSⅢ),且位于同1组的GmSUS基因大部分具有相似的内含子/外显子分布模式。(4)12个GmSUS基因不均匀地分布在大豆的10条染色体上,片段复制可能导致了GmSUS基因在大豆基因组中的扩增。(5)表达特性分析表明,大豆SUS家族成员具有不同的组织表达模式,GmSUS8在大豆种子中表达量很高,GmSUS1、GmSUS7和GmSUS5在大豆根瘤中表达量很高,GmSUS3、GmSUS11和GmSUS12在所有被检测的组织均具有较高的表达。     

小球藻亲环蛋白A(CyPA)基因克隆及表达特性分析

亲环蛋白广泛存在于生物体中,并发挥着重要的作用。本研究从小球藻cDNA文库中筛选获得亲环蛋白A(CyPA Gene);通过提取转化35S::CyPA::GFP融合质粒拟南芥的原生质体研究表明,CyPA定位于叶绿体中;过表达CyPA基因的酵母能够增强InV酵母对NaCl、NaHCO3胁迫的生长能力;通过实时定量PCR研究表明,在非生物胁迫的条件下,CyPA基因的表达量升高,推测CyPA基因与非生物胁迫抗性相关,亲环蛋白A参与生物体的抗逆生存能力。     

大豆转录因子GmERF5的克隆、表达及功能分析

ERF转录因子是植物中特有的转录因子家族之一, 在植物响应生物和非生物胁迫过程中发挥重要的调控作用。通过对大豆(Glycine max)吉林32未成熟胚的表达谱分析, 利用RT-PCR技术从大豆中克隆了1个新的ERF转录因子GmERF5。GmERF5具有237个氨基酸残基, 分子量为26.09 kDa, 等电点为6.85, 其开放阅读框长714 bp。该转录因子蛋白与Gh-ERF2蛋白的同源性最高, 它们同属ERF亚家族的第IV亚类。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明, 该蛋白基因在大豆的根中表达量最高, 且受干旱、高盐、低温及乙烯、脱落酸和茉莉酸甲酯的诱导上调表达。亚细胞定位实验结果表明, GmERF5蛋白定位于细胞核中。转录激活能力分析结果显示, GmERF5可以激活报告基因的表达, 为转录激活子。综合以上结果, 认为GmERF5可能作为转录调控因子参与大豆生物和非生物胁迫的应答。     

大豆GmWIN1-6转录因子的鉴定、表达分析及盐胁迫响应

为鉴定可用于大豆(Glycine max)遗传改良的优异基因源,从大豆基因组中鉴定获得一个大豆GmWIN1-6转录因子,应用生物信息学工具和实时荧光定量反转录PCR(qRT-PCR)技术系统分析GmWIN1-6转录因子的理化性质、蛋白结构、时空表达谱及盐胁迫响应.结果表明:从大豆花组织中克隆到GmWIN1-6基因的开放...     

大豆PM34基因生物信息学预测及表达分析

以大豆叶片总RNA为模板,采用RT-PCR法从吉豆2号品种中克隆获得大豆种子成熟蛋白( PM34)基因序列,利用生物信息学方法对大豆PM34基因编码的蛋白进行预测。结果表明：该基因编码蛋白理论分子量为31.7 kDa,等电点为6.60,为亲水性蛋白;该蛋白中无跨膜结构;该蛋白中不存在信号肽。 PM34基因编码蛋白的二级结构中α螺旋占12.97％,无规则卷曲占41.30％,β折叠占45.73％。 PM34基因编码蛋白的三级结构预测表明,同源模建的模板是3ijr.1.A,是一种短链脱氢酶/还原酶,与该蛋白的同源性为54.65％。在进化关系上,与绿豆、苜蓿的亲缘关系相对较近。采用实时定量PCR方法( qRT-PCR),检测大豆PM34基因在大豆各器官中的表达方式,结果表明该基因在大豆根、茎、叶、花中的表达活性低,而在种子中,尤其是成熟种子中的相对表达活性很高。该研究结果为大豆PM34基因结构和功能的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Cyclophilin A regulates HIV-1 infectivity, as demonstrated by gene targeting in human T cells

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag polyprotein binds most members of the cyclophilin family of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. Of 15 known human cyclophilins, cyclophilin A (CypA) has been the focus of investigation because it was detected in HIV-1 virions. To determine whether CypA promotes HIV-1 replication, we deleted the gene encoding CypA (PPIA) in human CD4(+) T cells by homologous recombination. HIV-1 replication in PPIA(-/-) cells was decreased and not inhibited further by cyclosporin or gag mutations that disrupt Gag's interaction with cyclophilins, indicating that no other cyclophilin family members promote HIV-1 replication. The defective replication phenotype was specific for wild-type HIV-1 since HIV-2/SIV isolates, as well as HIV-1 bearing a gag mutation that confers cyclosporin resistance, replicated the same in PPIA(+/+) and PPIA(-/-) cells. Stable re-expression of CypA in PPIA(-/-) cells restored HIV-1 replication to an extent that correlated with steady-state levels of CypA. Finally, virions from PPIA(-/-) cells possessed no obvious biochemical abnormalities but were less infectious than virions from wild-type cells. These data formally demonstrate that CypA regulates the infectivity of HIV-1 virions.     

Specific cross-linking of the proline isomerase cyclophilin to a non-proline-containing peptide.

A peptide corresponding to an efficient peroxisomal targeting sequence, the carboxy terminal 12 amino acids of PMP20 from Candida boidinii, was employed as an affinity ligand to search for a peroxisomal targeting receptor. Two proteins from yeast extracts with apparent molecular masses of 20 and 80 kDa were detected by chemical cross-linking to radioiodinated peptide. Both proteins were present in cytosolic supernatants. The 20-kDa species did not cross-link to a control peptide with reversed sequence, whereas the 80-kDa protein cross-linked to both peptides. The cross-linking assay was used to purify the 20-kDa protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Partial protein sequencing identified this protein as cyclophilin, the product of the CYP1 gene. This protein, a peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, is the yeast homologue of the protein that mediates the immunosuppressant effects of the drug cyclosporin A (CsA). Cross-linking of peptide to cyclophilin was inhibited by CsA. The cross-linking of cyclophilin to the PMP20-derived peptide was unanticipated because the peptide contains no prolines. The CYP1-encoded protein was not required to target proteins to peroxisomes because this organelle appeared to be assembled normally in a CYP1-disrupted strain. Furthermore, the final three amino acids of the peptide, which are critical for peroxisomal sorting, were not required for cross-linking to cyclophilin. We conclude that either cyclophilin is playing a nonessential facilitating role in peroxisomal targeting or that the interaction of the targeting peptide to cyclophilin is mimicking an interaction with an unidentified substrate or effector of cyclophilin.     

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication Is Modulated by Host Cyclophilin A Expression Levels

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag and the cellular protein cyclophilin A form an essential complex in the virion core: virions produced by proviruses encoding Gag mutants with decreased cyclophilin A affinity exhibit attenuated infectivity, as do virions produced in the presence of the competitive inhibitor cyclosporine. The A224E Gag mutant has no effect on cyclophilin A affinity but renders HIV-1 replication cyclosporine resistant in Jurkat T cells. In contrast, A224E mutant virus is dead in H9 T cells, although replication is rescued by cyclosporine or by expression in cis of a Gag mutant that decreases cyclophilin A-affinity. The observation that disruption of the Gag-cyclophilin A interaction rescues A224E mutant replication in H9 cells prompted experiments which revealed that, relative to Jurkat cells, H9 cells express greater quantities of cyclophilin A. The resulting larger quantity of cyclophilin A shown to be packaged into virions produced by H9 cells is presumably disruptive to the A224E mutant virion core. Further evidence that increased cyclophilin A expression in H9 cells is of functional relevance was provided by the finding that Gag mutants with decreased cyclophilin A affinity are dead in Jurkat cells but capable of replication in H9 cells. Similarly, cyclosporine concentrations which inhibit wild-type HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells stimulate HIV-1 replication in H9 cells. These results suggest that HIV-1 virion infectivity imposes narrow constraints upon cyclophilin A stoichiometry in virions and that infectivity is finely tuned by host cyclophilin A expression levels.     

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid p2 domain confers sensitivity to the cyclophilin-binding drug SDZ NIM 811.

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) specifically incorporates the host cell peptidyl-prolyl isomerase cyclophilin A into virions via contacts with the capsid (CA) domain of the Gag polyprotein Pr55gag. The immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A and the nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog SDZ NIM 811 bind to cyclophilin A and inhibit its incorporation into HIV-1 virions. Both drugs inhibit the virion association of cyclophilin A and the replication of HIV-1 with a similar dose dependence. In contrast, these compounds are inactive against other primate lentiviruses which do not incorporate cyclophilin A, such as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). To locate determinants which confer sensitivity to SDZ NIM 811, we generated chimeric proviruses between HIV-1 and SIVmac. A hybrid SIVmac which has the CA-p2 domain of the Gag polyprotein replaced by the corresponding domain from HIV-1 replicated in an established CD4+ cell line and in human but not macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The transfer of the HIV-1 CA-p2 domain to SIVmac led to the efficient incorporation of cyclophilin A, and SDZ NIM 811 effectively inhibited both the virion association of cyclophilin A and the spread of the hybrid virus in infected cultures. We conclude that the HIV-1 CA-p2 domain contains determinants which confer the necessity to interact with cyclophilin A for efficient virus replication. Furthermore, our data show that the CA-p2 domain can play a crucial role in species tropism.     

Cyclophilin A peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity promotes ZPR1 nuclear export

The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PPIase) cyclophilin A (Cpr1p) is conserved from eubacteria to mammals, yet its biological function has resisted elucidation. Unable to identify a phenotype that is suggestive of Cpr1p's function in a cpr1Delta Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, we screened for CPR1-dependent strains. In all cases, dependence was conferred by mutations in ZPR1, a gene encoding an essential zinc finger protein. CPR1 dependence was suppressed by overexpression of EF1alpha (a translation factor that binds Zpr1p), Cpr6p (another cyclophilin), or Fpr1p (a structurally unrelated PPIase). Suppression by a panel of cyclophilin A mutants correlated with PPIase activity, confirming the relevance of this activity in CPR1-dependent strains. In CPR1(+) cells, wild-type Zpr1p was distributed equally between the nucleus and cytoplasm. In contrast, proteins encoded by CPR1-dependent alleles of ZPR1 accumulated in the nucleus, as did wild-type Zpr1p in cpr1Delta cells. Transport kinetic studies indicated that nuclear export of Zpr1p was defective in cpr1Delta cells, and rescue of this defect correlated with PPIase activity. Our results demonstrate a functional interaction between Cpr1p, Zpr1p, and EF1alpha, a role for Cpr1p in Zpr1p nuclear export, and a biological function for Cpr1p PPIase activity.     

Cyclophilin A renders human immunodeficiency virus type 1 sensitive to Old World monkey but not human TRIM5 alpha antiviral activity

TRIM5alpha is an important mediator of antiretroviral innate immunity influencing species-specific retroviral replication. Here we investigate the role of the peptidyl prolyl isomerase enzyme cyclophilin A in TRIM5alpha antiviral activity. Cyclophilin A is recruited into nascent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions as well as incoming HIV-1 capsids, where it isomerizes an exposed proline residue. Here we show that cyclophilin A renders HIV-1 sensitive to restriction by TRIM5alpha in cells from Old World monkeys, African green monkey and rhesus macaque. Inhibition of cyclophilin A activity with cyclosporine A, or reducing cyclophilin A expression with small interfering RNA, rescues TRIM5alpha-restricted HIV-1 infectivity. The effect of cyclosporine A on HIV-1 infectivity is dependent on TRIM5alpha expression, and expression of simian TRIM5alpha in permissive feline cells renders them able to restrict HIV-1 in a cyclosporine A-sensitive way. We use an HIV-1 cyclophilin A binding mutant (CA G89V) to show that cyclophilin A has different roles in restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5alpha and owl monkey TRIM-Cyp. TRIM-Cyp, but not TRIM5alpha, recruits its tripartite motif to HIV-1 capsid via cyclophilin A and, therefore, HIV-1 G89V is insensitive to TRIM-Cyp but sensitive to TRIM5alpha. We propose that cyclophilin A isomerization of a proline residue in the TRIM5alpha sensitivity determinant of the HIV-1 capsid sensitizes it to restriction by Old World monkey TRIM5alpha. In humans, where HIV-1 has adapted to bypass TRIM5alpha activity, the effects of cyclosporine A are independent of TRIM5alpha. We speculate that cyclophilin A alters HIV-1 sensitivity to a TRIM5alpha-independent innate immune pathway in human cells.     

Simultaneous identification of multiple receptors of natural product using an optimized cDNA phage display cloning

Simultaneously isolating more than one receptor of natural product remains a challenge to chemical genetics. Using cyclosporine A as an affinity probe and an optimized phage display cloning procedure, not only cyclophilin A, but also cyclophilin B was isolated as the full-length gene clone from a human brain cDNA library. This optimized protocol can be used to select protein targets of chemicals dependent on the binding affinity rather than on the relative abundance in cells.