中国短翅天牛属一新记录亚种记述（鞘翅目：天牛科：天牛亚科）

记述了中国短翅天牛属1新记录亚种,即柴田短翅天牛Glaphyra shibatai shibatai(Hayashi,1961)。柴田短翅天牛描述:体长8.1 mm宽2.0 mm。身体呈亮黑色。腿节亮棕黑色,后足腿节基部至中部浅黄色。鞘翅中部近中缝处有1对半透明深黄褐色区域。前胸长约1.23倍于宽,最宽广的部位在收缩之前,前足基节窝后方关闭。鞘翅基部宽约与前胸背板长相等,鞘翅长为鞘翅基部宽度的1.20倍,肩角略呈圆形,两侧向端部逐渐收缩,表面具有细而稀疏的小刻点,翅缝在基部3/5处分裂,缝角圆形。前胸腹板具有粗糙的刻点。后胸腹板具有细刻点。腹部刻点比后胸腹板更浅,更细。后足第1跗节1.50倍于2、3节之和。     

甲虫鞘翅间的锁合机构、联接力及其表面织构效应

轻质材料、结构和联接机构对高性能飞行器的发展具有重要意义．利用组织切片技术和SEM获得鞘翅及其连接部位的几何结构和形貌;建立三维运动行为观测系统研究甲虫鞘翅的展开／闭合运动行为,以求证其运动机构;建立鞘翅联接力的测量装置,以测量鞘翅间的联接力．结果表明：甲虫鞘翅绕一个轴做简单的旋转运动实现展开／闭合运动;鞘翅间的联接力可高达自身体重的160倍;鞘翅间的连接是榫嵌入机构、榫表面的微观织构和锁合解开的角度对联接力影响很大．上述鞘翅轻质结构和联接机构可能对航空航天器的结构和机构设计有启示．     

Hox基因与昆虫翅的特化

自从1978年E.B. Lewis描述了著名的果蝇双胸突变体（bithorax）以来,大量的比较发育遗传学研究为我们揭示了形态进化的遗传基础,从而使形态进化研究进入了一个新的时代。同时,Hox基因的研究也成为这一领域的焦点。本文综述了昆虫翅的起源及其特化类群翅的发育遗传学研究的最新进展。一般认为,原始的有翅昆虫胸腹部多附肢（包括翅）; 之后不同的体节受到了不同Hox的抑制,形成两对翅以及前后翅的分化; Ubx的不同表达导致了前后翅的分化,并且Ubx负责识别后翅。我们选择翅特化最为显著的3个类群——鞘翅目（T2鞘翅）、双翅目（T3平衡棒）和捻翅目（T2平衡棒）,结合Hox的表达情况讨论了翅的特化机理。目前已知双翅目和鞘翅目的翅的控制模式存在巨大差异,两种模式的比较研究对于理解翅的形态进化具有重要的意义。但是对捻翅目昆虫的研究则很少。     

中华绒螯蟹不同生理阶段腹肢的结构变化及粘液腺的发育特征

用显微及亚显微方法研究了中华绒螯蟹雌体不同生理阶段(幼蟹、未成熟蟹、成熟蟹、抱卵蟹和流产蟹)腹肢的体壁结构变化和粘液腺发育特征。体壁的上皮细胞层常与粘液腺相连,粘液腺分泌物经导管穿过各层角膜排出。不同生理状况下中华绒螯蟹的腹肢体壁各角膜层结构的比例及致密度有明显的差异,粘液腺细胞及导管的数量不同,粘液腺与上皮细胞的连接程度也不同。粘液腺是否正常分泌、刚毛囊的开闭均与中华绒螯蟹的胚胎附着有关。比较研究发现,太湖抱卵蟹腹肢体腔内腺体比温州本地抱卵蟹腹肢内腺体发达,分泌的粘液也特别多。分析认为中华绒螯蟹腹肢组织结构、粘液腺的发育和分泌状况与胚胎流产有密切的关系。     

甜菜夜蛾胚胎发育的研究(Ⅱ)--体腔、体壁、循环系统和部分器官的发育

详细研究了甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua(Hubner)在胚胎发育中体腔、肌肉、体壁、循环系统、丝腺、脂肪体和绛色细胞的发育过程,并总结了25℃下甜菜夜蛾胚胎发育的时间进度.体腔囊出现后,中胚层分为腹壁中胚层和背壁中胚层,前者将来形成体壁肌、脂肪体等,后者主要形成消化道外的肌肉层;腹壁中胚层与背壁中胚层交界处的细胞发育成成心细胞,随着背合的完成形成心脏,并与头部伸出的大动脉相接,形成背血管;胚胎发育到50h左右,体壁真皮细胞开始分泌含几丁质的表皮,幼虫孵化前,其体表布满脊突和刚毛;绛色细胞由胚体1～8腹节的外胚层部分细胞发育而成.     

生长抑素基因在不同性别和年龄黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达

哈氏腺作为“视网膜-松果体轴”的候补结构,介导了体外光信号与体内神经内分泌调控过程,具有多样性和复杂的生理功能,并受神经和体液因素的双重调控。生长抑素（somatostatin, SS）是调控动物生长发育的主要因子之一,检测SS基因在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的差异表达模式,为光信号调控动物的生长发育机制提供理论依据。以野生黑线仓鼠（Cricetulus barabensis）为研究对象,测量了不同性别和年龄个体哈氏腺的形态学指标,克隆了哈氏腺SS cDNA序列,实时荧光定量PCR方法检测了哈氏腺中SS基因的表达变化。结果显示：（1）黑线仓鼠体重无性别差异,随年龄增长而增加;哈氏腺的长度和重量也随年龄增长而增加;调整体重影响后,哈氏腺的重量和长度没有年龄之间的差异,但哈氏腺重量存在性别间差异（P<0.05）。（2）克隆到黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA序列489 bp ,并对序列结构进行分析,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺SS cDNA具有典型分泌蛋白cDNA的特征,并在进化上高度保守;（3）检测到SS mRNA在黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中均有表达,表达量存在年龄和性别差异（P<0.05）;（4）随着个体性成熟和衰老,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺中SS mRNA的相对表达量逐渐降低,其表达量分别与哈氏腺长度和重量的发育变化负相关（r=-0.557,P=0.022;r=-0.806,P＜0.001）。结果表明,黑线仓鼠哈氏腺重量和SS表达量均表现出两性异形,可能是对不同繁殖策略的适应;SS基因作为负调控因子参与野生黑线仓鼠哈氏腺的生长发育过程。     

部分蝽类昆虫翅表微纳结构与浸润性研究

蝽类昆虫属于半翅目Hemiptera异翅亚目Heteroptera,其前翅基半部骨化成革质,比端半部膜质要硬得多。本研究采用接触角测量仪、扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪对20种蝽类昆虫前翅的革质、膜质区浸润性、微观结构和化学成分进行了研究。研究结果显示：(1)蝽类昆虫翅表浸润性存在明显差异,接触角为40.66°～138.37°。(2)6种蝽类昆虫翅表革质区比膜质区的疏水性强,具有乳突、不规则凸起、皱纹和刚毛等粗糙结构。特别是柱状乳突结构(直径0.702±0.170μm,高度1.516±0.293μm,间距1.191±0.132μm)有效地使革质区表面更疏水。相反,4种蝽类昆虫翅表的膜质区比革质区更疏水,椭圆形突起、褶皱和分泌物密度更高。而在10种蝽类昆虫中,疏水性没有显著差异,革质和膜质区的翅面结构相似,仅具有大小不一的隆起和分泌物。(3)蝽类昆虫翅表分布着长链烃类、脂肪酸酯和脂肪酸醇构成的蜡质层。栖息于植物中上层的蝽类昆虫疏水性较强。蝽类昆虫不同硬度的翅表的浸润性归因于微米级微观结构和表面蜡质层的联合效应及生境的协同作用。本研究结果可为不同硬度、不同质地、不同结构、不同性能的材料的...     

扬子鳄皮肤腺结构与发育的初步观察

扬子鳄有三种皮肤腺:背腺、泄殖腔麝腺和下颌腺。背腺位于背中线左右两侧第二行鳞片下方,其确切位置个体间差异很大,如表1。幼鳄背腺形态多种多样,但显示出是一种退化器官,未观察到腺开口,也未观察到半成鳄和成鳄的背腺,因此扬子鳄背腺可能不具功能。泄殖腔麝腺位于泄殖腔腹唇内,梨形,腺管开口于泄殖腔腹壁,成体腺腔很大,腺的底部壁较厚,腺细胞明显地分成若干小叶,其它部位壁较薄,小叶不明显,属全泌腺,分泌油脂物,繁殖期特别发达,但性未成熟个体亦具功能,是一种信息素下颌腺位于下颌后方两侧皮肤内,圆柱状,脉管开口于下颌腹侧皮肤表面,成体腺腔不规则,腺壁厚,从包囊到腺腔,腺细胞可明显地分成三个区,属全泌腺,分泌油脂物,在繁殖期特别发达,此腺到性成熟才具功能。     

草地螟成虫体表鳞片的类型、位置和超微形态结构特征

草地螟成虫体表具有多种鳞片,这些鳞片是其远距离迁飞和适应复杂环境的必要结构保障。按结构特征分为薄片型和长毛型。薄片型鳞片为卵圆形、刀片形,包括腹后鳞簇、锯齿鳞、竹片形鳞和形成胸锁的钩形鳞;长毛型鳞片横截面为圆形,包括后翅内缘毛和腹后毛刷。超微结构表明,体表鳞片由纵脊、横肋、窗孔、内腔和乳突组成;鳞片基部由毛囊包裹;钩形鳞具有特殊的弯钩状尖端;腹后鳞簇具有特殊的乳突结构;后翅内缘毛和腹后毛刷具有特殊的窗孔结构。这些由体表细胞分化的鳞片在草地螟成虫身体各部承担着不同的生物学功能,其超微结构的研究可为其形态学、行为学及自身进化研究方面提供一些理论依据。     

金龟子飞行时鞘翅开合状态与后翅腋片形态的相关性研究

【目的】多数甲虫飞行时鞘翅是张开的，但也有少数甲虫飞行时鞘翅几乎是闭合的(如大部分花金龟、一些蜣螂种类)。飞行时鞘翅闭合可以显著减小空气阻力，提升飞行速度，但限制了后翅关节骨片(腋片)的运动空间和受力状态。腋片在昆虫飞行时扮演动力输送枢纽的角色，前期研究发现腋片具有复杂的内部和外部形态结构，而该结构如此复杂的形态都受到了哪些因素的影响尚不明确，飞行时鞘翅开合行为与腋片的相关性如何还是空白。【方法】利用显微CT扫描10科6亚科共27种金龟子，利用计算机三维重建技术重建和分析了3个腋片[第1腋片(1st axillary, 1Ax)、第2腋片(2nd axillary, 2Ax)和第3腋片(3rd axillary, 3Ax)]的三维图像，其中17种的为鞘翅飞行张开种类，10种的为鞘翅飞行闭合种类，覆盖了金龟总科83%的科级阶元。【结果】飞行时鞘翅张开或闭合的金龟子3个腋片的形态特征均存在差异。较飞行时鞘翅张开的金龟子，飞行时鞘翅闭合的金龟1Ax的头部前端较后端收缩，颈部宽阔且中上部至中部隆起；2Ax的脊更宽阔，内、外叶位置不同；3Ax头部宽阔，内端顶角为锐角，尾部较短。同一类群腋片形态特...     

拟寄生蜂的寄主标记研究进展

拟寄生蜂常借助寄主标记信息素 (host marking pheromone, HMP) 来辨别已寄生寄主和健康寄主,避免过寄生和多寄生,减少后代的种内和种间竞争。寄主标记有外部标记、内部标记和“容器”及区域标记3种方式。HMP来源于拟寄生蜂的杜氏腺、毒腺、输卵管、卵巢、卵或咽侧体,由触角或产卵器感受。目前已鉴定出几种拟寄生蜂的HMP,多数为饱和与不饱和烃类的混合物,但卡氏盾痣细蜂Dendrocerus carpenteri的HMP是保幼激素。拟寄生蜂对寄主标记的反应受HMP持效期,拟寄生蜂内部状况如载卵量、年龄、经验和学习,及外部条件如拟寄生蜂和健康寄主种群密度以及寄主种类的影响。本文还讨论了HMP研究的理论和实际意义。     

Osmoregulation in Crocodilians

Recent crocodilians live primarily in freshwater habitats. Howevertwo species (Crocodylus acutus and C. porosus) are estuarinespecialists; two others (C. niloticus and C. johnstoni) thatare primarily found in fresh water, have estuarine populations.Routes of uptake of water and sodium include drinking, feedingand associated incidental drinking, and integumental and buccaldiffusion. Routes of loss include faeces-cloacal fluid, lingualsalt glands, integumental and buccal diffusion, and respiratoryloss. The least understood route of salt and water exchangeis that of the oral and buccal epithelia, which are much morepermeable to water and sodium than the general integument. Thefreshwater alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) osmoregulatesin a manner typical for an amphibious reptile. Body sodium turnoveris low and the general integument is quite low in permeabilityto sodium. Water turnover is more rapid (in terms of molar exchange)but still relatively low for an aquatic reptile. Most waterexchange occurs across the integument and buccal epithelia.The presence of lingual salt glands in freshwater crocodiliansremains enigmatic, as does the failure of these exocrine glandsin estuarine species to respond to saline loading. Secretiondoes occur after injection of the parasympathetic stimulantmethacholine chloride. The "salt water crocodile" (C. porosus)possesses a suite of osmoregulatory adaptations similar to thosefound in other estuarine reptiles. Water and sodium balanceare maintained primarily by an extremely low general permeabilityto sodium, by economies in water loss, and by excretion of excesssodium by the lingual salt glands. Further work is needed toexamine newly hatched C. porosus, and the possibility of ontogeneticchange in lingual gland function in C. acutus. The importanceof incidental drinking of sea water during feeding (recentlydiscovered in turtles) needs to be evaluated in crocodilians.The use of osmoregulatory data in interpretation of the evolutionaryhistory of the genus Crocodylus needs to be viewed with caution.The hypothesis that all species of Crocodylus originated fromthe transoceanic migration of a saline-tolerant form may notbe the most parsimonious explanation.     

蜣螂与壁虎刚毛的比较及改形对其功能的影响

脱附与粘附是工程作业的两个相互矛盾的难题,土壤和物料的粘附严重降低了机械的作业效率和质量,没有粘附又使某些机械无法工作或运行。目前世界流行的脱附技术,包括向界面注入空气的充气法、向界面注入溶液的充液法、利用机械或超声波的振动法、施加电场的电渗法、施加磁场的磁     

A comparative study of fat body morphology in five mosquito species

The insect fat body plays major roles in the intermediary metabolism, in the storage and transport of haemolymph compounds and in the innate immunity. Here, the overall structure of the fat body of five species of mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus, Aedes fluviatilis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Anopheles aquasalis and Anopheles darlingi) was compared through light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Generally for mosquitoes, the fat body consists of lobes projecting into the haemocoel and is formed by great cell masses consisting of trophocytes and oenocytes. Trophocytes are rich in lipid droplets and protein granules. Interestingly, brown pigment granules, likely ommochromes, were found exclusively in the trophocytes located within the thorax and near the dorsal integument of Anopheles, which is suggestive of the role these cells play in detoxification via ommochrome storage. This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of the fat body in five different mosquito species and represents a significant contribution towards the understanding of the structural-functional relationships associated with this organ.     

Cuticular hydrocarbons on elytra of the Diaprepes root weevil Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract 1 External gland openings and associated structures on the elytra of teneral and mature Diaprepes root weevils, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.), were elucidated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 2 There were clear differences between teneral, callow adults and fully mature adults. In the field, teneral adults remain in the pupal chamber in the soil until sclerotization of the cuticle is complete or nearly so. 3 Phenotypic variation of the elytra in this species consists of varying patterns and coloration of scaled intervals between a variable number of raised ridges devoid of scales. In addition to being thinner and lighter in colour than fully mature adults, the elytra of teneral adults were devoid of waxy hydrocarbon secretions. 4 External gland openings at the base of each scale were observed on teneral elytra and mature elytra washed with methylene chloride. 5 SEM evidence to document the production of waxy filaments by these glands and partial characterization of these by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are presented.     

Translucent Glands and Secretory Canals in Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericaceae): Morphological, Anatomical and Histochemical Studies During the Course of Ontogenesis

Hypericum perforatum L., traditionally used in folk medicineas a therapeutic plant, is today being evaluated for its antidepressantand antiretroviral activities. The species is characterizedby the presence of different types of secretory structure: translucentglands or cavities, black nodules and secretory canals. Theaim of this work was to characterize the translucent glandsand secretory canals in both the floral and vegetative parts,from morphological, anatomical and histochemical points of view.Translucent glands consist of a sub-epidermal cavity delimitedby two layers of cells. There are three types of secretory canal:type A, with a narrow lumen, and types B and C, both with awide lumen, but with different patterns of development. Histochemicaltests showed that all these structures contain alkaloids andlipids but not pectic-like substances and proteins. Tests forresins, essential oils and tannins gave different responsesin different parts of the plant. Copyright 2001 Annals of BotanyCompany Hypericum perforatum, St. John's wort, secretory structures, morphology, anatomy, histochemistry     

Regulation of juvenile hormone esterase gene expression in the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens)

The tissue distribution, developmental control, and induction of juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) mRNA was examined in Heliothis virescens using an 800-base pair fragment of a JHE cDNA clone. Northern hybridization analysis of poly(A)+RNA from fat body and integument of fifth stadium larvae indicated the presence of a single JHE mRNA species having an estimated length of 3 kilobases. On Day 2 of the fifth stadium (L5D2), basal JHE mRNA levels were 3-fold higher in the integument than the fat body, which correlated with the higher specific activity of the enzyme in the integument at this time. However, JHE mRNA levels in the fat body on Day 4 of the fifth stadium were 9-fold higher than on Day 2, while mRNA levels in the integument remained the same. This endogenous increase in JHE mRNA and activity in the fat body occurred at the time of peak hemolymph JHE activity. JHE mRNA was not detected in third stadium larvae which have very low levels of JHE activity. Treatment of L5D2 larvae with the juvenile hormone mimic epofenonane resulted in a 7- and 14-fold increase in the level of JHE mRNA in the integument and fat body, respectively. The mRNA induced in both tissues was of the same estimated length as the constitutively expressed message. The data indicate that the developmental regulation and induction of JHE can occur at the level of mRNA. There is evidence that the fat body secretes more JHE than does the integument and could be the major source of hemolymph JHE.     

Extreme Eye Projection in the Male Weevil <Emphasis Type="Italic">Exechesops leucopis</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Anthribidae): Its Effect on Intrasexual Behavioral Interferences

Fungus weevils, Exechesops leucopis (Anthribidae), are sexually dimorphic in the degree of eye protrusion and antenna elongation. I examined the allometric relationships of eye span, eyestalk length, antenna length, elytra width, and wing length against body size (pronotum width), and their effects on the outcome of male-male combat in the laboratory. Male eye span, eyestalk length, and antenna length indicated positive allometry, while elytra width showed isometry, and wing length showed negative allometry. In male-male combat, males with a larger eye span, antenna length, and body size defeated those with smaller attributes. However, when males fought experimentally males of similar body size, only eye span affected the outcome of combat, independent of body size and antenna length. In the female-female contests, the prior residency was an important determinant of victory the other than any morphological traits.     

Lehr's fields of campaniform sensilla in beetles (Coleoptera): Functional morphology. II. Wing reduction and the sensory field

Loss of the flight ability and wing reduction has been reported for many taxa of Coleoptera. If elytra are closed, their roots are clenched between the tergum and the pleuron, forces applied to the elytra can not be transmitted to the field of campaniform sensilla situated on the root. That is why it is plausible to assume that the field becomes redundant in non-flying beetles. We examined the relationships between the hind wing reduction and characters of this mechanosensory field in beetles of six families. We measured the size of the elytron, that of the hind wing and counted the number of sensilla in the sensory field. Mesopterous non-flying beetles retain one half to one third of sensilla present in macropterous species of the same body size. Further reduction of the sensory field in brachypterous species is obvious, but sensilla are still present in insects with strongly reduced wings, as long as their elytra are separable and mesothoracic axillaries are present. Complete loss of sensilla coincides with the existence of a permanent sutural lock. However, some beetles with permanently locked elytra and absence of axillaries still retain few campaniform sensilla. A very special case of an extreme wing modification in feather-wing beetles is considered. No sensilla were revealed either on the root of the elytron or on the basal segment of such fringed wings in flying ptiliid species.     

How Could Beetle＇s Elytra Support Their Own Weight during Forward Flight？

The aerodynamic role of the elytra during a beetle＇s flapping motion is not well-elucidated, although it is well-recognized that the evolution of elytra has been a key in the success of coleopteran insects due to their protective function. An experimental study on wing kinematics reveals that for almost concurrent flapping with the hind wings, the flapping angle of the elytra is 5 times smaller than that of the hind wings. Then, we explore the aerodynamic forces on elytra in free forward flight with and without an effect of elytron-hind wing interaction by three-dimensional numerical simulation. The numerical results show that vertical force generated by the elytra without interaction is not sufficient to support even its own weight. However, the elytron-hind wing interaction improves the vertical force on the elytra up to 80%; thus, the total vertical force could fully support its own weight. The interaction slightly increases the vertical force on the hind wind by 6% as well.