中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群

本文总结了和讨论了中国石炭纪和二叠纪植物群分布特征,在对植物群成分分析的基础上,认为中国早石炭世（杜内期、维宪期和纳缪尔A期）分布一个全球一致性的植物群,即拟鳞木植物群Lepidodendropsis flora。中国的晚石炭世（纳缪尔B-C期、维期发期和斯蒂分期）和二叠纪植物群为华夏植物群。本文还对北方华夏植物群亚区和南方华夏植物群亚区植物群进行了对比,并论述了这两个植物群在组成成分上的差异。     

塔里木盆地西南缘纳缪尔期植物化石

本文首次描述了塔里木盆地西南缘石炭纪植物9属、13种(包括6未定种),其中以Mcsocalamites属的标本数量最多,这是欧美区纳缪尔期植物群的一个重要特征。对植物群成分的分析表明,其时代应属纳缪尔期,最大可能为纳缪尔A期。纳缪尔期植物群在塔里木盆地西南缘的发现,不但在古植物学和地层学上,而且在古植物地理学上具有重要的意义。这是一个典型的欧美型植物群,如Calamostachys,Alloiopteris等特征的欧美型植物是安加拉型纳缪尔期植物群所没有的,而安加拉植物群特有的Angarodendron、Chacasropteris和Angaropteridium在塔里木盆地纳缪尔期植物群中也未见踪迹。显然,塔里木盆地在早石炭世隶属于欧美植物区,从而更正了以往有的植物分区图中将早石炭世安加拉植物区与欧美植物区之间的界线置于塔里木盆地以南的划法。根据现有资料,作者将此界线划在塔里木盆地以北,这条界线与晚古生代显示岩相差异的地质构造线一致,这就使天山南北纳缪尔期地质发展史的解释有了可靠的古植物学证据。     

论华夏孢粉植物群特征

根据我国已发表的晚古生代,尤其是石炭－二叠纪的孢粉资料,讨论了华夏植物群的孢粉特征及其渊源,认为至迟从中晚泥盆世开始,主要由于远洋地理隔离导至的植物分化,已与关系较密切的欧洲北美物群出相当的差异,出现了不少地方色彩成分,早石炭世这种差别所减弱,晚石炭世,特别是二叠纪,作为同属赤道或热带－亚热带植物群一部分的华夏植物群才与欧美植物群分异出来,显示出与欧美区的种种不同特征,初步总结了华夏孢粉植物群的组     

全球石炭纪和二叠纪植物地理分区

早石炭世由于全球气候分带不明显,无显著植物分区现象,全球为一个一致性的植物区,即拟鳞植物区（Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｐｓｉｓ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｅｃｅ）。晚石炭世和二叠纪,全球存在４个植物区,即华夏植物区（Ｃａｔｈａｙｓｉａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）、欧美植物区（Ｅｕｒａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ）、安加拉植物区（Ａｎｇａｒａｎ ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｐｒｏｉｎｃｅ）     

河南东南部早石炭世植物群

研究了河南东南部商城和固始杨山组植物化石,共计１１ 属１８ 种。它们分属于石松纲、楔叶纲、真蕨纲、种子蕨纲、科达纲和裸子植物种子,其中以石松纲鳞木类植物占优势。杨山组植物群含有一些典型的早石炭世分子, 如 Ａｒｃｈａｅｏｃａｌａｍ ｉｔｅｓ ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔｕｓ、Ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍ ｓｐｅｔｓｂｅｒｇｅｎｓｅ、Ｒｈｏｄｅｏｐｔｅｒｉｄｉｕｍｈｓｉａｎｇｈｓｉａｎｇｅｎｓｅ,它们在维宪期至纳缪尔早期地层是颇为常见的;然而这一植物群也含有某些华夏型的鳞木类植物,即Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ ｃｆ．ａｏｌｕｎｇｐｙｌｕｋｅｎｓｅ、Ｌ．ｓｈａｎｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅ、Ｌ．ｃｆ．ｓｕｂｒｈｏｍ ｂｉｃｕｍ 等。根据植物群的总体组成,杨山组植物群的地质时代属于早石炭世晚期,大致相当于维宪晚期至纳缪尔Ａ期。当前植物群可以与甘肃东部、陕西山阳、华南和马来西亚西部等的一些同期植物群进行对比,对比结果表明与陕西山阳植物群最接近。此外,笔者还讨论了全球早石炭世晚期植物群的分布     

全球石炭纪和二叠纪植物地理分区

早石炭世由于全球气候分带不明显,无显著植物分区现象,全球为一个一致性的植物区,即拟鳞木植物区[WT5”BX](Lepidodendropsis [WT5”BZ]floral province)。晚石炭世和二叠纪,全球存在4个植物区,即华夏植物区(Cathaysian floral province)、欧美植物区(Euramerican floral province)、安加拉植物区(Angaran floral province)和冈瓦纳植物区(Gondwanan floral province)。华夏、欧美和安加拉植物区皆位于北半球的劳亚古陆(Laurasia), 冈瓦纳植物区位于南半球的冈瓦纳古陆(Gondwana)。本文通过对全球石炭纪二叠纪植物地理分区的一些焦点问题的综合评述和分析,试图为古大陆再造研究提供古植物学方面的证据。     

中国华夏植物区的科达植物化石

总结了过去了几十年来,特别是近４０年来有关中国华夏植物区科在植物研究的资料,将中国华夏植物区的科达植物化石归为４种类型：印痕,压型,髓模及矿化化石等。在科达植物各种器官中,分布最广,数量最多,时代延续最长的是其叶化石,最早出现于早石炭世的维宪期（Ｖｉｓｅａｎ）,但数量较少,分布零星。在华北,一直至晚石炭世的斯梯芬期（Ｓｔｅｐｈａｒｉａｎ）和早二叠世,科达中化石数量才逐渐增多,特别在早二叠世,达到最     

根据孢粉讨论华夏与安加拉两个植物群的关系

安加拉区一亚安加拉区较特征的至少有八类（或间）孢粉,其中主要是科达类（Cordaitina等）和亚安加拉区起源最早（Bashkirian早期或稍晚）、分异度和丰度最高的种子蕨盾籽类（多肋的Protohaploxypinus,Striatoabieites,Striatopodocarpites,Hamiapollenites和基本无囊的Vittati－na）。安加拉一亚安加拉植物群分子在早二叠世早期已渗透到塔里木盆地,稍晚到甘肃龙首山一带,且往后有类别增多（如松柏类、蕨类）分异度增高的趋势,至晚二叠世晚潮已演变为亚安加拉色彩为主的植物群;华夏植物群本部在二叠纪不同时期的组合中,也有少量安加拉一亚安加拉成分混生,至晚二叠世晚期（石千峰组）有所增强。安加拉一亚安加拉孢粉植物群中却没有典型的华夏分子存在。安加拉一亚安加拉某些植物分子的南迁和繁盛与劳亚大陆的向北漂移和组成中国大陆的诸板块的接近、拼接时代不同密切相关。     

中国前晚石炭世植物群的性质——对"前华夏植物群"的讨论

"前华夏植物群"一词由李星学等提出,原义指以西北地区下石炭统(臭牛沟组、靖远组为主)及华南相当地层中的植物总称。作者分析了当前古植物地理区划的有关理论,结合中国的具体情况,提出"前华夏植物群"的涵义不但可以代替欧美植物群中拟鳞木植物群(Lepidodendropsis flora),而且还可能包括自早志留世植物登陆以来至早石炭世,在中国大陆(或称华夏复合大陆)生长的、独立的植物群。文中以晚泥盆世—早石炭世的植物群中独特的科、属、种等地方性土著分子为例,以当前古植物地理区的有关理论为依据,认为"前华夏植物群区"可以从以往的"欧美植物群"或"拟鳞木植物群"区中单独划分出来成为独立的植物地理区。     

内蒙古乌达早二叠世火山凝灰岩植物群中长星叶Asterophylliteslongifolius(Sternberg)Brongniart的形态复原与生态习性探讨*

基于内蒙古乌达煤田下二叠统太原组内火山凝灰岩层中保存的大量标本,对长星叶Asterophyllites longifolius(Sternberg)Brongniart的形态特征和生态习性进行探讨。这是该种作为成煤植物首次发现于华夏植物地理区。该种的主要特征是:至少三级分枝系统,末三级枝顶部不等二歧分叉形成末二级分枝,末二级枝节部生长末级枝。末级枝节部轮生叶;叶线形或披针形,宽与长度的比值最小可达1∶100,边缘直,两侧平行轮生于末级枝节部,每轮叶约30枚,具中脉;相邻的叶轮之间相互叠覆;与之连生的繁殖器官为Palaeostachya型。基于野外现场埋藏学样方统计确认该植物在成煤沼泽内局部具有较高的丰度,与一些草本蕨类和种子蕨类组成了成煤沼泽植物群落的下层植被。长星叶是石炭纪—二叠纪华夏植物群与欧美植物群的共同分子之一,在华夏植物区分布时间更长(从早石炭世末期至晚二叠世);它们于宾夕法尼亚亚纪晚期在泛大陆西部以及中部逐渐消失,可能与当时低纬度地区激烈动荡的气候条件有关。     

Réflexion sur la coexistence de flores hygrophile,mésophile et mésoxérophile durant le Paléozoïque Supérieur en Euramérie

At the end of Namurian A, in Eurameria, we see agreat change in the composition of the flora, probably instigated by a great modification in the climatic conditions. This flora adapted to very humid places persist during whole the Westphalian and up to the end of Stephanian where it is relayed by a mesoxerophytic flora of which the most typical elements are the Coniferales of the family Lebachiaceae. This «autunian flora is usualy considered as subsequent to the stephanian hygrophytic flora and as the transition to the permian flora which is determined by a new modification of the general climatic conditions.Some observations about the macroflora and about the microflora lead to prove the coexistence of hygrophytic, mesophytic and mesoxerophytic floras, not only during the upper Stephanian but also during Westphalian and Namurian B and C. So, from Devonian to Permian, in Eurameria, there was probably continuity of a mesoxerophytic and mesophytic type floras on which was superimposed during the upper Carboniferous an hygrophytic flora adapted to the swamps surrounding the coal-lakes and coal-lagoon. The time of the appearance of Coniferales is older as we think usually.     

Early Carboniferous Flora in Southeastern Henan

The fossil plants described and illustrated were collected from the Yangshan Formation in Shangcheng and Gushi districts of southeastern part of Henan Province, namely, Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense Sze, L. shanyangense Wu et He, L. . cf. subrhombicum Gu et Zhi, L. sp. a, L. sp. b, Bothrodendron sp. a, B. sp. b, Lepidostrobus ? sp., Stigmaria ficoides (Sternberg) Brongniart, Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus (Schlotheim) Seward, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense Nathorst, Triph yllopteris ? sp., Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense (Sze) Zhang, Zhao et Wu, Paripteris cf. pseudogigantea (Potonie) Gothan, P. ? sp., Cordaites schenkii Halle, Cardiocarpus cordai (Geinitz) Gu et Zhi and Carpolithus sp., including 18 species in 11 genera. They belonged to Lycopsida, Sphenopsida, Filices, Pteridospermopsida, Cordaitopsida and Semina Gymnospermarum respectively , in which Lepidophytic plants of Lycopsida were the dominanance. The Yangshan Formation flora contains some typical Early Carboniferous elements, such as Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus, Cardiopteridium spetsbergense and Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense, which were fairly common from Visean to early Namurian; however, it also includes certain lepidophytic plants of the Cathaysian type, such as Lepidodendron cf. aolungpylukense, L. shanyangense and L. cf. subrhombicum, etc. On the basis of the floral composition, the geological age of the Yangshan Formation flora belonged to the late Early Carboniferous epoch, corresponding approximately to late Visean to early Namurian A. The present flora could be compared with contemporaneous floras from eastern Gansu, Shanyang of Shaanxi, South China and western Malaysia, which was closest to the Shanyang flora. In addition, the authors also discussed the distribution of late Early Carboniferous floras in other parts of the world.     

The Cathaysia Flora and the Mixed Late Permian Cathaysian-Angaran Floras in East Asia

The Cathaysla flora, one of the most prominent floras of the Carboniferous and Permian, was mainly distributed In East Asia and was characterized by numerous endemic elements. China Is one of the most Important localities of the Cathaysla flora and It ;s also the center of origin of this flora. This paper reviews and discusses the characteristics of the Cathaysla flora and the blogeographlcally mixed Permian Cathayslan-Angaran floras of East Asia. In addition, the formative mechanism of the mixed Permian floras Is also discussed.     

Callospermarion ovules from the Early Permian of northern China: palaeofloristic and palaeogeographic significance of callistophytalean seed-ferns in the Cathaysian flora

A distinctive kind of anatomically preserved cardiocarpalean ovule is described from the Early Permian Taiyuan Formation of northern China. Ovules are small, have 180° rotational symmetry, and possess variably thick integuments with prominent secretory cavities that may be empty, filled with resinous materials and in several instances appear to contain animal coprolites. Comparisons show that (where known) these features conform to those of Callospermarion undulatum (Neely) Rothwell, to which they are assigned, previously only known from the Pennsylvanian of Euramerica. These fossils represent the first indisputable occurrence of the genus Callospermarion in the Early Permian Cathaysian floras, and show the presence of callistophytalean seed-ferns in this palaeofloristic realm for the first time. These data combined with results from previous investigations now support the Early Permian northern Cathaysian flora including the Taiyuan Formation having evolved from the Late Carboniferous and earliest Permian Euramerican flora, with which it shares far too many generic level similarities for these co-occurrences to be coincidental. Our hypothesis is therefore that the Early Permian flora of the northern Cathaysian realm represents the continued evolution of wetland Euramerican-type coal-swamp floras, and as such is likely to present a model for evolutionarily driven floral change as opposed to the climatically driven floral changes observed in the Euramerican flora after the demise of coal-swamp environments. The distribution of coprolites in and immediately around glandular cavities in this species suggests specialised syndromes of herbivory existed in Early Permian Cathaysian ecosystems, with herbivores preferentially selecting these areas of the ovule integument.     

论中国北方晚二叠世混生植物群的区系划分

自昆仑山—阿尔金山—祁连山—秦岭—大别山一线以北的中国北方地区,二叠纪时大约由准噶尔地块、塔里木地块、中朝板块、佳蒙地块等几个主要陆块和一些小的地块(微板块)组成。在系统整理这些地区晚二叠世植物属种的基础上,根据植物群属种的植物学特征及植物地理属性,将中国北方晚二叠世混生植物地理区划分为6个植物地理省,即:1)准噶尔–北塔里木安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;2)北山–巴丹吉林安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;3)兴蒙(东北地区)安加拉–华夏混生植物地理省;4)南塔里木安加拉–欧美混生植物地理省;5)祁连–阿拉善华夏–安加拉混生植物地理省;6)华北欧美–华夏–安加拉混生植物地理省。基于各地块在晚古生代各时期植物群的演替和植物区系性质的变迁,结合古地磁资料,简述了各地块在石炭纪—二叠纪时,在古特提斯洋和古亚洲洋中逐渐由低纬度热带亚热带雨林气候区向北半球高纬度温带干旱气候区的漂移和碰撞过程;并认为晚二叠世混生植物群形成的主要原因是各陆块相互间的迁移和拼接,中、晚二叠世形成的联合大陆(Pangaea)给各陆块上植物群的互相交融、侵入提供了良好条件。这种时空关系的改变,导致植物生态系统的改变,不但造成来自不同植物地理区植物的混生,而且产生了不少新的物种和丰富的土著分子。     

Post-Variscan late Palaeozoic Northern Hemisphere gymnosperms: the onset to the Mesozoic

During the Carboniferous gymnosperms became highly diverse. However, several groups became diminished toward the end of the Carboniferous and Permian, and were extinct by the end of the Permian. Relatively few groups managed to survive the Permian—Triassic transition. These remaining forms represent the gymnosperms that developed during the Mesozoic. This paper, that focuses on Euramerican floras, addresses specific problems related to the study of the gymnosperms of the uppermost Carboniferous and Permian and deals with the major floral changes in the latest Carboniferous and Permian. The major late Palaeozoic Northern Hemisphere gymnosperms are briefly discussed and special attention is given to the peltasperms and conifers, two groups that extended from the late Palaeozoic into the Mesozoic.     

广西扶绥东罗二叠纪长兴期海相层中的植物大化石

首次描述埋葬于长兴期海相地层中的一个高地植物群,计14属23种,包括4新种,2相似种和11未定种。概略论述植物群的性质及其埋葬特征和生态意义。以松柏植物和Taeniopteris等为代表的裸子植物在这一植物群中占61%,显示由古生代向中生代过渡的性质。这一植物群与华北同期的高地植物群在属种组成上很不相同,显示两地在区系性质上的差异。     

中国主要侏罗纪植物群相似性系数的初步研究

选取属级分类单元作为统计变量,Dice系数作为统计公式,对中国早中侏罗世较具代表性的18个植物群进行了相似性的聚类分析.研究结果显示出的区系划分格局在一定程度上支持了前人对植物群时代和性质的判断,同时提出香溪组、万宝组所含植物群的特殊组合与时空因素值得深入研究;中国北方早侏罗世植物群、北方中侏罗世植物群以及南方早中侏罗世植物群三者之间的差异、联系及范围界限需要进一步深入研究.本研究是对古植物学区系研究的有益探索,为中国侏罗纪植物群的大区域系统研究提供了数据基础和参考依据.     

中国主要侏罗纪植物群相似性系数的初步研究

选取属级分类单元作为统计变量, Dice系数作为统计公式, 对中国早中侏罗世较具代表性的18个植物群进行了相似性的聚类分析。研究结果显示出的区系划分格局在一定程度上支持了前人对植物群时代和性质的判断, 同时提出香溪组、万宝组所含植物群的特殊组合与时空因素值得深入研究; 中国北方早侏罗世植物群、北方中侏罗世植物群以及南方早中侏罗世植物群三者之间的差异、联系及范围界限 需要进一步深入研究。本研究是对古植物学区系研究的有益探索, 为中国侏罗纪植物群的大区域系统研究提供了数据基础和参考依据。