植物形态解剖学试验考试的改革

植物形态解剖学是一门实验性很强的学科。它包括植物细胞学、植物组织学、植物形态学、植物解剖学、植物胚胎学等部分内容。传统的植物形态解剖学理论教学和实验教学各自独立 ,学生在上完理论课后几天 ,再到实验室验证理论课上所讲的内容。课程考试分为理论部分(占总成绩的 70 % )和实验部分 (占总成绩的 3 0 % ) ;实验部分考核成绩又分为平时实验成绩综合和期末考试理论试卷上模式图的填空两部分 ,它们各占实验成绩的5 0 %。平时实验成绩综合主要是根据学生每次实验观察后 ,将观察内容绘图、作业 ,完成实验报告 ,教师根据每次实验报告记分 …     

“环境工程微生物学”实验教学改革初探

"环境工程微生物学"是我国高校环境工程和环境科学专业的一门专业基础必修课,环境工程微生物学实验是本课程的重要组成部分。但目前环境工程微生物学实验教学中存在实验内容滞后、单调,学生的预习甚至实验过程往往流于形式,缺乏有效的考核方法等一系列问题。针对以上问题,作者采取将移动互联网引入环境工程微生物学实验,鼓励学生参与实验的前期准备等措施来改革传统教学模式,通过编写实验教材、精心安排实验内容、将科研带入到实际教学中等途径来优化教学内容,采用将平时成绩纳入最终实验成绩的方法来改革传统考核方式,取得了较好的教学效果,本文对以上教改内容进行详细阐述。     

关于生物化学实验成绩评定的改革

在生物化学实验成绩评定中,很多院校已经接受和采用考查和考试相结合的方式,但这一方式的具体内容有待探讨和完善。在实验成绩评定的具体方案上,我们采用考查（即平时成绩）与笔试、实验操作考试相结合的方式,在分值的分配上我们降低了考查的分值,而增加了考试的分值,考查：笔试：实验操作考试=1：1：2,而且我们在笔试中增加了实验设计的测试内容,在实验操作考试中增加了实验结果分析的测试内容,使实验成绩更全面反映学生的实验能力。同时我们简化实验成绩评定的程序,进一步提高实验成绩评定的可操性。     

本科生“生物化学与分子生物学实验”课程成绩评定体系的构建CSCD

"生物化学与分子生物学实验"课程是高等学校生命科学学院本科生的专业基础课程,而学生实验成绩的评定是教学工作体系的关键环节,对学生的学习起着重要的指挥棒作用。本文以中国科学技术大学生命科学学院如何建设"生物化学与分子生物学实验"课程成绩评定体系为着眼点,探讨了以学生为本、提升实验教学效果的模式,以期有益于高校本科生各实验课程教学质量的提高。     

本科生“生物化学与分子生物学实验”课程成绩评定体系的构建

"生物化学与分子生物学实验"课程是高等学校生命科学学院本科生的专业基础课程,而学生实验成绩的评定是教学工作体系的关键环节,对学生的学习起着重要的指挥棒作用。本文以中国科学技术大学生命科学学院如何建设"生物化学与分子生物学实验"课程成绩评定体系为着眼点,探讨了以学生为本、提升实验教学效果的模式,以期有益于高校本科生各实验课程教学质量的提高。     

浅谈生物化学实验模块建设与考核标准制定

生物化学是一门实验性很强的学科,实验是生物化学课程重要的组成部分。本文主要阐述了生物化学实验教学模式的现状,探讨了综合性设计性实验模块在教学实践中的效果;提出了合理的实验成绩考核方法。     

改革微生物学实验教学,提高大学生实践技能

总结近年来对微生物学实验教学改革的实践,确定实验教学体系的主要内容,注意以人为本,通过改革实验项目和考核方式,培养学生的实践能力。     

食用菌栽培学实验课教学改革与实践

从实验教学内容的编排、学生能力的培养、实验成绩的考评等方面对食用菌栽培学实验课的教学进行了探讨,并对食用菌栽培学教改论文进行了评述。     

改革生物化学实验教学,提高学生综合创新能力

通过对生物化学实验教学内容体系的重组,教学方法、教学手段与实验考核方式的改革与探索,在生物化学实验教学各环节对学生全方位实施综合素质与创新能力的培养,取得了较好教学效果。     

量化式教学模式在局部解剖学实验教学中的应用探索

本文以第四军医大学基础医学院2014年春季局部解剖教学为例,探讨了在局部解剖学实验教学中开展量化式教学模式的实践活动,从教学的实施方案和策略、内容选择、考核评价等多方面进行综合讨论。分析表明,量化式教学模式在发挥学生主观能动性、培养学生自主学习习惯、锻炼学生表达能力、学术交流技巧和综合分析能力方面有其独特的优势。量化式教学模式有利于提高局部解剖学实验课程的教学质量,有利于学生素质的综合提高。     

Estimating the risk of PTSD in recent trauma survivors: results of the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP)

A timely determination of the risk of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prerequisite for efficient service delivery and prevention. We provide a risk estimate tool allowing a calculation of individuals’ PTSD likelihood from early predictors. Members of the International Consortium to Predict PTSD (ICPP) shared individual participants’ item‐level data from ten longitudinal studies of civilian trauma survivors admitted to acute care centers in six countries. Eligible participants (N=2,473) completed an initial clinical assessment within 60 days of trauma exposure, and at least one follow‐up assessment 4‐15 months later. The Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale for DSM‐IV (CAPS) evaluated PTSD symptom severity and diagnostic status at each assessment. Participants’ education, prior lifetime trauma exposure, marital status and socio‐economic status were assessed and harmonized across studies. The study's main outcome was the likelihood of a follow‐up PTSD given early predictors. The prevalence of follow‐up PTSD was 11.8% (9.2% for male participants and 16.4% for females). A logistic model using early PTSD symptom severity (initial CAPS total score) as a predictor produced remarkably accurate estimates of follow‐up PTSD (predicted vs. raw probabilities: r=0.976). Adding respondents’ female gender, lower education, and exposure to prior interpersonal trauma to the model yielded higher PTSD likelihood estimates, with similar model accuracy (predicted vs. raw probabilities: r=0.941). The current model could be adjusted for other traumatic circumstances and accommodate risk factors not captured by the ICPP (e.g., biological, social). In line with their use in general medicine, risk estimate models can inform clinical choices in psychiatry. It is hoped that quantifying individuals’ PTSD risk will be a first step towards systematic prevention of the disorder.     

Shark scavenging behavior in the presence of competition

The distribution of organisms within a community can often be determined by the degree of plasticity or degree of specialization of resource acquisition. Resource acquisition is often based on the morphology of an organism, behavior, or a combination of both. Performance tests of feeding can identify the possible interactions that allow one species to better exploit a prey item. Scavenging behaviors in the presence or absence of a competitor were investigated by quantifying prey selection in a trophic generalist, spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, and a trophic specialist, smooth-hounds Mustelus canis, in order to determine if each shark scavenged according to its jaw morphology. The diet of dogfish consists of small fishes, squid, ctenophores, and bivalves; they are expected to be nonselective predators. Smooth-hounds primarily feed on crustaceans; therefore, they are predicted to select crabs over other prey types. Prey selection was quantified by ranking each prey item according to the order it was consumed. Dietary shifts were analyzed by comparing the percentage of each prey item selected during solitary versus competitive scavenging. When scavenging alone, dogfish prefer herring and squid, which are easily handled by the cutting dentition of dogfish. Dogfish shift their diet to include a greater number of prey types when scavenging with a competitor. Smooth-hounds scavenge on squid, herring, and shrimp when alone, but increase the number of crabs in the diet when scavenging competitively. Competition causes smooth-hounds to scavenge according to their jaw morphology and locomotor abilities, which enables them to feed on a specialized resource [Current Zoology 56 (1): 100-108 2010].     

Generating amplicon reads for microbial community assessment with next-generation sequencing

Marker gene amplicon sequencing is often preferred over whole genome sequencing for microbial community characterization, due to its lower cost while still enabling assessment of uncultivable organisms. This technique involves many experimental steps, each of which can be a source of errors and bias. We present an up-to-date overview of the whole experimental pipeline, from sampling to sequencing reads, and give information allowing for informed choices at each step of both planning and execution of a microbial community assessment study. When applicable, we also suggest ways of avoiding inherent pitfalls in amplicon sequencing.     

基于土地破坏的矿区生态风险评价:理论与方法

矿区生态风险评价已成为区域生态风险研究的热点领域。如何合理选择和表征区域生态风险源和风险受体,量化多风险源和多风险受体的交互作用,是目前区域生态风险评价研究的焦点。为此,在总结矿区生态风险评价研究成果的基础上,构建了矿区生态风险源、风险受体及作用对象与过程的因果链模型,结合矿区生态环境问题产生过程的独特性,将土地挖损、占用及塌陷等土地破坏作为矿区的直接生态风险源。基于土地破坏类型提出了适宜矿区的区域生态风险评价流程、指标体系与计算方法;并专门在定量化多风险源与多风险受体交互作用上做出探讨,构建了生态系统单元暴露指数和土地破坏累积作用指数来评价矿区土地破坏与生态系统单元间的暴露与危害作用关系。为矿区生态风险评价的实证研究提出了理论基础与方法框架,未来可结合实证研究对此方法及相关指标参数做出完善与改进,为矿区生态环境管理与生态安全建设提供科学的参考依据。     

内蒙古黄土丘陵沟壑区生态系统健康评价

采用指标体系评价法,按自然指标体系,从生态系统活力、组织结构、系统服务功能和土壤健康等方面,以内蒙古黄土丘陵沟壑区为研究对象,分别选择原生植被区、人工恢复治理区、退化未治理区等3个样区,对其生态系统健康状况进行分析和评价,提出了适合于该区域的生态系统健康评价指标体系和权重体系,建立了适合于该区域的生态系统健康评价指数、评价模型和指标分级标准。最后,从自然生态学角度,结合研究区的实际情况,对该区域的生态系统健康恢复途径、生态系统管理和可持续发展策略提出了一些具有针对性的建议和措施,并对生态系统健康评价的进一步研究进行了展望。     

The Grand Objectives: A Framework for Prioritized Grouping of Environmental Concerns in Life-Cycle Assessment

The goal of life-cycle assessment (LCA) is to conduct an inventory of the flows of materials and energy attributable to an industrial product and then to calculate the impacts of those flows on the environment, over the entire product life cycle from premanufacture to end of 1ife. A related technique, streamlined life-cycle assessment (SLCA), attempts to preserve the breadth of perspective in that approach while performing assessments more efficiently. A common failing of both techniques is that recommendations for actions to improve the environmental responsibility of products have rarely been related in an intellectually rigorous fashion to the environmental concerns they purport to ameliorate. In this article l propose that a framework for the way in which these relationships can be established is by a decision-making process that begins with the "grand objectives," the common consensus of the vital goals for the maintenance and improvement of life on Earth. The grand objectives lead to the identification of crucial environmental concerns, and those, in turn, to determining societal activities that need to be examined. Actions related to those activities can then be designed to contribute to the achievement of the grand objectives. If and when such a consensus is established, LCAs and SLCAs can be undertaken with confidence that the actions they recommend will serve broad societal goals.     

Iconic memory

Investigations of the processing of brief visual displays, and the explanation of such processing in terms of iconic memory, are reviewed. It is concluded that the concept of a pre-categorical sensory memory for visual material remains tenable. The ability to report material from brief visual displays is seen as depending upon parallel (and perhaps unlimited) transfer from iconic memory to a post-categorical memory mode, followed by a limited (and perhaps serial) transfer to an output stage. Decisions about, or responses to, items can only be made when they are in the output stage. Because transfer out of the post-categorical mode can be performed on the basis of pre-categorical stimulus features, pre-categorical information about items in the post-categorical mode must be accessible. One way in which this would be possible is if the transfer of an item into the post-categorical mode takes the form of the creation, to represent the item, of a temporary file of information including both pre-categorical and post-categorical features of the item. Any such feature can be used as the basis for selecting the item for transfer from the post-categorical mode to the output stage, for subsequent decision or report.     

Structured Under‐Specification of Life Cycle Impact Assessment Data for Building Assemblies

The existence of uncertainties and variations in data represents a remaining challenge for life cycle assessment (LCA). Moreover, a full analysis may be complex, time‐consuming, and implemented mainly when a product design is already defined. Structured under‐specification, a method developed to streamline LCA, is here proposed to support the residential building design process, by quantifying environmental impact when specific information on the system under analysis cannot be available. By means of structured classifications of materials and building assemblies, it is possible to use surrogate data during the life cycle inventory phase and thus to obtain environmental impact and associated uncertainty. The bill of materials of a building assembly can be specified using minimal detail during the design process. The low‐fidelity characterization of a building assembly and the uncertainty associated with these low levels of fidelity are systematically quantified through structured under‐specification using a structured classification of materials. The analyst is able to use this classification to quantify uncertainty in results at each level of specificity. Concerning building assemblies, an average decrease of uncertainty of 25% is observed at each additional level of specificity within the data structure. This approach was used to compare different exterior wall options during the early design process. Almost 50% of the comparisons can be statistically differentiated at even the lowest level of specificity. This data structure is the foundation of a streamlined approach that can be applied not only when a complete bill of materials is available, but also when fewer details are known.     

From the item to the outcome: the promising prospects of PROMIS

Evaluation of patient reported outcomes, and in particular physical function, have gained increasing importance in research and therapy of patients with rheumatic diseases. Most instruments that are used for that purpose are rigid and suffer from floor and ceiling effects when used in patients whose physical function differs from the average. A new approach to the assessment of physical function uses computerised adaptive testing, by which precision and reliability of the measurement can be achieved for most patients, while even requiring less time for the assessment. Well calibrated and tested item and large item data banks are a prerequisite for this purpose, a process that is summarised in the present report by Bruce and colleagues.     

CBL联合PBL教学方法在创伤外科学教学中的初步探究

目的:研究以案例为中心教学法(CBL)联合以问题为中心教学法(PBL)的教学方法与传统的基于课堂的教学法(LBL)在临床医学五年制本科生创伤外科学教学中的应用效果。方法:随机选取我校临床医学五年制四年级的学员80人,随机分为CBL联合PBL教学组及LBL教学组各40人。在课程结束以后,采用记名试卷考核联合不记名问卷调查的方式,进行教学方法、教学模式、教学内容掌握程度评价。结果:实验组学员理论考核成绩优于对照组学员,有统计学差异。CBL联合PBL教学法支持率高于传统LBL教学法,并且在激发学员兴趣,提高学员学习兴趣,合作能力方面均优于对照组。结论:CBL联合PBL教学法可以在创伤外科学中实施,能取得较好的教学效果。