小猿叶甲成虫越冬和越夏:滞育和休眠同时存在

小猿叶甲Phaedon brassicae Baly是十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,具有复杂的生活史。2005～2006年在武汉地区对小猿叶甲越冬和越夏虫态及成虫生理状态的调查结果表明,小猿叶甲只以成虫越夏,主要以成虫越冬,但也有少量卵、幼虫和蛹越冬。越夏期间,滞育成虫占70.5%～97.1%。越冬期间,滞育成虫的比率占24.8%～48.2%,随越冬进程,滞育比率上升,但大部分个体处于休眠状态。     

光周期对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的影响

在实验室条件下对梨小食心虫滞育诱导的光周期反应和不同日龄幼虫对滞育诱导光周期的敏感性进行了研究。结果表明:梨小食心虫属于典型的短日照滞育型,在20℃条件下,当光周期为8L ∶ 16D,10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,梨小食心虫的滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.75L ∶ 10.25D;在24℃条件下,当光周期为10L ∶ 14D和12L ∶ 12D时,滞育率均达95%以上,诱导滞育的临界光周期为13.68L ∶ 10.32D。在幼虫期,分别给不同日龄幼虫以12L ∶ 12D和16L ∶ 8D光照处理后,在不同发育时间内幼虫对滞育诱导光周期反应均显示出一定程度的敏感性,无明显的临界时间点,但仍以第5-8日龄幼虫接受滞育诱导光周期反应更为敏感。     

椰心叶甲实验种群的生物学特性观察

自然温度条件下 ,椰心叶甲Brontispalongissima (Gestro) 1年可发生 3代以上 ,世代重叠 ,主要以成虫越冬。成虫平均寿命 1 5 6d ,最长达 2 3 5d ,雌雄性比为 1∶1 ;雌雄虫一生均可交配多次。成虫产卵期长 ,产卵不规则 ,单雌平均产卵 1 1 9粒 ,最多可达 1 96粒。飞行磨测定的初步结果表明 ,雌虫飞行能力比雄虫强 ,2 4h未取食成虫最远飞行距离可达 40 0多m ;成虫和幼虫均具有负趋光性、假死性。成虫 3～ 5d不取食、高龄幼虫 7d不取食仍存活。幼虫经历 4～ 5龄 ,在温度或寄主不适宜条件下 ,可进入 6～ 7龄 ,或提前化蛹 ,从卵到成虫羽化大约需 3 6～ 61d。     

光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)是自然界重要的天敌昆虫,以预蛹兼性滞育越冬。本研究旨在明确光周期和温度对大草蛉滞育解除及滞育后发育和繁殖的影响。【方法】在室内观测了不同温度(22℃和25℃)和光周期(15L∶9D及9L∶15D)条件下大草蛉预蛹的滞育解除及滞育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成虫鲜重、成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量等生物学特性,以及5℃低温处理对预蛹滞育解除的作用,并分析了滞育持续时间对大草蛉滞育解除后发育和繁殖的影响。【结果】在光周期15L∶9D和9L∶15D下,25℃下大草蛉预蛹期(分别为50.09和49.47 d)显著短于22℃下(分别为80.80和82.20 d)。5℃低温处理极显著延长了大草蛉预蛹期(P0.01),且缩小了预蛹期的个体差异。22℃下,与非滞育预蛹相比,滞育后预蛹的存活率显著降低,蛹期和产卵前期显著延长,雌成虫寿命显著缩短,成虫鲜重和单雌产卵量显著下降。22℃,光周期15L∶9D下大草蛉的滞育持续时间为50~170 d,且能影响滞育后发育:随着滞育持续时间的延长,蛹期逐渐延长,雌、雄成虫的鲜重逐渐降低,雄成虫寿命呈先延长后缩短的趋势,蛹存活率、雌成虫寿命、产卵前期和单雌产卵量没有显著性差异。【结论】试验条件下,两种光周期对大草蛉滞育解除、滞育后发育和繁殖没有明显的影响,而温度是调节大草蛉滞育发育和繁殖的重要因子。较高温度能促进滞育的解除,低温处理能够同步种群的滞育发育。大草蛉的滞育存在生殖代价,滞育持续时间影响滞育解除后的部分生物学特性。     

光周期和温度对大猿叶虫滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringiBaly是我国十字花科蔬菜上的一种重要害虫,以成虫在土壤中越冬和越夏,滞育发生主要受温度和光周期调节。本文就光周期和温度对滞育后成虫生物学特性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在25℃下,光周期（L14∶D10和L12∶D12）对成虫滞育后的存活率、寿命、日平均产卵量、总产卵量均无显著影响。在长光照（L14∶D10）下,温度18℃、22℃和25℃）对滞育后成虫的生物学特性具有明显的影响;随温度的降低,总产卵量呈下降趋势,平均产卵量显著降低,雌虫滞育后寿命显著延长,18℃下少数个体能被诱导再次滞育。     

条纹小斑蛾的生物学特性

条纹小斑蛾Thyrassia penangae(Moor)是乌蔹莓(Japanese cayratia)的重要害虫,在南昌1年发生4～5代,以老熟幼虫结茧越冬。由于该虫各世代总有极少部分个体进入滞育,少数进入越夏的个体1年只发生2代或3代。羽化时间多出现在上午7～10时,羽化后当日或次日下午交配,交配时间集中在下午3～6时,交配一般可持续12个h左右。成虫羽化后需取食花蜜做补充营养才能充分产卵。产配后次日即可产卵。第1代成虫常将卵数十粒聚产于幼嫩叶片的背面,以后各代主要聚产于花蕾上,平均每雌产卵量为43粒。幼虫为4龄。第1代主要取食叶芽、幼枝及嫩叶,以后各代主要取食花蕾。在自然条件下各虫态发育历期:卵为4～7d;幼虫为10～14d;非滞育的茧期(指幼虫结茧后的预蛹至成虫羽化的日期)为8～11d,越夏茧期为32～40d,越冬茧期为205～224d。成虫寿命为3～13d。     

光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫成虫行为的影响

【目的】探明光周期和LED光源对茄二十八星瓢虫Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵等行为的影响,为该害虫的预测预报和综合治理提供科学依据和技术指导。【方法】在光期光源为白色日光灯,光照强度约为500 lx, RH 75%±2%条件下观察并记录了30℃时6个不同光周期(16L∶8D, 15L∶9D, 14L∶10D, 13L∶11D, 12L∶12D和11L∶13D)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为;26℃时暗期以不使用光照(12L∶12D)为对照,使用红、黄、蓝、绿和白光5个不同LED光照(分别记为12L∶12R, 12L∶12Y, 12L∶12B, 12L∶12G和12L∶12W)下茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食、移动、交配和产卵行为。【结果】当光照时长从13 h延长至16 h时,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次有增加的趋势;当光照时长从12 h延长至15 h时,产卵量有增加的趋势。光周期为14L∶10D和13L∶11D时,成虫取食频次(分别为45.25和25.00次/5对)显著低于其他光周期下,光周期11L∶13D下产卵量(仅有7.25粒/5♀)显著低于其他光周期下。蓝光处理组取食频次(112.50次/5对)显著高于黄光和绿光处理组(分别为77.0和66.25次/5对);黄光和绿光处理组产卵量(分别为261.50和285.50粒/5♀)显著高于对照组。【结论】延长光照时间,茄二十八星瓢虫成虫取食频次和产卵量均有增加趋势;暗期使用蓝光时成虫取食频次增加,而使用黄光和绿光时则产卵量增加。光周期和LED光源对其移动和交配行为影响不显著。     

稻螟赤眼蜂诱导滞育条件的优化

应用滞育技术是延长赤眼蜂货架期的可行性措施之一。为实现工厂化生产稻螟赤眼蜂滞育蜂,本研究以在3种光周期(16 L∶8 D、12 L∶12 D和8 L∶16 D)下繁育的稻螟赤眼蜂种群为材料,考察了诱导始期(寄生后发育12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h和72 h)、诱导温度(10℃和13℃)和诱导历期(14 d、21 d、28 d和35 d)对稻螟赤眼蜂滞育的影响。研究结果表明短光照下繁育的种群更容易进入滞育状态;寄生后发育24 h和12 h为最敏感的诱导始期,随着诱导始期虫龄的增长,滞育效果也随之下降;诱导温度对滞育也有显著影响,其中8 L∶16 D的种群在13℃下诱导的滞育率要显著高于10℃,但其他两个种群在10℃下诱导的滞育率要显著高于13℃;诱导历期的增加可以显著提高稻螟赤眼蜂的滞育率。供试稻螟赤眼蜂种群的较适宜滞育条件为8 L∶16 D下繁育的赤眼蜂种群寄生后发育12 h于13℃下诱导滞育28 d或35 d,以及寄生后发育24 h于10℃或13℃下诱导滞育35 d,滞育率可超过95%。     

温度和光周期对管侧沟茧蜂滞育诱导及滞育茧的低温冷藏

【目的】为明确诱导管侧沟茧蜂Microplitis tuberculifer 滞育的主要因子,在田间和室内研究了不同温度和光周期下管侧沟茧蜂的滞育率和滞育茧的最佳冷藏温度。【方法】田间实验分别从8月31日到9月25日每隔5 d在室外罩笼内释放管侧沟茧蜂寄生的粘虫幼虫,待寄生蜂结茧后统计子代蜂的滞育率。室内实验共设5个不同温度（16℃, 18℃, 20℃, 22℃和24℃）和7个不同光周期（6L:18D, 8L:16D, 10L:14D, 12L:12D, 14L:10D, 16L:8D和18L:6D）,分别统计寄生蜂在各个处理条件下的滞育率。【结果】在河北中部地区秋季自然条件下,8月底当日平均气温为24.4℃,日平均光照时间为12 h 51 min 时,少数蛹（5.08%）开始进入滞育;9月25日,当日平均气温为17.2℃,日平均光照时间为11 h 36 min以下时,几乎所有蛹个体进入滞育,滞育率达到99.70%。在室内人工控制条件下,当温度为22℃以上,无论光周期如何变化,管侧沟茧蜂不能进入滞育,所结茧全部为非滞育茧。温度为22℃以下存在光周期反应,在温度16℃, 18℃和20℃,光周期10L:14D时形成滞育茧数量最多,滞育率分别为100%, 89.75% 和 29.58%。可见温度和光周期二者共同影响管侧沟茧蜂的滞育。滞育茧在0℃左右条件下冷藏 240 d 和5℃左右环境条件下冷藏180 d, 成虫的羽化率和寄生能力与发育茧差异不显著(P>0.05);0℃条件下冷藏300 d,滞育茧仍有79%可以正常羽化。【结论】该寄生蜂在秋季进入滞育主要是低温条件和短光照反应相互作用的结果,滞育茧在0℃和5℃温度下至少可以保存240 d。这些结果对管侧沟茧蜂的大规模繁殖和滞育茧的保存具有重要参考价值。     

交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫耐饥与耐热能力的影响

昆虫交配是一个消耗能量的过程,因此交配后可能对其抗逆能力造成一定的影响。广聚萤叶甲是恶性杂草-豚草的专一性天敌,正常情况下,成虫耐饥饿和耐热能力较强。为明确交配对广聚萤叶甲成虫抗逆能力的影响,本研究观察在一次交配处理后,广聚萤叶甲在饥饿条件下或高温条件下继续存活时间。结果发现,在不提供食物的情况下,交配对雄虫的寿命影响不大,但雌虫的寿命(8.4 d±0.1 d)显著短于对照雌虫(10.8 d±0.1 d)。在高温状态下,无论取食与否,交配都会显著增加广聚萤叶甲雌雄成虫的耐热能力,尤其以雌虫表现更为明显(处理雌虫和对照雌虫存活时间分别为:取食(6.15 d±0.14 d,4.95 d±0.13 d)、不取食(5.55 d±0.13 d,4.81 d±0.11 d)。可见,交配降低广聚叶甲雌虫的饥饿能力,但成虫的耐热能力显著加强。     

Host plant mediation of diapause induction in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringiBaly （Coleoptera： Chrysomelidae）, is a serious pest of crucifers in China, undergoing an imaginal summer and winter diapause in the soil. The effects of host plants on diapause incidence were tested in the beetle. The ratio of adults entering diapause was significantly low when they fed on the mature leaves of Chinese cabbage Shanghaiqin （Brassica chinesis var communis） than those feeding on Chinese cabbage Suzhouqin （Brassica chinesis var communis）, radish （Raphanus sativus var longipinnatus） and stem mustard （Brassicajuncea vat tumida） at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. Fewer adults entered diapause on young leaves compared to physiologically aged and mature radish leaves at 25℃ combined with 13：11 （L： D） h. The effect of host plant species on diapause induction was also evident under continuously dark rearing conditions or at different photoperiods. These experimental results demonstrate that host plant mediation of diapause induction exists in the cabbage beetle. However, at temperatures ≤20℃ or photoperiods of 16：8 （L： D） h combined with 25℃, all individuals entered diapause regardless of the host plants, indicating that the effects of host plants on diapause induction could be expressed only within a limited range of temperatures and photoperiods.     

Adult Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata compensate for nutritional stress on oryzacystatin I-transgenic potato plants by hypertrophic behavior and over-production of insensitive proteases

Protease inhibitors have been proposed as potential control molecules that could be engineered into potato plants for developing crops resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, a major pest of potato and other Solanaceae. In this study, we examined the effects of feeding young female beetles with foliage from a cultivar of the "Kennebec" potato line (K52) transformed with a gene encoding oryzacystatin I (OCI), a specific cysteine proteinase inhibitor with proven activity against cathepsin H-like enzymes of larvae and adults of the potato beetle. To evaluate the insect's performance, we collected data over a 16-d postemergence period on survival, diapause incidence, foliage consumption, weight gain, and oviposition of females. Tested individuals were fed untransformed (control) and OCI-transformed foliage at two stages of potato leaf differentiation, corresponding to "low" and "high" levels of OCI expression in leaves of K52. The OCI-expressing foliage did not affect female survival (close to 100%), incidence of diapause (15-30%), relative growth rate (RGR) during postemergence growth (5-9% d(-1)) or maximum weight reached (140-160 mg). Neither did it affect female reproductive fitness as measured by preoviposition time (8-9 d), 16-d fecundity (220-290 eggs), or egg eclosion incidence (86-91%). However, nutritional stress to females feeding on OCI foliage was evident, as reflected in their lower efficiency of conversion of ingested foliage (ECI) during postemergence growth, increased foliage consumed per egg laid (up to 119% more), and adaptation of their digestive proteolytic system to the inhibitory effect of OCI. Interestingly, beetles fed foliage expressing the highest level of OCI reacted rapidly to the presence of OCI by producing OCI-insensitive proteases, and exhibiting strong hypertrophic behavior by ingestion of 2.4-2.5 times more OCI rich foliage apparently as a compensatory response for nutritional stress due to the protease inhibitor in their diet.     

大猿叶虫卵的颜色与其后代滞育率和繁殖力的关系

大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly卵的颜色有浅黄色和深红色2种类型。调查卵的颜色与其后代滞育的发生和繁殖力的关系,结果表明,在25℃、28℃,不同光周期L∶D(11∶13,12∶12,13∶11和15∶9)下,浅黄色卵和深红色卵的后代滞育率没有显著差异;但在L14∶D10下,浅黄色卵的后代滞育率(25℃为58.6%;28℃为33.9%)显著高于深色卵的后代(25℃为45.4%;28℃为11.2%)。卵的颜色与其后代成虫的产卵前期和成虫寿命没有显著相关,但浅黄色卵后代的平均产卵量和平均日产卵量(1663粒和58.6粒)均显著高于深红色卵的后代(1176粒和45.1粒)。     

不同环境变量下银胶菊叶甲的生命表(英文)

在室内研究了不同环境变量(如食物、温度、光周期和不同光波长)下银胶菊杂草Parthenium hysterophorus L.的食叶昆虫和生物防治因子银胶菊叶甲Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister 的生命表。不同发育阶段的该种叶甲取食银胶菊不同部位时,取食花的甲虫死亡率指标Kappa值最低,其次是取食叶片和茎;而取食花时甲虫世代存活率最高。温度显著影响主要发育阶段该种叶甲的死亡率和存活率。27℃下饲养的未成熟期甲虫的Kappa值最低,其次是30, 25, 20 和35℃。世代存活和存活率表现相同的趋势。不同光周期显著影响死亡率,在14L∶10D (长日照)下世代存活最好,其次是 12L∶12D (昼夜相等), 10L∶14D (短日照), 24L∶0D (连续光照) 和0L∶24D (连续黑暗)。甲虫对不同波长光的反应上,在白光（广谱）下Kappa值最低,世代存活率最高,其次是黄光（λ≈570 nm)、蓝光 (λ≈475 nm) 和红光(λ≈650 nm)。卵的死亡率最高。不同发育阶段的甲虫在27℃长日照白光下用银胶菊花饲养最佳。死亡率趋势具有严格和显著的阶段特异性,表现出内在的存活效应,与研究的因素无关。     

Plant phenology-mediated indirect effects: The gall midge opens the phenological window wider for a leaf beetle

We examined whether larvae of the gall midge Rabdophaga rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) can modify the seasonal dynamics of the density of a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), by modifying the leaf flushing phenology of its host willow species, Salix serissaefolia and Salix eriocarpa (Salicaceae). To test this, we conducted field observations and a laboratory experiment. The field observations demonstrated that the leaf flushing phenology of the willows and the seasonal dynamics of the beetle density differed between shoots with stem galls and shoots without them. On galled shoots of both willow species, secondary shoot growth and secondary leaf production were promoted; consequently, leaf production showed a bimodal pattern and leaf production periods were 1 to 2 months longer than on non‐galled shoots. The adult beetle density on galled shoots was thus enhanced late in the season, and was found to change seasonally, synchronizing with the production of new leaves on the host willow species. From the results of our laboratory experiment, we attributed this synchrony between adult beetle density and willow leaf flush to beetles’ preference to eat new leaves rather than old. Indeed, beetles consumed five times more of the young leaves when they were fed both young and old leaves. These results indicate that stem galls indirectly enhance the adult beetle density by enhancing food quality and quantity late in the beetle‐feeding season. We therefore conclude that midge galls widen the phenological window for leaf beetles by extending the willows’ leaf flush periods.     

Diapause incidence of progeny in relation to parental geographic origin,host plant and rearing density in the cabbage beetle,Colaphellus bowringi

The cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is widely distributed in China, undergoes an imaginal diapause in the soil. In this study, we investigated the influences of parental geographic origin, host plant, and rearing density on the diapause incidence of progeny in this beetle. In studies conducted at 25 °C and L12:D12 photoperiod, the proportions of adults entering diapause were significantly different among latitudes from which the parents had been collected. The incidence of diapause increased with increasing latitude. Reciprocal cross tests between post‐diapause adults from different latitudes showed that there were significant differences in diapause incidence between pure‐bred and hybrid adults, suggesting that diapause incidence among progeny was determined by both the female and male, although the female appeared to have a stronger effect than the male. These results revealed that parental origin has an important influence on progeny diapause. Parental host plant species not only affected diapause incidence of the current generation, but also affected the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the non‐diapause parents; yet, the parental host plant had no influence on the incidence of diapause in the progeny produced by the post‐diapause parents. Rearing density of the parental generation had no significant effect on the incidence of diapause in the progeny.     

Laboratory and field response of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, to the odour of oilseed rape

Abstract. The behavioural response of adults of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), to the odour of one of their host-plants, oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L.), was observed in the laboratory using a fourarmed airflow olfactometer, and under semi-natural conditions using a markrelease–recapture technique. Oilseed rape leaf and flower odour was attractive to pollen beetles in the olfactometer and they dispersed upwind from the centre of a circular array (radius 20 m) of yellow water traps, baited with extracts of oilseed rape leaves or flowers. The dispersal of pollen beetles in the absence of oilseed rape odour was predominantly downwind and crosswind. The percentage recapture of pollen beetles was significantly greater in traps baited with rape flower extracts than leaf extracts. Pollen beetles can use odour-mediated upwind anemotaxis to locate oilseed rape plants from distances of at least 20 m over open ground.     

大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群的滞育诱导研究

本文研究了光周期、温度和食料对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly哈尔滨种群滞育诱导的影响。结果表明,在恒温20～30℃范围内,大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群滞育率为91.8%～100%,未见明显的光周期诱导反应,但温度对其滞育诱导具有一定的作用,高温可使少部分大猿叶虫继续发育而不滞育。在平均25℃的温周期与光周期L12∶D12条件下,其滞育诱导差异不显著。大猿叶虫取食白菜、油菜、雪里蕻、萝卜和独荇菜5种食料,在25℃滞育率为89.5%～100%;在28℃滞育率为76.9%～100%,食料种类对大猿叶虫哈尔滨种群滞育诱导差异显著,其中,取食独荇菜滞育率最低,取食萝卜滞育率最高。     

Effects of temperature,photoperiod and soil humidity on induction of pseudopupal diapause in the bean blister beetle Epicauta gorhami

Larvae of the bean blister beetle Epicauta gorhami Marseul (Coleoptera: Meloidae) feed on grasshopper eggs in soil and undergo hypermetamorphosis. This beetle undergoes larval diapause in the fifth instar as a pseudopupa, a form characteristic of hypermetamorphosis in meloid beetles. The effects of temperature, photoperiod and soil humidity on larval development of E. gorhami are examined in a population in Miyazaki, Japan, using egg pods of Locusta migratoria L. as food. At lower temperatures (20 and 22.5 °C), all larvae become pseudopupae, regardless of the photoperiod. By contrast, at higher temperatures (27.5 and 30 °C), almost all larvae pupate at the end of the fourth instar, again regardless of the photoperiod. A long‐day photoperiodic response occurs only at an intermediate temperature (25 °C): under an LD 12 : 12 h photocycle, all larvae enter diapause, although the diapause incidence tends to decrease as the day length becomes longer. Pseudopupae are immobile and remain in diapause for ≥120 days when they are kept under the same conditions, except that diapause terminates within a relatively short time at 30 °C. Although lower soil humidity retards post‐feeding development, soil humidity has no effect on the diapause incidence. On the basis of the short developmental period and diapause avoidance under summer conditions, it is suggested that this beetle partially produces two generations a year in southwestern Japan.