乙醇和乙醛在采后园艺作物保鲜中的作用

概述了乙醇和乙醛对果蔬和切花采后生理,如乙烯合成、呼吸作用、果实后熟软化和风味的影响,并对乙醇和乙醛在防治果蔬采后病虫害和生理病害中的应用作了介绍。     

膜对采后园艺作物衰老的影响

植物衰老是由内在和外部环境因素所诱导和引起的一种主动过程 ,其中膜的劣变是这种过程早期的表现形式和基本特征。简要评述了膜系统对采后园艺作物的衰老作用。有证据表明膜系统破坏是采后园艺作物衰老的关键事件。膜脂生物化学和生物物理性质的变化、酶促和非酶促的过氧化作用导致了膜特性的改变和功能上的失调 (如离子泄漏和细胞去区域化 )。这样 ,反过来又进一步引起细胞代谢异常 ,并加速衰老进程。目前 ,膜系统对采后园艺作物衰老的作用过程正逐步得到阐明     

新型乙烯受体抑制剂—1—甲基环丙烯在采后园艺作物中的应用

近年来,随着1－甲苯环丙烯（1－methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)作为乙烯受体抑制剂的发现,为控制乙烯敏感型的采后果实后熟和采后蔬菜,切花衰老提供了亲的技术手段,文章从1－MCP的作用机理和特点对其在采后园艺作物中的应用前景作了简述。     

基因工程在园艺作物采后保鲜中的应用

通过基因工程技术培育出长久保存的园艺作物品种以延长其采后保鲜期,本文对应用这一技术的策略,研究进展及商业化前景分别给予介绍．     

乙烯受体抑制剂在园艺作物上的应用研究（综述）

本文从乙烯受体抑制剂的特性,作用特点及效应等方面,概述其在园艺作物上的研究进展和应用情况,并展望今后的研究方向。     

采后果蔬对乙烯受体抑制剂的响应及贮运保鲜技术的研究

近几年来 ,随着重氮环戊二烯和环丙烯类等乙烯受体抑制剂的发现 ,为控制乙烯敏感型的果蔬采后成熟、衰老提供新的技术手段。从乙烯受体抑制剂的特性、作用特点以及可能作用机理等方面概述了采后果蔬对乙烯受体抑制剂的响应和应用乙烯受体抑制剂延长采后果蔬贮运保鲜的技术。     

采后生理和果蔬保鲜

采后生理是研究鲜活园艺产品（水果、蔬菜和花卉）采后生理生化的变化规律及其调节控制机制,是制定鲜活园艺产品储藏保鲜的理论基础。一切有效的保鲜技术都是在采后生理生化变化的基础上制定。1．为什么贮藏保鲜越来越受到重视？采后的果蔬由于自身的衰老和病菌的感染,会引起大量腐烂变质,造成重大经济损失。同时由于人民生活水平的提高和外贸出口量的增加,以及园艺产品受产地和气候的限制,地区和季节差价大,易地交换可获得明显经济效益等原因,近二十年来我国贮藏保鲜和采后生理的研究发展非常迅速,已取得很大成果。2．后熟和贮的过…     

番荔枝果实采后生理与保鲜技术研究进展

番荔枝果实采后难以贮藏保鲜的特性制约着我国番荔枝产业的进一步发展。对国内外关于番荔枝果实采后呼吸强度及乙烯产量、相关酶类、果实软化、果实褐变等生理变化、采后病理及保鲜技术的研究进展作了综述。     

黄花菜的采后生理与保鲜技术研究进展

黄花菜(Hemerocallis citrina Baroni,daylily)在我国有几千年的种植历史,是一种具有较高经济价值的特色蔬菜。通过对国、内外在黄花菜保鲜和贮藏的研究的了解,从黄花菜的生理、保鲜两方面对黄花菜的采后生理及保鲜技术进行了综述,同时也对黄花菜的应用价值进行了介绍。     

钙对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放和呼吸的影响

不同浓度ＣａＣｌ２溶液真这渗透处理中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放明显的抑制作用,其中０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ＾２＋处理尤为显著,采用５天果实人有保持极低水平的内源乙烯,乙烯峰也延迟２－４天出现。     

植物中一氧化氮与园艺产品的成熟和衰老

概述了一氧化氮(NO)的生物学特性、植物中NO的来源、NO对园艺产品成熟保鲜的作用及其生理机制研究的新进展.     

Tillage and Nitrogen Application Effects on Nitrous and Nitric Oxide Emissions from Irrigated Corn Fields

A 2-year study was conducted to investigate the potential of no-till cropping systems to reduce N₂O and NO emissions under different N application rates in an irrigated corn field in northeastern Colorado. Flux measurements were begun in the spring of 2003, using vented (N₂O) and dynamic (NO) chambers, one to three times per week, year round, within plots that were cropped continuously to corn (Zea mays L.) under conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT). Plots were fertilized at planting in late April with rates of 0, 134 and 224 kg N ha⁻¹ and corn was harvested in late October or early November each year. N₂O and NO fluxes increased linearly with N application rate in both years. Compared with CT, NT did not significantly affect the emission of N₂O but resulted in much lower emission of NO. In 2003 and 2004 corn growing seasons, the increase in N₂O-N emitted per kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer N added was 14.5 and 4.1 g ha⁻¹ for CT, and 11.2 and 5.5 g ha⁻¹ for NT, respectively. However, the increase in NO-N emitted per kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer N added was only 3.6 and 7.4 g ha⁻¹ for CT and 1.6 and 2.0 g ha⁻¹ for NT in 2003 and 2004, respectively. In the fallow season (November 2003 to April 2004), much greater N₂O (2.0–3.1 times) and NO (13.1–16.8 times) were emitted from CT than from NT although previous N application did not show obvious carry-over effect on both gas emissions. Results from this study reveal that NT has potential to reduce NO emission without an obvious change in N₂O emission under continuous irrigated corn cropping compared to CT.     

外源NO和H2O2对洋葱鳞片外表皮气孔开度的调控

以洋葱(Allium cepa L.)肉质鳞片外表皮为材料,研究不同浓度及不同处理时间的外源NO和H2O2对洋葱鳞片外表皮上气孔开度的调节作用,并结合NO清除剂血红蛋白(Hb)和H2O2清除剂过氧化氢酶(CAT)研究调控过程中NO和H2O2的相互关系.结果显示:单独施用不同浓度的NO和H2O2均可诱导洋葱鳞片外表皮气孔不同程度关闭,并且浓度越大时间越长,其诱导气孔关闭效应越明显;NO和H2O2共同施用所诱导气孔关闭的效应大于其单独施用效应;Hb和CAT能明显减弱NO和H2O2诱导的气孔关闭.研究表明,NO和H2O2能有效诱导洋葱鳞片上气孔关闭,存在明显的浓度效应和时间效应,且两者可能互相依赖,具有协同效应.     

Investigation on Emission of Nitrous Oxide by Aseptic Soybean Plant

The emission of nitrous oxide is not only a way of nitrogen loss in ecological system of agriculture, it is also a contamination source of increasing nitrogen oxide concentration in the atmosphere. This paper reports the analysis of gas chromatographic determination of N2O on the soybean plant and its different four organs-root, stem, leaf and cotyledon under strict aseptic condition. The results showed ,hat they all are able to emit nitrous oxide.     

Harnessing Senescence Delaying Gases Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide: A Novel Approach to Postharvest Control of Fresh Horticultural Produce

The effects of ethylene on postharvest horticultural produce are a major limiting factor in their orderly and efficient marketing. Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide have recently been shown to inhibit ethylene action and synthesis in higher plants and their potential for commercial use to extend the storage and marketing life of fruits, vegetables and flowers is reviewed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

植物MPK信号通路与信号分子H2O2和NO之间的相互关系

促分裂原活化蛋白激酶(MPK)级联途径是真核细胞中普遍存在且保守的信号传导通路,广泛参与植物生长发育和植物抵抗生物和非生物胁迫的防御反应。过氧化氢(H2O2)和一氧化氮(NO)作为重要的信使分子也广泛参与植物生长发育和防御反应的信号传导。近年来,研究也表明MPK信号通路与信号分子H2O2和NO之间存在着多种复杂的关系。一方面,在一些刺激的信号传递过程中,MPK信号通路参与了信号分子H2O2和NO的产生、清除或其信号的向下传递等过程;另一方面,在有些刺激的信号传递过程中,它们位于不同的信号传递途经中,行使不同的功能。本文就目前植物MPK信号通路与H2O2和NO之间相互关系的研究现状进行了综述和分析,并指出了该研究领域存在的问题。     

Control of Nitrous Oxide Emissions in European Beech,Norway Spruce and Scots Pine Forests

Elevated nitrogen deposition has increased tree growth, the storage of soil organic matter, and nitrate leaching in many European forests, but little is known about the effect of tree species and nitrogen deposition on nitrous oxide emission. Here we report soil N₂O emission from European beech, Scots pine and Norway spruce forests in two study areas of Germany with distinct climate, N deposition and soils. N₂O emissions and throughfall input of nitrate and ammonium were measured biweekly during growing season and monthly during dormant season over a 28 months period. Annual N₂O emission rates ranged between 0.4 and 1.3 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 among the stands and were higher in 1998 than in 1999 due to higher precipitation during the growing season of 1998. A 2-way-ANOVA revealed that N₂O fluxes were significantly higher (p<0.001) at Solling than at Unterlüß while tree species had no effect on N₂O emissions. Soil texture and the amount of throughfall explained together 94% of the variance among the stands, indicating that increasing portions of silt and clay may promote the formation of N₂O in wet forest soils. Moreover, cumulative N₂O fluxes were significantly correlated (r² = 0.60, p<0.001) with cumulative NO ₃ ^? fluxes at 10 cm depth as an indicator of N saturation, however, the slope of the regression curve indicates a rather weak effect of NO ₃ ^? fluxes on N₂O emissions. N input by throughfall was not correlated with N₂O emissions and only 1.6–3.2% of N input was released as N₂O to the atmosphere. Our results suggest that elevated N inputs have little effect on N₂O emissions in beech, spruce and pine forests.     

一氧化氮与植物胁迫响应

综述了NO分子在植物耐受生物胁迫和非生物胁迫中的作用,以及植物的NO信号转导过程中cGMP途径和其它途径的研究进展,并对以后的研究作一些展望.     

Production of Nitric Oxide and Nitrous Oxide During Denitrification by Corynebacterium nephridii

Resting cells of Corynebacterium nephridii reduce nitrate, nitrite, and nitric oxide to nitrous oxide under anaerobic conditions. Nitrous oxide production from nitrite was optimal from pH 7.0 to 7.4. The stoichiometry of nitrous oxide production from nitrite was 99% of the theoretical-two moles of nitrite was used for each mole of nitrous oxide detected. Hydroxylamine increases gas evolution from nitrite but inhibits the reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide. Hydroxylamine is converted to nitrogenous gas(es) by resting cells only in the presence of nitrite. Under certain conditions nitric oxide, as well as nitrous oxide, was detected.