The therapeutic effect of aerobic exercise with resistance training in elderly men with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the effects of aerobic exercise alone and aerobic exercise with resistance training on the quality of life in men over the age of 55 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 54 participants were divided into the following three groups so that there were no significant differences in blood chemistry or physical ability indexes among the three groups: control, aerobic exercise, and aerobic exercise with resistance training. The latter two groups exercised for 24 weeks, while the control group performed no exercise. Blood chemistry levels and measures of physical ability in each group members were examined one day before and one day after the exercise regimens. Results: Compared with those before the study, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels as well as vital capacity, reaction time, sit-and-reach ability, and balancing while standing on one leg with closed eyes were significantly improved in the aerobic exercise only group(P 0.05). All these measures as well as high-density lipoprotein levels and grip, back, and leg strength were significantly improved in the combined aerobic and resistance training group(P 0.05). By contrast, no significant differences before and after the experiment were found in any measure for the control group(P 0.05). Conclusion: Although both aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise combined with resistance training for 24 weeks effectively improved the quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes, the effect of the combined training was better than that of aerobic exercise alone. These results suggest that resistance training may be safely added to the rehabilitation training regimen of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

MicroRNAs and type 2 diabetes/obesity

MicroRNAs belong to a newly identified class of small non-coding RNAs that have been widely implicated in the fine-tuning of many physiological processes such as the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes(T2D) and obesity.Microarray studies have highlighted an altered profile of miRNA expression in insulin target tissues in diabetic and obese models.Emerging evidences suggest that miRNAs play significant roles in insulin production,secretion and actions,as well as in diverse aspects of glucose homeostasis and adipocyte differentiation. The identification of tissue-specific miRNAs implicated in T2D and obesity might be useful for the future development of effective strategies for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of obesity-related medical complications.     

内脂素与2型糖尿病关系的研究进展

内脂素是新近被发现的主要由内脏脂肪合成的一种脂肪细胞因子,它具有类胰岛素样作用,能降低血糖和促进脂肪组织的分化与合成。内脂素还可以调节血管平滑肌的成熟和影响胰岛细胞的胰岛素的分泌,亦具有调节炎症反应和免疫功能的作用。随着研究的发展,人们对内脂素的结构特性、分布、表达调控及其生物学功能有了更加深入的认识。2型糖尿病是以胰岛素抵抗和糖代谢紊乱为特征的代谢性疾病,研究发现内脂素与2型糖尿病密切相关,其中与肥胖、胰岛素抵抗及胰岛素分泌方面的关系尤为显著,深入研究内脂素的生理和病理生理作用将会有力地促进对2型糖尿病的进一步认识、治疗与预防。     

Role of mitochondrial dynamics proteins in the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported in skeletal muscle of obese subjects and of type 2 diabetic patients. Reduced mitochondrial mass and defective activity have been proposed to explain this dysfunction. Alterations in mitochondrial function may be crucial to explain the metabolic changes and insulin resistance that characterize both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Consequently, the identification of the primary mechanisms involved is of great relevance.Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the movement of mitochondria along the cytoskeleton and also to the regulation of mitochondrial morphology and distribution, which depend on fusion and fission events. In recent years, some of the proteins that participate in mitochondrial fusion and fission have been identified in mammalian cells. Recent evidence indicates that proteins participating in these processes are also involved in metabolism. The mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 stimulates respiration, substrate oxidation and the expression of subunits that participate in respiratory complexes in cultured cells. In this regard, skeletal muscle of obese subjects and of type 2 diabetic patients shows reduced mitofusin 2 expression. Therefore, alterations in the activity of the proteins involved in mitochondrial dynamics, and particularly mitofusin 2, may participate in the reduced mitochondrial function present in skeletal muscle in obesity and in type 2 diabetes.     

绍兴地区2型糖尿病尿路感染病原菌及其耐药性分析

摘要：目的 回顾分析本院2型糖尿病伴尿路感染患者的病原菌分布特点及其耐药性,为指导临床用药提供参考。方法 收集2013年1月至2014年1月2型糖尿病合并尿路感染患者186例,留取中段尿分离培养病原菌,用VITEK-2细菌鉴定仪鉴定,纸片扩散法（K-B）测定药物敏感性。结果 186例患者中段尿共培养出病原菌137株,其中革兰阴性菌102株（74.45%）,革兰阳性菌21株（15.33%）,真菌14株（10.22%）。革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌为主,检出79株占57.66%,对青霉素类,头孢菌素类,喹诺酮类抗菌药耐药率较高均＞50.00%,对头霉素类药物如头孢替坦、含酶抑制剂复合物如哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以及碳青霉烯类药物敏感率均达100.00%;革兰阳性球菌以无乳链球菌为主,检出10株占7.30%,对克林霉素及红霉素耐药率较高,耐药率＞50.00%,而对氯霉素、呋喃妥因、利奈唑烷、替加环素、万古霉素敏感率均达100.00%。除1株光滑假丝酵母菌对氟康唑和伊曲康唑中介,其余13株真菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、伏立康唑、氟康唑、伊曲康唑这5种抗真菌药物均敏感。结论 2型糖尿病患者发生尿路感染的病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且有较高的耐药率。     

Cardiovascular risk in obese and nonobese patients with type 2 diabetes in the West Indies

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of obesity on glycemic control and the risk of progressing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in obese and nonobese type 2 diabetic patients in primary care settings. METHODS: One hundred and ninety patients (64 men, 126 women) with type 2 diabetes (mean duration 9.2 years) were studied after an overnight fast. Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences and blood pressure were measured and blood samples were taken for glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and creatinine determinations. RESULTS: About 85% of the patients had HbA(1c) levels > 7.0%, and 48% had a diastolic blood pressure (BP) >83 mm Hg, while 40% had a total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio greater than 6. The prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, high BP and ratios of total cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol between the obese and nonobese patients were similar irrespective of sex (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis confirmed that ethnicity, sex, age and duration of diabetes had significant impact on the cardiovascular risk in this population. CONCLUSION: Both obese and nonobese diabetic patients had poor glycemic control and their risk of CVD was not independent of age, sex, ethnicity and duration of diabetes. We suggest strict metabolic control and improved diabetes health education at the primary care level.     

IL-12 serum levels in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with sulphonylureas

Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has been identified as a pro-inflammatory cytokine which is thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. However, to date, the various associations between factors related to the course of type 2 diabetes, like metabolic compensation, beta cell secretory dysfunction, insulin resistance and IL-12 serum levels, remain unclear. Our study involved 41 patients with type 2 diabetes, 19 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), and 19 healthy controls. We measured serum levels of fasting glucose, HbA₁c, 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol, and lipids. In addition, serum levels of C-peptide, insulin, proinsulin and IL-12 were assayed. HOMA_IR score was calculated. The serum concentrations of IL-12 were higher in diabetics than in either patients with CAD or healthy controls, and were correlated with BMI, C-peptide, insulin, HOMA_IR, proinsulin and HDL serum levels. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the IL-12 serum level in type 2 diabetics primarily is dependent upon fasting proinsulin concentration. Our results demonstrate that elevated IL-12 serum levels in type 2 diabetics treated with sulphonylureas are induced especially by peripheral insulin resistance and beta cells dysfunction, as expressed by fasting serum proinsulin levels. This finding gives us hope that treatment to decrease peripheral insulin resistance and to avoid excessive proinsulin secretion might be successful in the prevention of IL-12-induced atherosclerosis.     

Magnesium metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by cellular and extracellular Mg depletion. Epidemiologic studies showed a high prevalence of hypomagnesaemia and lower intracellular Mg concentrations in diabetic subjects. Insulin and glucose are important regulators of Mg metabolism. Intracellular Mg plays a key role in regulating insulin action, insulin-mediated-glucose uptake and vascular tone. Reduced intracellular Mg concentrations result in a defective tyrosine-kinase activity, post-receptorial impairment in insulin action, and worsening of insulin resistance in diabetic patients. Mg deficit has been proposed as a possible underlying common mechanism of the "insulin resistance" of different metabolic conditions. Low dietary Mg intake is also related to the development of type 2 diabetes. Benefits of Mg supplementation on metabolic profile in diabetic subjects have been found in most, but not all clinical studies, and larger prospective studies are needed to support the potential role of dietary Mg supplementation as a possible public health strategy in diabetes risk.     

2型糖尿病肠道菌群研究进展

2型糖尿病是一种常见的慢性消耗性疾病,其发病机制十分复杂,流行病学研究表明,肥胖、高热量饮食、体力活动不足及年龄增大是2型糖尿病最主要的环境因素。它是一种以胰岛素抵抗和胰岛素分泌不足为特征的代谢性疾病。肠道菌群作为进入人体的一个重要环境因素,肠道微生物的菌群变化影响宿主能量物质的吸收,调节肠道的分泌功能和非特异性免疫功能,从营养、代谢、疾病等各方面与我们生命活动相关。肠道菌群已成为我们身体的一部分,影响宿主的免疫,在肥胖、糖尿病、代谢综合征等疾病中都具有非常重要的作用。     

Adiponectin and its association with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes

Adiponectin is an adipokine, which is expressed in adipose tissue and is thought to play an important role in glucose metabolism. Hypoadiponectinemia can cause reduction of fatty acid oxidation, decreased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells, and increased gluconeogenesis in hepatic cells. The level of plasma glucose can be increased. On the other hand, the decrease of fatty acid oxidation increases the level of free fatty acid (FFA), which increases the insulin resistance, and then decreases the glucose uptake, which ultimately causes increased plasma glucose and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This review describes the process from hypoadiponectinemia to T2D and the genesis of hypoadiponeetinemia at a molecular level.     

Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes

Recently, vaspin was identified as an adipokine with insulin-sensitizing effects, which is predominantly secreted from visceral adipose tissue in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we examined whether vaspin mRNA expression is a marker of visceral obesity and correlates with anthropometric and metabolic parameters in paired samples of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 196 subjects with a wide range of obesity, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, and glucose tolerance. Vaspin mRNA expression was only detectable in 23% of the visceral and in 15% of the subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissue samples. Vaspin mRNA expression was not detectable in lean subjects (BMI<25) and was more frequently detected in patients with type 2 diabetes. No significant correlations were found between visceral vaspin gene expression and visceral fat area or SC vaspin expression. However, visceral vaspin expression significantly correlates with BMI, % body fat, and 2 h OGTT plasma glucose. Subcutaneous vaspin mRNA expression is significantly correlated with WHR, fasting plasma insulin concentration, and glucose infusion rate during steady state of an euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed % body fat as strongest predictor of visceral vaspin and insulin sensitivity as strongest determinant of SC vaspin mRNA expression. In conclusion, our data indicate that induction of human vaspin mRNA expression in adipose tissue is regulated in a fat depot-specific manner and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism.     

Insulin resistance at the crossroads of metabolic syndrome: Systemic analysis using microarrays

Recently, it has been suggested that insulin resistance is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome than obesity. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify insulin resistance susceptibility genes in various model systems. This review focuses on recent findings in microarray analyses, which have indicated that (i) in the liver, genes involved in lipid synthesis and gluconeogenesis are increased in an animal model of insulin resistance that leads into liver steatosis and hyperglycemia; (ii) in adipose tissues, genes involved in fatty acid synthesis and adipogenesis are down-regulated both in insulin-resistant humans and in animals; and (iii) in muscle, overall gene expression, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis, is either decreased or unresponsive compared to that of insulin-sensitive control human subjects or animals. Considering the multifaceted effects of insulin resistance in various tissues, aiming at multi-targets rather than a single target will be a more promising strategy for the prevention or treatment of insulin resistance.     

Serum sialic acid levels and selected mineral status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether altered serum total sialic acid (TSA), lipid-associated sialic acid (LSA), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) levels had an interactive connection with diabetes and also whether they were correlated with each other in diabetic patients. Two study groups (control and type 2 diabetic subjects) were included. Two hundred patients (108 female and 92 male), diagnosed and treated for type 2 diabetes in the Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital (Van, Turkey), were selected consecutively to represent type 2 diabetic patients. Fifty healthy individuals (29 female and 21 male) served as the control group matched for age, sex, body mass index, and smoking status were selected from hospital staff and other outpatient clinics. All participants had not taken vitamin or mineral supplements for at least 2 wk before sampling. Blood samples were drawn after an overnight fasting in both groups for the determination of serum glucose, TSA, LSA, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Fe, and Mg. It was found that diabetics had higher TSA, LSA, Fe, Mn, Fe/Zn, and Cu/Zn levels, and lower Zn and Mg levels than those of controls. Although, Cu levels were higher, and Cr levels were lower in total and male diabetic patients, they were not different in female diabetic patients than in controls. The Cu/Fe ratio was lower in total and female diabetic patients, but not different in male diabetic patients than controls. The Zn/Cr ratio, on the other hand, was not different in diabetics than in controls. There was only a positive correlation between Fe-Mn levels in male diabetic patients. There was a negative correlation in LSA-Mn, Fe-Cu, Cu-Fe/Zn, and Mn-Cu/Zn levels in total diabetic patients. There was a positive correlation in TSA-Cr, TSA-Mg, LSA-Cu/Fe, LSA-Zn/Cr levels, and a negative correlation in TSA-Cu/Zn, LSA-Mn, Fe-Cu, Mn-Cu, Cu-Fe/Zn, Fe-cholesterol, and Cr-cholesterol in female diabetic patients. Our results showed that TSA, LSA, and selected minerals have interactive connections with diabetes mellitus (DM). There are also many sex-related positive or negative correlations between the altered parameters in diabetic patients. These parameters might be used as diagnostic index in patients with DM.     

益生菌制剂对2型糖尿病患者的疗效及其对其肠道菌群的影响

目的 探讨益生菌制剂对2型糖尿病患者的疗效及其对肠道菌群的影响。 方法 选取医院收治的92例2型糖尿病患者随机分为对照组和研究组,各46例。对照组给予基础治疗,研究组给予基础治疗联合益生菌制剂。对比治疗前后两组患者临床症状评分和糖代谢指标水平变化,肠道菌群的组成及多样性变化,治疗效果和药物不良反应。 结果 治疗后两组患者Chao1指数和Shannon指数均升高(均P0.05)。 结论 益生菌制剂能够控制2型糖尿病患者的临床症状,改善糖代谢,增加肠道菌群的多样性,调节肠道菌群属水平相对丰度,还可增强疗效且安全。     

老年2型糖尿病患者肠道双歧杆菌生长与血糖相关性

目的 探讨老年2型糖尿病患者肠道双歧杆菌生长与血糖的相关性,从肠道菌群角度为2型糖尿病的防治与研究提供新的途径。方法 根据纳入和排除标准,抽取2015年4月‒10月福建某三甲医院糖尿病健康教育俱乐部的2型糖尿病患者90例,收集其粪便和血液标本,检测患者肠道双歧杆菌以及血糖状况,采用Spearman等级相关法分析两者之间的相关性。结果 老年2型糖尿病患者肠道长双歧杆菌、短双歧杆菌、青春双歧杆菌、婴儿双歧杆菌和双歧杆菌总菌的定量结果分别是（0.0001±0.0006）、（4.405±8.475）、（4.752±2.779）、（0.003±0.005）和（8.069±8.206）logN/g。空腹血糖和早餐餐后血糖分别为（8.638±1.913）、（9.763±1.910）mmol/L。相关分析显示：青春双歧杆菌和婴儿双歧杆菌与早餐后2 h血糖呈现负相关（r=-0.213、-0.217,P<0.05）,但相关性不显著;双歧杆菌总菌与空腹血糖和早餐后2 h血糖有负相关关系（r=-0.302、-0.559,P<0.01）。结论 老年2型糖尿病患者肠道内双歧杆菌数量减少,血糖与肠道双歧杆菌的数量呈负相关,尤其是早餐后2 h血糖,其相关机制有待进一步研究。     

女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的探讨女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的种类及耐药性,为临床合理用药提供科学依据。方法对2009年1月至2011年1月在绍兴市人民医院住院的女性2型糖尿病患者尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果分离的112株病原菌,以大肠埃希菌为主,占58.9%,其次为肺炎克雷伯菌和真菌,分别为10.7%和8.9%;其中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的大肠埃希菌株检出率为40.9%,产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌株检出率为8.3%;大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类、头霉素类、丁胺卡那和呋喃妥因的耐药率较低,而肺炎克雷伯菌对多种抗菌药物具有较好的敏感性。结论女性2型糖尿病患者易患尿路感染,病原菌以大肠埃希菌为主,且对多种抗菌药物的耐药率较高,临床应根据药敏结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

益生菌对老年2型糖尿病患者的影响

目的探讨益生菌对老年2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群、肠道屏障功能及糖脂代谢水平的影响。方法选取2017年10月至2019年10月我院收治的200例2型糖尿病患者为研究对象。入选患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各100例。比较两组患者治疗前后肠道菌群变化情况,血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)、内毒素(ET)、D 乳酸(D lac)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA_1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL C)水平。记录两组患者治疗过程中不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前,两组患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、拟杆菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌及酵母菌数量比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05);治疗后,两组患者肠道双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、拟杆菌数量均显著增加,而肠球菌、肠杆菌及酵母菌数量显著降低,同时观察组患者变化幅度大于对照组(均P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者血清DAO、ET、D lac、HbA_1c、FPG、TC、TG、LDL C、HDL C水平比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者血清DAO、ET、D lac、HbA_1c、FPG、TC、TG、LDL C、HDL C水平均显著降低(P<0.05),同时观察组上述指标水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗过程中不良反应总发生率为9.0%,对照组为7.0%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.272,P=0.602)。结论益生菌可有效调节老年2型糖尿病患者肠道菌群,提高肠道屏障功能,控制糖脂代谢水平,安全性较高,具有较好的辅助治疗作用。     

利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病合并肥胖患者胰岛β细胞功能以及内脏脂肪水平的影响

目的分析利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病（T2DM）合并肥胖患者胰岛β细胞功能以及内脏脂肪水平的影响。 方法选取重庆两江新区第一人民医院2016年3月至2018年3月收治的194例T2DM合并肥胖患者,将其随机分为研究组、对照组,各97例,均给予为期16周的二甲双胍治疗,研究组加用利拉鲁肽皮下注射。比较两组患者治疗前后血糖、胰岛β细胞功能指数（HOMA-β）、内脏脂肪水平（VFL）等指标变化,总结利拉鲁肽在T2DM合并肥胖治疗中的临床价值。计数资料采用卡方检验,计量资料采用t检验。 结果研究组不良反应发生率为29.90﹪,对照组为23.71﹪,组间比较差异无统计学意义（χ²= 0.946,P > 0.05）。两组患者治疗后FPG、2 hPG、BMI均较治疗前下降,研究组治疗后FPG、2 hPG、BMI分别为（7.12±1.35）?mmol/?L、（9.03±2.66）?mmol/L、（26.32±1.60）kg/m²,均低于对照组的（7.83± 1.19）?mmol/L、（10.57±2.39）?mmol/?L、（27.74±1.66）kg/m²,差异有统计学意义（t = 3.886、4.241、6.066,P均?< 0.05）。两组患者治疗后HOMA-β较治疗前升高,HOMA-IR较治疗前下降,研究组治疗后HOMA-β为155.69±24.55,高于对照组的117.49±21.98,其HOMA-IR为2.30±0.71,低于后者的3.20±0.64,差异有统计学意义（t = 11.407、9.273,P均< 0.05）。两组患者治疗后VFL、脂肪率均较治疗前下降,研究组治疗后VFL、脂肪率低于对照组,且其治疗后肌肉含量较治疗前下降,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。 结论在二甲双胍的基础上联合利拉鲁肽能够通过改善胰岛β细胞功能、减少内脏脂肪,达到改善T2DM合并肥胖患者的胰岛素抵抗的目的,是一种安全、有效的治疗方案。