宁南旱区耕作覆盖对马铃薯产量及土壤水热特征的影响

为探究耕作覆盖对土壤水热及旱作马铃薯产量的影响,连续2年在宁南旱区不同耕作深度结合覆盖模式下开展了研究工作。结果表明: 耕作深度、覆盖材料对马铃薯播种期0～100 cm土层土壤贮水量有极显著影响,而二者交互作用无显著影响;2019年土壤贮水量以深松30 cm覆盖地膜处理最高,2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较翻耕15 cm不覆盖处理(对照)显著提高16.9%和33.4%;耕作深度、覆盖材料可显著影响马铃薯关键生育期土壤贮水量;同一耕作深度下土壤贮水量以秸秆、地膜覆盖处理效果较好,同一覆盖材料下以深松30～40 cm处理最佳。覆盖材料、耕作深度与覆盖材料二者交互作用对播种-现蕾期0～25 cm土层土壤有效积温影响显著;同一耕作深度下覆盖地膜处理土壤有效积温平均较不覆盖处理显著增加9.3%,而覆盖秸秆处理较不覆盖处理显著降低18.7%;2019和2020年各处理全生育期土壤有效积温分别以深松30 cm和深松40 cm覆盖地膜处理最高。2019年马铃薯总产量和经济效益以深松30 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,分别较对照显著提高84.6%和107.9%;2020年以深松40 cm覆盖秸秆处理最佳,分别较对照显著提高81.7%和105.7%。耕作深度、覆盖材料对作物水热利用效率均有显著影响,水分利用效率以深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理较高,而积温利用效率不同耕作深度结合秸秆覆盖各处理均较翻对照显著提高。相关分析表明,块茎形成期的土壤水分和有效积温对马铃薯总产量的形成至关重要,而全生育期土壤水分对总产量的影响高于土壤有效积温。可见,深松30～40 cm覆盖秸秆处理可改善土壤水热状况,实现马铃薯增产增收和水热资源的高效利用,在宁南半干旱区马铃薯生产中有一定的应用推广价值。     

Wetting properties of fungi mycelium alter soil infiltration and soil water repellency in a γ-sterilized wettable and repellent soil

Soil water repellency (SWR) has a drastic impact on soil quality resulting in reduced infiltration, increased runoff, increased leaching, reduced plant growth, and increased soil erosion. One of the causes of SWR is hydrophobic fungal structures and exudates that change the soil–water relationship. The objective of this study was to determine whether SWR and infiltration could be manipulated through inoculation with fungi. The effect of fungi on SWR was investigated through inoculation of three fungal strains (hydrophilic – Fusarium proliferatum, chrono-amphiphilic – Trichoderma harzianum, and hydrophobic – Alternaria sp.) on a water repellent soil (WR-soil) and a wettable soil (W-soil). The change in SWR and infiltration was assessed by the water repellency index and cumulative infiltration respectively. F. proliferatum decreased the SWR on WR-soil and slightly increased SWR in W-soil, while Alternaria sp. increased SWR in both the W-soil and the WR-soil. Conversely T. harzianum increased the SWR in the W-soil and decreased the SWR in the WR-soil. All strains showed a decrease in infiltration in W-soil, while only the F. proliferatum and T. harzianum strain showed improvement in infiltration in the WR-soil. The ability of fungi to alter the SWR and enmesh soil particles results in changes to the infiltration dynamics in soil.     

Effects of biological soil crusts on profile distribution of soil water,organic carbon and total nitrogen in Mu Us Sandland,China

Aims Biological soil crusts (BSCs) can affect soil properties including water dynamics and cycling of soil carbon and nitrogen in dryland ecosystems. Previous research has mostly focused on effects of BSCs on soil water distribution or carbon and nitrogen fixation in the surface soil layer. Thus, little is known about effects of BSCs on properties throughout the soil profile. In the current study, we assessed the effects of BSCs on the distribution of soil water content (SW), soil organic carbon content (SOC) and soil total nitrogen content (STN) throughout the soil profile as well as the influence of water conditions on the effects of BSCs.Methods In a field investigation in Mu Us Sandland, North China, soil samples were taken from plots with and without BSCs on 13 and 28 September 2006, respectively. On the two sampling dates, average soil gravimetric water content was 3.83% (±1.29%) and 5.08% (±0.89%), respectively, which were regarded as low and high water conditions. Soil samples were collected every 5 cm to a depth of 60 cm, and SW, SOC and STN were measured in the laboratory.Important findings (i) BSCs affected profile distribution of SW, SOC and STN. In addition, water conditions within the plots significantly modified BSCs' effects on the profile distribution of SW, but marginally affected the effects on SOC and STN. (ii) Under high water conditions, SW in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) was higher in soils with BSCs compared to those without BSCs, while the opposite was true in the deep soil layer (30–55 cm). (iii) Under low water conditions, SW was lower with BSCs compared with no BSCs in near-surface (5–20 cm) and deep (25–40 cm) soil layers. (iv) BSCs affected SOC and STN only in the surface soil layer (0–5 cm) and were modified by plot water conditions.     

火干扰对森林土壤斥水性的影响研究进展

土壤斥水性是指水分不能或很难湿润土壤颗粒表面的现象,很多植被类型及气候带森林存在土壤斥水性。土壤斥水性受水分、温度、干湿交替、土壤质地、植被类型等生物和非生物因子的影响。而火干扰是森林生态系统土壤斥水性的重要影响因子,使森林土壤斥水性增强,渗透率降低,地表截留体减少,从而增加地表径流和土壤侵蚀。就火干扰对土壤斥水性的发生机理及其对水文过程的影响进行了较为全面的总结和讨论,并指出目前存在的问题和未来的研究重点。森林火灾后火烧迹地地表径流和土壤侵蚀显著增加,定量预测火灾后土壤斥水性对径流与侵蚀的影响比较困难,因此,基于不同尺度和自然降雨的火灾后斥水性对地表径流和土壤侵蚀的实验及长期定位观测是今后的研究方向与重点。     

川西平原灌区不同水旱轮作模式周年土壤呼吸特征

水旱轮作是川西平原灌区重要的稻田种植模式,为探究本区域不同水旱轮作模式对周年土壤呼吸的影响,在四川崇州设置蒜-稻(GR)、麦-稻(WR)和油-稻(RR)三种水旱轮作模式,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定不同模式周年土壤呼吸,并同步测定温度、水层高度等水热生态因子。结果表明:三种轮作模式周年土壤呼吸累积排放量表现为GRRRWR,分别为193.36、160.27、157.28 kg/hm~2;土壤呼吸速率日动态规律基本一致,均表现为单峰型变化趋势,最高值出现在12:00—15:00,6—8月的日变幅高于其余月份;土壤呼吸速率季节动态均呈双峰型变化趋势,在6月和9月达到峰值,其中GR模式土壤呼吸速率年均值最高;三种模式土壤呼吸速率均受0—10 cm、10—20 cm土壤温度的显著影响,而与土壤含水量无显著相关性。土壤温度是旱季土壤呼吸速率季节变化的主要影响因素,土壤水层深度和土壤温度共同作用影响了稻季土壤呼吸速率的变化。     

稻麦秸秆集中沟埋还田对麦田土壤物理性状的影响

通过5.5a的大田定位试验,将上季秸秆全量沟埋还田,设置秸秆沟埋还田深度为20、40 cm以及免耕秸秆不还田(对照)3个处理。研究秸秆沟埋还田对麦田土壤水势、温度的影响以及长期秸秆沟埋还田方式下,沟埋还田20 cm处理各埋草沟土壤容重、总孔隙度的变化。结果表明:秸秆沟埋还田具有降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度的作用,随着还田时间的增加,这种作用逐渐降低。当降雨量较大(26.6 mm)时,沟埋还田各处理水势值在短时间内上升的较快,而对照则相对较慢;当降雨量较小(10 mm)时,沟埋还田40 cm处理水势值上升速度大于沟埋还田20 cm,对照处理最慢;降雨过后的12d内,沟埋还田各处理水势值下降速度较对照更快;连续40d各处理土壤水势日均值大小为对照沟埋还田40 cm沟埋还田20 cm。土壤0—15 cm温度日较差大小为沟埋还田20 cm对照沟埋还田40 cm,土壤20 cm处日较差对照最大;沟埋还田20 cm处理0—15 cm以及沟埋还田40 cm处理0—20 cm土壤日均温高于对照,沟埋还田20 cm处理20 cm处土壤日均温与对照较为接近。在沿江稻麦轮作地区,秸秆集中沟埋还田具有较好的改善土壤物理性质的作用。     

华北山区典型人工林土壤水势动态和水分运移规律

大规模植树造林工程有效缓解了我国北方水土流失等问题,但伴随植被生长和降水格局变化,水循环过程发生明显改变。土壤水分运动是水循环的关键过程,研究变化环境下人工林植被土壤水分运移规律,对植被生态恢复具有重要意义。基于2014-2018年多时间尺度（半小时、天、月和年）华北山区崇陵流域典型人工侧柏林和荒草土壤剖面水势监测数据,阐明不同植被覆盖下土水势动态变化规律,提出土壤水分运移和植被水分利用模式。研究结果表明：侧柏林土壤水势日变幅显著低于荒草植被,但土水势日变幅随土壤深度增加而减小的速率90 a侧柏依次大于60 a侧柏和荒草;月、年尺度侧柏林不同深度土水势变化对降水的响应大于荒草地,其中60 a侧柏林年均土水势与年降雨量显著线性相关（P<0.05）。由水势梯度和零通量面多年平均变化可知,90 a侧柏林0-50 cm土壤水呈下渗趋势,根系水力提升促使50-100 cm土壤水向上蒸散;60 a侧柏林0-20 cm、70-100 cm以及枯水年30-70 cm土壤水均以蒸散为主,根系可同时吸收利用表层和深层土壤水分;荒草地0-20 cm土壤水分蒸发强烈,且为根系主要吸水深度,20-100 cm土壤水稳定下渗。相比60 a侧柏林和荒草,90 a侧柏林的土壤调蓄能力增强,与荒草互被可减少植被间水分竞争,充分利用土壤水,从而减少流域内地表径流和土壤侵蚀量。     

渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异

为了探究渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异,于2013—2016年在地处渭北旱塬的陕西省白水县田家洼村进行了田间试验,设置了3个不同果园水肥管理方式:农户模式(单施化肥,FM)、现有模式(推荐施肥配合地膜覆盖,EM)、优化模式(有机无机肥配施配合双元覆盖,OM),并对0~300 cm土层土壤水分进行了测定.结果表明:优化模式可以显著提高0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量,0~100 cm土层土壤含水量在干旱季节较农户模式和现有模式分别增加5.6%和15.3%,优化模式200~300 cm土层土壤水分相对亏缺指数低于现有模式,在干旱年份可以提高降雨入渗,降雨入渗达到300 cm,同时优化模式可以提高果园0~300 cm土层土壤降水补充量,稳定土壤水分变化,有效缓解了深层土壤干燥化程度.优化模式4年平均产量较农户模式和现有模式分别提高36.6%和22.5%.综上,优化模式可以通过提高土壤有效含水量,改善浅层和深层水分状况,提升土壤水分利用效率,在提高产量的同时,缓解土壤深层干燥化程度.     

晋南旱地麦田夏闲期土壤水分和养分变化特征

2009-2011年在晋南旱地冬小麦种植区,研究了传统施肥(CF)、推荐施肥(RF)及垄膜沟播(RFFP)处理结合秸秆覆盖措施对夏闲期(6-9月)2 m土层土壤水分、NO₃^--N,以及0～40 cm土层速效磷、速效钾含量的影响.结果表明: 夏闲期降水可补充旱地麦田2 m土层土壤在冬小麦生长季所消耗的水分,其中94%以上蓄水量集中在0～140 cm土层,休闲效率为6%～27%.夏闲期降水易引起NO₃^--N下移;357～400 mm的降水量可使NO₃^--N淋移到100 cm土层,积累峰值在20～40 cm土层.夏闲期秸秆覆盖或地膜与秸秆配合覆盖可有效提高0～40 cm土层速效磷和速效钾含量,3个夏闲期累计增加量分别为17%～45%和36%～49%.不同处理间以垄膜沟播+沟内覆盖秸秆的二元覆盖模式蓄水培肥效果最佳,3个夏闲期2 m土层土壤累计蓄水215 mm,累计矿化氮90 kg·hm^-2,耕层土壤速效磷和速效钾含量分别累计增加2.7和83 mg·kg^-1,显著高于推荐施肥和传统施肥处理.推荐施肥和传统施肥处理对土壤水分、养分变化的影响无显著差异.     

不同测墒补灌水平对小麦水氮利用及土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响

于2012—2014年两个小麦生长季,以全生育期不灌水（W₀）为对照,设置3个测墒补灌处理,即拔节和开花期使0～140 cm土层土壤平均相对含水量分别为65%(W₁)、70%(W₂)和75%(W_3),研究其对土壤水利用、小麦氮素积累转运和土壤硝态氮分布及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明： W₂处理土壤贮水消耗量及占总耗水量的比例和灌溉水占总耗水量的比例较高,且吸收利用100～140 cm土层土壤贮水量较高.开花期营养器官氮素积累量及开花后氮素积累量均为W₂、W₃＞W₁＞W₀,成熟期营养器官氮素积累量为W₃＞W₂＞W₁＞W₀,营养器官氮素向籽粒中的转移量和成熟期籽粒氮素积累量均为W₂＞W₃＞W₁＞W₀.成熟期0～60 cm土层硝态氮含量表现为W₀＞W₁＞W₂＞W_3,80～140 cm土层为W₃显著高于其他处理,140～200 cm土层各处理间无显著差异.W₂处理的籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率及氮肥偏生产力均最高.在本试验条件下,综合考虑籽粒产量、水分利用效率、氮素吸收效率及土壤硝态氮的淋溶,W₂处理是高产节水生态安全的最佳灌溉处理.     

Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya

Limited knowledge of root distributions in agroforestry systems has resulted in assumptions that various tree species are more suited to agroforestry than others, because they are presumed to have few superficial lateral roots. This assumption was tested for Grevillea robusta when grown with maize (Zea mays) in an agroforestry system in a semi-arid region of Kenya. At a site with a shallow soil, root lengths of both species between the soil surface and bedrock were quantified by soil coring, at intervals over four cropping seasons, in plots containing sole stands and mixtures of the trees and crop; the trees were 4–6 years old and they were severely pruned before the third season. Profiles of soil water content were measured using a neutron probe. Prior to pruning of the trees, recharge of soil water below the deepest maize roots did not occur, resulting in significant (P<0.05) suppression of maize root lengths and downward root growth. Maximum root length densities for both species occurred at the top of the soil profile, reaching 1.1–1.7 cm cm^-3 for G. robusta, but only 0.5 cm cm^-3 for maize grown with trees. Root populations in mixed plots were dominated by G. robusta at all times, all depths and all distances from trees and maize and, thus, there was no spatial separation of the rooting zones of the trees and crop. Competition between G. robusta and maize for soil water stored near the surface was unavoidable, although pruning reduced its impact; complementary use of water by the trees and crop would only have been possible if alternative sources of water were available. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of Simulated Rainfall on Efficacy and Leaching of Two Formulations of Fenamiphos

Recoverable fenamiphos in the soil and residue in squash following different simulated rainfall treatments after nematicide application were determined in a 2-year study. Efficacy of fenamiphos also was evaluated. Fenamiphos treatments (3 SC and 15 G) were broadcast (6.7 kg a.i./ha) over plots and incorporated into the top 15 cm of soil immediately before planting ''Dixie Hybrid'' squash. Simulated rainfall treatments of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 cm water were applied 1 day after fenamiphos application. Soil samples from 0- to 8-cm, 8- to 15-cm, and 15- to 30-cm soil depths were collected 1 day after the simulated rainfall applications and analyzed for fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide (FSO), and fenamiphos sulfone (FSO₂). Squash was analyzed for total fenamiphos residue. Greater concentrations of fenamiphos were present in the 0- to 8-cm soil layer following application of 15 G than 3 SC formulation. Simulated rainfall treatments did not alter fenamiphos concentrations in any soil layer (except for the 0- to 8-cm depth in 1992) or concentration of FSO and total fenamiphos residue in the 15- to 30-cm soil layer. Root-gall indices were greater from untreated than most fenamiphos-treated plots, but were not affected by formulations of fenamiphos or simulated rainfall treatments. Concentrations of total residue in squash ranged from 1 to 4 μg FSO₂/g.     

不同集雨种植方式对干旱区紫花苜蓿种植的影响

在甘肃省定西半干旱黄土丘陵区采用完全随机设计,研究不同覆盖材料(普通地膜CMR、生物可降解地膜BMR和土垄SR)和不同沟垄比(60 cm∶30 cm、60 cm∶45 cm和60 cm∶60 cm)对径流效率、土壤贮水量、土壤含水量、紫花苜蓿干草产量和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：SR、BMR和CMR的平均径流效率分别为32.0%、90.7%和96.4%.在紫花苜蓿生育前期(4-6月),各处理之间土壤贮水量差异不显著;在紫花苜蓿生育后期(7-10月),BMR和CMR的土壤贮水量显著高于SR,SR的土壤贮水量显著高于平作,如在紫花苜蓿孕蕾期,平作、SR、BMR和CMR 0~140 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为223.27、248.56、277.81和284.16 mm.平作、SR、BMR和CMR全生育期实际干草产量分别为4112.1、3397.5、4317.8和4523.8 kg·hm^-2,水分利用效率分别为11.08、10.48、14.56、14.95 kg·mm^-1·hm^-2.在同一覆盖材料下,不同沟垄比对土壤贮水量和水分利用效率的影响不显著.当沟垄比为60 cm∶44 cm时,CMR和BMR处理的实际产量均达到最大.     

保护性耕作措施对旱地春玉米土壤水分和硝态氮淋溶累积的影响

通过渭北旱塬春玉米15年定位试验,研究6种保护性耕作方式,即传统翻耕(CT)、免耕(NT)、免耕配施生物炭(NB)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NS)、免耕地膜覆盖(NF)和免耕秸秆地膜覆盖(NSF)对土壤水分与硝态氮淋溶的影响,探索适宜于该区可持续发展的农田管理措施.结果表明: 与NT相比,第一次水分补给时期0～100 cm土层,CT处理水分补给量无显著差异,NS、NB、NSF和NF处理显著降低;在100～300 cm土层,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著增加了水分补给量,CT显著低于NT处理.第二次水分补给时期,水分补给主要集中在0～100 cm土层,且各处理与NT水分补给量无显著差异.水分消耗时期,各处理与NT处理在0～100 cm土层消耗量无显著差异,NF和NSF在100～300 cm土层水分消耗量显著增加,分别增加了33.9%和59.9%.在0～200 cm土层,与NT相比,CT处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,是NT的2.2倍,NS、NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少了硝态氮累积量,分别减少了44.6%、61.5%、69.2%和69.8%;而在200～300 cm土层,NS处理显著增加了硝态氮累积量,CT与NT处理无显著差异,NB、NF和NSF处理显著减少.土壤水分运动能显著影响硝态氮在土壤剖面的分布,NB、NF和NSF处理硝态氮主要分布在0～40 cm土层,NS主要分布在0～100 cm和200～300 cm土层,而NT和CT处理硝态氮在整个剖面大量分布,其中NS、NT和CT处理出现两个硝态氮累积峰.不同农田管理措施通过对水分的调控减少硝态氮淋溶,进而提高氮素利用效率,其中免耕基础上秸秆地膜覆盖能有效调控土壤水分运动和减少硝态氮淋溶累积,是旱塬区改善农田水肥状况,增加作物产量的可行措施.     

Characterization of soil properties associated with type-I fairy ring symptoms in turfgrass

Fairy ring is a frequently reported disease of turfgrasses worldwide, and necrotic or severely injured grass are observed in those turf sites exhibiting type-I fairy ring symptoms. The objective of this research was to characterize soil chemical and physical properties at two soil sampling depths (0.5 cm and 3.0 cm) at a turfgrass site exhibiting type-I fairy ring symptoms. Soil samples were obtained from a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) golf course fairway at one sampling date in the summer when environmental conditions were most conducive to the appearance of severe type-I fairy ring symptoms. At both soil depths, soil analysis indicated that concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur were statistically higher in soil underlying necrotic or bare zones versus soil in healthy turfgrass zones. At both soil depths, soil electrical conductivity was statistically higher, and volumetric soil water content was statistically lower in necrotic zones versus soil under healthy turfgrass. At both soil depths, total nitrogen, magnesium, calcium, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter content were not statistically different among necrotic and healthy turfgrass zones. Soil pH was statistically higher in the necrotic zone versus soil under healthy turfgrass at only the 3.0 cm soil sampling depth. Comparing soil properties within the necrotic zone, only potassium and electrical conductivity was statistically higher at the 0.5 cm depth compared to the 3.0 cm depth. Although most soil information was considered very similar at both sampling depths, soil sampling at the 3.0 cm depth would be a more practical or easier method for turfgrass managers. At either soil sampling depth, the necrotic zones of type-I fairy ring areas in turfgrass were most likely associated with a combination of direct and indirect effects of the basidiomycete fungi on soil chemical and physical properties in the turfgrass root zone. Presented at the International Conference on Biohydrology, Prague, Czech Republic, 20–22 September 2006.     

Characterization of Viticultural Terroirs using a Simple Field Model Based on Soil Depth I. Validation of the Water Supply Regime, Phenology and Vine Vigour, in the Anjou Vineyard (France)

The soil and climate in which grapes are grown play a major role in the vine behaviour, grape quality and wine sensory characteristics. In France, these factors are often integrated in the concept of “Terroir”, which is a topic of growing interest in wine producing countries. The application of this concept requires a scientific approach of the “Terroir climatic and pedoclimatic components” to achieve a rigorous zoning of vineyards. In this paper, results concerning the testing of a method developed in the Anjou vineyard (France) to characterize viticultural terroirs, are presented and discussed. This method uses a field soil model based on the type of parent rock, the depth and the clay richness of soil, mainly in connection with the weathering level of the parent rock. For each geological stage and each type of rock, this easy-to-use model makes it possible to identify three types of soil named: Weakly Weathered Rock (WWR), Moderately Weathered Rock (MWR) and Strongly Weathered Rock (SWR). Each terroir unit obtained by this method can represent a “functional” unit of vine, from the ecophysiological and environmental point of view. To verify this hypothesis, experimental plots planted with Chenin and Cabernet Franc varieties were studied over three consecutive seasons (2000–2002). The main results on vine water supply, burst, and timing of veraison show significant differences, in particular between WWR and SWR. However no significant differences in pruning weight were observed, probably because of high rainfall during all three growing seasons.     

陕北黄土区雨季后山地枣林土壤水分动态变化研究

选取陕北延川县齐家山红枣试验基地枣林地、苹果林地和撂荒草地为研究对象进行土壤水分动态变化研究，结果表明：①不同坡位、不同坡向和不同整地方式的枣林地土壤水分存在显著差异；其中，研究区下坡位土壤水分最高，为14.19%；阴坡土壤水分最高，为14.19%；水平阶整地枣林土壤水分显著高于原状坡。②研究区不同植被类型间土壤水分垂直变化趋势基本一致。枣林地土壤水分最高，为11.49%；不同植被类型0~100 cm土壤贮水量依次表现为枣林地（144.76 mm） > 苹果林地（124.19 mm） > 撂荒草地（72.20 mm）。③不同植被类型土壤贮水亏缺度存在差异。雨季前，0~20 cm土层亏缺度最小，平均亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 枣林 > 苹果林；雨季后，土壤水分亏缺度表现为撂荒草地 > 苹果 > 枣林，除枣林地外均高于雨季前土壤水分亏缺度。④雨季后，研究区3种植被类型0~20 cm土层土壤水分亏缺加剧；20~100 cm土层中，枣林土壤贮水补偿度为正值，土壤水分得到补偿，但最高仅为22.95%，枣林土壤水分仍处于亏缺状态并未完全恢复；苹果林地土壤贮水补偿度则为负值，表明土壤水分亏缺进一步加剧；撂荒草地土壤水分补偿度基本维持在0左右，土壤水分亏缺没有持续恶化。     

不同水分下限对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜开花坐果期地温的影响

土壤水热状况是影响甜瓜生长及坐果的重要因素.本文以膜下滴灌为供水方式,在开花坐果期设计了重度亏缺（55%田间持水量,T₁）、中度亏缺（65%田间持水量,T₂）、轻度亏缺（75%田间持水量,T₃）和不亏缺（85%田间持水量,CK）4种水分控制下限处理,研究了不同水分控制下限对温室滴灌甜瓜耕层温度的影响,在此基础上探讨了耕层（0～20 cm）不同水热比值对甜瓜生长发育及坐果情况的影响.结果表明;甜瓜在开花坐果期间,耕层的平均地温为T₁＞T₂＞T₃＞CK,地温与土壤含水率呈反比.晴天、阴雨天及灌水后的地温日最大变幅均出现在膜内地表,最小变幅出现在膜外地表以下20 cm处;地温极值与土壤深度密切相关,地表极值与地下10和20 cm的极值差异显著.该阶段选择T₃作为灌水标准,即水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1时,植株的生长速率最快,坐果历时最短且坐果率最高.综合考虑温室膜下滴灌甜瓜在开花坐果期的土壤水分与地温的关系,认为T₃处理可使耕层土壤水热比值（水热比值为1.62 mm·℃^-1）达到最佳状态,更有利于甜瓜的生长发育和坐果.     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式下土壤水分变化特征

选择黄土丘陵区砖窑沟流域不同土地利用方式为研究对象,在2016年6月至11月对0—300 cm土层土壤含水量进行监测,分析刺槐林、草地、柠条灌木林、小叶杨林、海红林和撂荒地6种土地利用方式下土壤含水量的垂直剖面分布特征、土壤贮水量的季节变异特征。结果表明:(1)土壤含水量随深度的变化自上而下均呈"S"状分布,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量呈先增加后减小的趋势,具有明显的垂直变异特征。(2)不同土地利用方式具有不同的土壤湿度剖面,土壤水分活跃层、次活跃层、相对稳定层的深度范围不同。(3)6种土地利用方式下各土层的土壤贮水量均具有明显的季节变化特征,海红林的土壤贮水量最大,为258.21 mm,然后依次为小叶杨林、撂荒地、草地和刺槐林,柠条灌木林样地最小;监测期内土壤贮水量随时间呈增长趋势,在11月达到最大值。土壤含水量的变异系数均随着土层深度的增加逐渐递减,在100 cm以下土壤深层季节变异趋于稳定。研究认为,乔灌林消耗更多深层的土壤水分,柠条灌木林易引起土壤干燥化,海红林的土壤水分条件较好,撂荒地和草地土壤水分条件相对稳定。     

油松人工林火烧迹地早期土壤入渗动态

土壤入渗是决定雨水或融水通过地表再分配给土壤的关键, 影响着森林生态水文过程。为研究北京油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)人工林火烧迹地早期土壤入渗特征及其结构性控制因素, 在火灾发生(2019年3月)的当年对火烧和对照样地的0-20 cm土壤进行为期8个月(5-12月)的采集, 测定分析土壤结构和入渗对火烧干扰的响应及随土壤深度和时间的变化, 并通过路径分析探讨火烧和土壤结构性质对土壤入渗的作用机制。结果表明: 1)土壤各结构指标(除小团聚体外)随土壤深度和时间变化总体具有浅层>深层和6-8月>其他月份的趋势。火烧改变了土壤结构原有的垂直分布特征和季节动态规律, 火烧后2个月土壤>5、2-5和1-2 mm团聚体含量和容重显著增加, 其余指标均显著减少。随土层加深和时间推移, 火烧的作用减弱, 但与土壤深度和时间变化具有明显的交互效应。2)土壤入渗特征随土壤深度变化缓慢, 但随时间变化显著, 表现为雨水较多且出现强降雨事件的8月土壤初渗速率、稳渗速率、入渗总量和饱和导水率最大。火烧后0-5 cm和6-9月的土壤入渗过程与对照相比差异较大, 各月土壤入渗特征均下降, 出现峰值时间提前1-2个月。3)火烧显著影响土壤结构性质, 而土壤入渗性主要受土壤结构性质的直接影响。在未受火烧干扰的情况下, 土壤的入渗性受到土壤团聚体、容重和持水量的正效应以及孔隙度的负效应, 有机质含量和初始含水率对入渗性的直接影响均不显著, 但有机质含量可以通过影响孔隙度或持水量间接影响入渗性。火烧后土壤初始含水率是唯一显著且直接影响入渗性的因素, 且初始含水率越高, 土壤入渗越慢。综上所述, 火烧会改变或解耦火烧迹地早期土壤结构对土壤入渗及其内部的作用程度及途径而间接影响土壤入渗。