Brain temperature regulation of panting and non-panting pigeons exposed to extreme thermal conditions

• 1.1. Brain (hypothalamic), skin and body temperatures were measured in hand-reared acclimated (Acc, n = 5) and non-acclimated (NAcc, n =7) rock pigeons (Columba livia, mean body mass 237 g) exposed to increasing ambient temperatures (T_a) (30–60°C) and low humidities.
• 2.2. In non-panting Acc birds, brain temperature gradually increased from 40.1 ± 0.4°C at 30°C to 41.2 ± 0.4°C at 60°C T_a. A mean body temperature (T_b) of 41.2 ± 0.2°C was measured at T_a up to 50°C; an increase of 1.1°C was observed at 60°C (T_b 42.2 ±0.6°C).
• 3.3. In Acc panting birds exposed for 2 hr to 60°C, T_hy was 41.9 ± 0.8°C and T_s was somewhat (but insignificantly) higher, i.e., 42.2 ± 0.7°C. It looks as if both values were increased as a result of a slight hyperthermia that developed (T_b = 43.5 ± 0.9°C).
• 4.4. The significance of the present results for evaluating neuronal thermoresponsiveness of birds' hypothalamus is discussed.

     

Physiological responses of naloxone-treated pigeons to changes in ambient temperature

1. In pigeons given single intramuscular injection of naloxone, the heart rate (HR), breathing frequency (BF), oxygen consumption (VO₂), cloacal temperature (T_c) and foot temperature (T_f) were monitored during gradual lowering of the ambient temperature (T,) from 34°C to 6° in 6 hr.2. The two doses of naloxone tested (2 mg and 5 mg/kg b.w.) had an inhibitory effect on HR, the effect being greater with the higher dose as well as with the fall in T_a.3. The higher dose showed a tendency to have a stimulatory effect on BF in T_a above 22°C and an inhibitory effect in T_a below 22°C. With the lower dose, BF remained unaltered except in T_a below 12°C during which it showed a trend toward a decrease.4. VO₂ decreased with the higher dose, the extent of decrease being greater with drop in T_a. With the lower dose, VO₂ was not affected at or below T_a 26°C, but showed a trend toward an increase at T_a above 26°.5. The higher dose produced hyperthermia when T_a was below 14°C, whereas with the lower dose, T_c showed no significant change except for a slight drop at T_a 6°C.6. T_fwas not significantly affected by naloxone treatment.7. It is suggested that these effects were caused by the inhibition of endorphine-mediated catecholamine release by naloxone.     

Effects of temperature and composition on the viscosity of respiratory gases

The steady-state sensitivity of resistance pneumotachographs is proportional to viscosity. Dynamic characteristics of pneumotachographs, pressure transducers, and mass spectrometers are also viscosity dependent. We derive linear equations to approximate the viscosities of O2, N2, CO2, H2O, He, N2O, and Ar for temperatures between 20 and 40 degrees C by using published viscosity data and a nonlinear extrapolation equation. We verify the accuracy of the extrapolation equation by comparison with published data. Our linear equations for pure gas viscosities yield standard errors less than 0.35 microP. We also compare a nonlinear equation for calculating the viscosities of mixtures of gases with published measured viscosities of dry air, humid air, and He-O2 and N2-CO2 mixtures. The maximum difference between published and calculated values is 1.3% for 10% CO2 in N2. All other differences are less than 0.38%. For saturated humid air at 35 degrees C, a linear concentration-weighted combination of viscosities differs from our nonlinear equation by 4.9, 2.1, and 1.7% at barometric pressures of 32, 83, and 100 kPa, respectively. By use of our method, the viscosity of normal respiratory gases can be calculated to within 1% of measured values.     

温度对意大利蝗呼吸代谢的影响

【目的】意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus L.是新疆荒漠、半荒漠草原的主要危害种类,前期研究表明其发生与新疆气候变暖显著相关,本研究进一步探讨气候变暖条件下意大利蝗的呼吸代谢适应机制。【方法】应用多通道昆虫呼吸仪测定了15, 20, 25, 30和35℃不同温度条件下意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO₂释放率、Q₁₀(每升高10℃呼吸率的变化幅度)及呼吸商并分析其变化特征。【结果】15℃时意大利蝗成虫的呼吸率、代谢率、CO₂释放率均显著低于其他温度（P<0.01）, 35℃时3项指标值显著高于其他温度（P<0.01）,表明低于15℃和高于35℃的温度条件都对意大利蝗的呼吸代谢产生明显影响;在20~30℃之间,意大利蝗的呼吸率、代谢率及CO2释放率变化幅度小且平稳,差异均不显著（P>0.01）,表明该温度范围是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度条件。不同温度下意大利蝗呼吸率的Q₁₀值显示, 20~30℃温度范围内的 Q₁₀值最小,为1.03, 15~25℃的Q10值为1.43, 25~35℃的Q10值最大,为2.42,说明意大利蝗的呼吸代谢活动对温度变化敏感,并表明20~30℃是意大利蝗生长发育的适宜范围。各温度条件下意大利蝗呼吸商的差异不显著（P>0.01）,平均为0.9450,判断意大利蝗呼吸代谢消耗的底物主要为糖类物质。【结论】意大利蝗生长发育的适宜温度范围是20~30℃,预示着在气候持续变暖背景下,意大利蝗仍将是新疆草原最重要的生物灾害之一。     

Brain temperature measurements in rats: a comparison of microwave and ambient temperature exposures

In an effort to understand microwave heating better, regional brain and core temperatures of rats exposed to microwave radiation (2450 MHz) or elevated air temperatures were measured in two studies. In general, we have found no substantial evidence for temperature differentials, or "hot spots," in the brain of these animals. In the first study, after a 30-min exposure, no temperature differences between brain regions either after microwave or ambient air exposure were found. However, a highly significant correlation between brain and core temperatures was found and this correlation was the same for both microwave and ambient air heating. In the second study, time-temperature profiles were measured in rats exposed to either 30 mW/cm2 or 36.2 degrees C. In this study, the 30-min exposure period was divided into seven intervals and the change in temperature during each period was analyzed. Only the cortex showed significantly different heating rates between the air heating and microwave heating; however, this difference disappeared after the initial 5 min of exposure.     

Effects of low temperature and respiratory inhibitors on calcium flux in plant mitochondria

The effects of low temperature on uptake and release of ⁴⁵Ca²⁺ were studied with sound, well-coupled mitochondria extracted at room temperature from avocado (Persea americana Mill, cv Fuerte) fruits. Low Ca²⁺ concentrations (10 micromolar) were employed to simulate physiological conditions. At 25°C, the rate of Ca²⁺ uptake decreased with time, whereas at 5°C the initial rate, though lower, remained linear. As a consequence total uptake at 5°C was substantially greater than at 25°C for periods greater than 5 min. Preincubation of mitochondria at 5°C enhanced subsequent Ca²⁺ uptake at 25°C. Ca²⁺ uptake was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) and by ruthenium red, but neither KCN nor salicylhydroxamic acid separately or together had any major inhibitory effect. Preloaded mitochondria held for 60 min in a Ca-free medium lost little Ca²⁺ at 25°C and none at 5°C, except in the presence of ruthenium red or CCCP.     

Effects of flight on blood parameters in homing pigeons

The influence of flight and flight duration on 13 blood parameters was studied in homing pigeons which returned after 2–22 h of flight from release sites 113–620 km away. The haematocrit value decreased from 54.4% in controls to 51.0% in the flown birds. A lowered haematocrit overproportionately improves blood flow. The plasma concentrations of glucose and l(+)-lactate did not differ between experimental and control birds. This is compatible with the idea that carbohydrates are utilized as fuel mainly in the initial phase of flight. Plasma free fatty acid levels were significantly increased during flight and triglyceride concentrations gradually decreased with progressive flight duration. These findings support the view that lipids are the main energy source during flight. Plasma uric acid concentrations were increased two- to fourfold in flown birds. Urea levels gradually rose with flight duration to 400% of controls. Plasma protein concentration was lowered in flown pigeons. These results hint to an increased protein degradation during flight. Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ levels in the plasma of the flown pigeons were not significantly different from control values. This finding together with the urea/uric acid ratio indicates that no severe dehydration occurred in our pigeons during free-range flight.Abbreviations FA fatty acids - FFA free fatty acids     

Effects of stimulus manipulations on visual categorization in pigeons

Four pigeons were previously trained [Lazareva, O.F., Freiburger, K.L., Wasserman, E.A., 2004. Pigeons concurrently categorize photographs at both basic and superordinate levels. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 11, 1111-1117] to classify color photographs into either their proper basic-level category (cars, chairs, flowers, or people) or a superordinate-level category (nominally natural or artificial). In Experiment 1, the same pigeons were shown either reflected or inverted versions of the training stimuli. Reflection had no effect on pigeons' classification behavior, whereas inversion impaired discrimination of all stimulus categories, except flowers, on the basic-level and superordinate-level tasks. Pixel matching analysis revealed that pattern matching played at most a minor role in the birds' categorization behavior. In Experiment 2, the pigeons were shown test stimuli that were either blurred or quartered and scrambled. Blurring impaired discrimination of cars, but had no effect on discrimination of people and flowers; scrambling impaired discrimination of people and flowers leaving discrimination of cars and chairs unaffected. These results suggest that categorization of flowers and people may be controlled primarily by the overall shape of the object rather than by local features, whereas categorization of cars and chairs may rely primarily on local features rather than the overall shape of the object.     

Temperature and humidity dynamics of cutaneous and respiratory evaporation in pigeons,Columba livia

Summary Using a two-compartment metabolism chamber, we measured oxygen consumption simultaneously with evaporative water loss (EWL) separately from the skin and respiratory tract of pigeons exposed to various air temperatures and humidities. Both respiratory (REWL) and cutaneous (CEWL) water loss increased markedly with increasing air temperature, and latent heat loss through both routes dissipated large fractions of internal heat production during mild heat stress. CEWL as a percentage of total EWL significantly exceeded REWL (60±1.5%) at thermoneutral air temperatures, and was also a substantial fraction of total EWL at lower and higher temperatures. Both REWL and CEWL were inverse functions (apparently linear) of ambient humidity at 20 and 30 °C. These observations verify suggestions by other investigators that CEWL in birds plays a greater role in water balance and in counteracting heat stress than was previously believed.Abbreviations EWL evaporative water loss - CEWL cutaneous EWL - REWL Respiratory EWL - Oxygen consumption (cm³ g^–1 h^–1) - metabolic heat production per unit external surface area (W/m²) - Water vapor density (g/m³)     

温度和摄食对溪红点鲑幼鱼呼吸代谢的影响

在不同水温［(5.5±0.5) ℃、(8.5±0.5) ℃、(11.5±0.5) ℃、(14.5±0.5) ℃、(17.5±0.) ℃］条件下,分别测定了饱食和空腹状态下溪红点鲑幼鱼的耗氧率和排 氨率,分析了温度和摄食对溪红点鲑幼鱼呼吸代谢的影响.结果表明：饱食后,5个温度梯度组溪红点鲑幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率均迅速上升,达最大值后缓慢下降,并逐渐恢复到初始水平;饱食状态下,溪红点鲑幼鱼耗氧率（OR）和排氨率（NR）与温度（t）的回归方程分别为OR=-0.0601t⁴+2.5542t³-39.256t²+276.26t-598.75(n=650,R²=1,4.5 ℃4+0.0826t³-1.2318t²+8.6186t-18.838(n=650,R²=1,4.5 ℃0.9738(n=650,R²=0.9974,4.5 ℃1.0896( n=650,R²=0.9977,4.5 ℃相似文献