嗜水气单胞菌感染现状及耐药分析

目的调查湖州市中心医院嗜水气单胞菌感染现状和耐药情况。方法采用常规方法分离,用VITEK-32全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌或豚鼠气单胞菌,依据葡萄糖产气反应鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌。并根据配套药敏卡进行药敏试验。结果共分离到34株嗜水气单胞菌,主要来自痰液、胆汁、腹腔引流液或腹水。嗜水气单胞菌对哌拉西林、替卡西林、阿莫西彬克拉维酸、妥布霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、环丙沙星、复方新诺明耐药率为52．9％～73．5％。结论目前嗜水气单胞菌也呈现多重耐药现象,临床上应予以重视。     

Maturation pathway of metalloprotease produced by Aeromonas sobria

Previously, we cloned the metalloprotease gene of Aeromonas sobria (amp) and determined its nucleotide sequence (GenBank accession number DQ784565). The protease is composed of 591 amino acid residues. In this study, we purified the mature metalloprotease from the culture supernatant of A. sobria and determined the amino terminal sequence and molecular size of AMP. In addition, we examined the production of AMP diachronically and found that AMP emerges outside of the cell as an intermediate composed of mature and propeptide regions. Subsequently, we determined that the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the intermediate and found that the sequence is identical to that of the mature metalloprotease. This means that the intermediate is composed of a mature AMP region and a C-terminal propeptide. The cross culture experiment of mutants of metalloprotease and serine protease of A. sobria on skim milk agar medium indicates that the intermediate released outside of the cell is inactive and that serine protease produced by A. sobria accelerates the conversion of the intermediate from the inactive to the active form.     

Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas sobria in soil

The survival of mesophilic Aeromonas spp. in soil in the presence or absence of indigenous microflora was evaluated in a laboratory study. Two cytotoxic ( Aer. hydrophila and Aer. caviae ) and one invasive ( Aer. sobria ) clinical isolate strains were selected for this study. After contamination of sterile or unsterilized soil with the three strains of Aeromonas , the number of living cells was determined over at least 5 months. For all strains the survival curves were characterized by an initial re-growth followed by a slow inactivation of bacteria, with significant differences due to the presence of indigenous microflora. The times necessary to achieve a 95% reduction of the initial population were > 140, 113 and 62 d in sterilized soil respectively for Aer. caviae, Aer. hydrophila and Aer. sobria , while the corresponding times in unsterilized soil were 42, 38 and 11 d. All strains preserved the virulence factors for the entire period of the study. These results suggest that the soil may be an important reservoir for Aeromonas spp. and, thus, may play an important role in the epidemiology of Aeromonas -associated human infections.     

Dynamics of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae in a sewage treatment pond.

The spatiotemporal dynamics of Aeromonas spp. and fecal coliforms in the sewage treatment ponds of an urban wastewater center were studied after 20 months of sampling from five stations in these ponds. Isolation and identification of 247 Aeromonas strains were undertaken over four seasons at the inflow and outflow of this pond system. The hemolytic activity of these strains was determined. The Aeromonas spp. and the fecal coliform distributions showed seasonal cycles, the amplitude of which increased at distances further from the wastewater source, so that in the last pond there was an inversion of the Aeromonas spp. cycle in comparison with that of fecal coliforms. The main patterns in these cycles occurred simultaneously at all stations, indicating control of these bacterial populations by seasonal factors (temperature, solar radiation, phytoplankton), the effects of which were different on each bacterial group. The analysis of the Aeromonas spp. population structure showed that, regardless of the season, Aeromonas caviae was the dominant species at the pond system inflow. However at the outflow the Aeromonas spp. population was dominated by A. caviae in winter, whereas Aeromonas sobria was the dominant species in the treated effluent from spring to fall. Among the Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria strains, 100% produced hemolysin; whereas among the A. caviae strains, 96% were nonhemolytic.     

Direct selection of monoclonal antibodies neutralising the cytotoxic activity of Aeromonas sobria

Monoclonal antibodies directed against the cytotoxic activity of Aeromonas sobria were raised by immunising mice with a culture supernatant concentrated by ammonium sulphate precipitation. Neutralising antibodies were specifically selected for by exposing hybridomas to cytotoxic levels of the immunising preparation. Cultures free from cytopathic effects after three hours were selected for further investigation. Ten cytotoxin resistant hybridomas were isolated but only two of these produced detectable neutralising activity in Vero and rabbit red blood cell assays. Different polypeptide binding patterns were observed for the neutralising antibodies compared with the other antibodies in immunoblotting studies. One of the neutralising antibodies was shown to act at an early stage in the development of cytotoxicity, probably by inhibiting binding.     

Variable expression of O-antigen and the role of lipopolysaccharide as an adhesin in Aeromonas sobria

Abstract On initial isolation of Aeromonas sobria 3767 from a diarrhoeal stool specimen, two colony types were obtained: opaque (3767O) and translucent (3767T). Strain 3767O consistently produced lipopolysaccharide (LPS) core and O-antigen side chain, detectable by SDS-PAGE and by Western blotting with an O-antigen-specific monoclonal antibody. Strain 3767T produced LPS core but the amount of O-antigen was dependent on factors including growth medium and bacterial growth phase. Strain 3767T exhibited significantly lower levels of adhesion to HEp-2 cells than 3767O and this correlated with the level of LPS expression, with the greatest reduction (61%) at stationary phase when no LPS was detectable. The results implicate LPS as an adhesin for A. sobria 3767.     

Dynamics of Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and Aeromonas caviae in a sewage treatment pond

The spatiotemporal dynamics of Aeromonas spp. and fecal coliforms in the sewage treatment ponds of an urban wastewater center were studied after 20 months of sampling from five stations in these ponds. Isolation and identification of 247 Aeromonas strains were undertaken over four seasons at the inflow and outflow of this pond system. The hemolytic activity of these strains was determined. The Aeromonas spp. and the fecal coliform distributions showed seasonal cycles, the amplitude of which increased at distances further from the wastewater source, so that in the last pond there was an inversion of the Aeromonas spp. cycle in comparison with that of fecal coliforms. The main patterns in these cycles occurred simultaneously at all stations, indicating control of these bacterial populations by seasonal factors (temperature, solar radiation, phytoplankton), the effects of which were different on each bacterial group. The analysis of the Aeromonas spp. population structure showed that, regardless of the season, Aeromonas caviae was the dominant species at the pond system inflow. However at the outflow the Aeromonas spp. population was dominated by A. caviae in winter, whereas Aeromonas sobria was the dominant species in the treated effluent from spring to fall. Among the Aeromonas hydrophila and A. sobria strains, 100% produced hemolysin; whereas among the A. caviae strains, 96% were nonhemolytic.     

嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因的克隆与序列分析

以嗜水气单胞菌BZ和NK分离株的DNA为模板, 采用PCR技术, 扩增气溶素基因(aerA)的DNA片段, 将其克隆到pMD18-T载体上。通过序列测定, 分析结果表明：所克隆的1393 bp片段为aerA部分序列, 编码产生464个氨基酸。BZ与NK之间aerA核苷酸同源性为97.6%, 氨基酸同源性为98.3%, 与其它分离物核苷酸同源性为71.6%~97.5%, 氨基酸同源性为68.0%~98.9%。利用邻接法构建了aerA分子树状图, 树状图分析表明：气单胞菌属各分离物聚为三支, 其中嗜水气单胞菌各菌株之间关系密切, 被聚类为同一支。     

嗜水气单胞菌生物被膜对其耐药性的影响

建立了嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila, Ah)的生物被膜(Bacterial biofilm, BF) 体外形成模型, 并对11种抗菌药物对BF细菌和浮游（Freecell, FC）细菌的清除作用进行了研究。将Ah J1株在放有硅胶膜的TSB中培养7d,用银染法鉴定,发现可形成良好的BF。FC细菌对青霉素具有耐药性, 最低杀菌浓度(MBC)为256μg/mL;对蒽诺沙星和氟哌酸最敏感,MBC分别为003μg/mL和0.25μg/mL。氟苯尼考对BF细菌的清除能力最强,作用于BF细菌和FC细菌的MBC之比为2∶1;卡那霉素、青霉素、新霉素的MBC比值在32∶1以上。扫描电镜观察蒽诺沙星作用于FC及BF细菌前后的形态变化,并测定其杀菌曲线。发现4×MBC时可完全清除FC细菌,但不能完全清除BF细菌;在32×MBC时,4h内可完全清除FC细菌,而24h内完全清除BF细菌。结果表明形成BF的Ah对抗菌药物可形成强耐受性,其潜在影响应引起足够重视。     

O-Serogrouping and surface components of Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas jandaei pathogenic for eels

Abstract The relationship between virulence, O-serogroup, and some cell-surface features (self-pelleting [SP] and precipitation after boiling [PAB], profile of lipopolysaccharides [LPSs]) and outer membrane proteins [OMPs] was investigated in strains of the pathogenic species Aeromonas hydrophila and A. jandaei isolated from eels. Virulent strains of A. hydrophila reacted mostly with O:19 antiserum, and those of A. jandaei reacted with O:4, O:11, O:15 and O:29 antisera (Guinée and Jansen system). Regarding the PAB and LPS profiles two groups could be distinguished; (i) five PAB⁺ strains of serotype O:19 that possessed a homogeneous O polysaccharide side chain and (ii) thirteen PAB⁻ strains antigenically diverse that either exhibited a heterogenous side chain or were side chain deficient. A major 50 kDa protein was only found in the PAB⁺ strains, whereas major OMPs detected in PAB⁻ strains ranged from 33 to 45 kDa irrespective of the species. Epizootic eel isolates of A. hydrophila belong to serotype O:19 and share cell-surface features with the Aeromonas highly virulent for other hosts. In contrast, epizootic A. jandaei isolates were antigenically diverse. These findings reinforce the importance of an O-serotype as an epidemiological marker in motile Aeromonas strains pathogenic for eels.     

嗜水气单胞菌气溶素基因的克隆与序列分析

以嗜水气单胞菌BZ和NK分离株的DNA为模板,采用PCR技术,扩增气溶素基因(aerA)的DNA片段,将其克隆到pMDl8-T载体上.通过序列测定,分析结果表明:所克隆的1393 bp片段为aerA部分序列,编码产生464个氨基酸.BZ与NK之间aerA核苷酸同源性为97.6%.氨基酸同源性为98.3%,与其它分离物核苷酸同源性为71.6%～97.5%,氨基酸同源性为68.0%～98.9%.利用邻接法构建了aerA分子树状图,树状图分析表明:气单胞菌属各分离物聚为三支,其中嗜水气单胞菌各菌株之间关系密切,被聚类为同一支.     

Aeromonas hydrophila clinical and environmental ecotypes as revealed by genetic diversity and virulence genes

Aeromonas hydrophila strains recovered from clinical samples and ambient sources were phenotypically and genetically identified. In addition, the distribution of putative virulence factors was assayed. To determine the genetic diversity of these strains, random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR markers were used. The discriminatory ability of the techniques, using Simpson's index, was 0.96 for both methods. The most consistent dendrogram was obtained when RAPD and ERIC data were combined. The genetic diversity revealed a high intra-specific genetic diversity (h=0.364+/-0.024 and I=0.538+/-0.030). The strains showed a tendency to cluster according to their origin of isolation (best-cut test 0.80 and bootstrap values >50%). The present study demonstrates and quantifies the high intra-specific diversity within this species and reveals a clear differentiation of strains according to their ecological origin. The distribution of virulence-related genes confirm that A. hydrophila is a genetically heterogeneous species that harbour ecotypes which have different pathogenic potential to human and other animals.     

嗜水气单胞菌非核糖体肽合成酶基因功能研究

非核糖体肽是微生物体内一类具有天然生物活性的次生代谢物,由非核糖体肽合成酶催化生成。而AHA2474和AHA2476是嗜水气单胞菌ATCC7966中两个编码非核糖体肽合成酶的基因。利用同源重组技术分别构建了AHA2474、AHA2476基因缺失株,并对其生理特性进行测定。结果表明,与野生株相比,缺失株的溶血性和胞外蛋白酶活性均显著增强,而产铁能力明显减弱;在缺铁条件下,缺失株的生长能力较弱,补充铁离子后又能恢复生长。同时在过氧化氢应激下ΔAHA2474菌株具有更大的耐受性。以上研究结果提示AHA2474和AHA2476基因可能通过影响铁离子动态平衡过程来调控该菌的生理特性,同时也表明非核糖体肽在该菌致病性方面起作用,为探究该菌的致病机制及防治策略提供理论依据。     

嗜水气单胞菌合成含3-羟基戊酸单体的聚羟基脂肪酸共聚酯的研究

分别利用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸、月桂酸与十一碳酸为混合碳源进行嗜水气单孢菌 (Aeromonashydrophila)菌株 4AK4的摇瓶培养 ,实现了含有 3 羟基戊酸 (3HV)单体的聚羟基脂肪酸酯的微生物合成。当使用葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,野生型A .hydrophila 4AK4及含有 3 羟基丁酸辅酶A合成基因phaA和phaB的重组A .hydrophila 4AK4 (pTG01)能够合成-3-羟基丁酸(3HB)与-3HV的共聚物 ,且葡萄糖或葡萄糖酸钠与十一碳酸比例为 1∶1时最利于细胞生长和PHA的积累。当使用月桂酸和十一碳酸为混合碳源时 ,A .hydrophila4AK4能够合成-3HB、3HV与 β-羟基己酸 (3HHx)的共聚物 ,且随着混合碳源中十一碳酸的含量增加 ,A .hydrophila4AK4合成的PHA中-3HV的比例增加 ,而-3HB和-3HHx的比例降低.     

Electrophoretic mobility and immunoblot analysis of the outer membrane proteins of Aeromonas hydrophila, A. sobria and A. caviae.

The outer membrane profiles of three species of the genus Aeromonas were examined by means of SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting to identify species-specific polypeptides and antigens which could presumably be applied to differentiate Aeromonas spp. at the species or subspecies level. Profiles on an 11% discontinuous SDS-PAGE showed common band sharing at the 52 kD position. Species-specific bands for the three strains could also be detected. Immunoblots using heterologous LPS-adsorbed polyclonal antisera revealed demarcated common and uncommon antigens within the three species. Outer membrane preparations were immunoblotted against whole cell polyclonal antisera. The previously documented host pathogenicity of A. sobria correlated well with the immunoblots which showed antigenicity, especially due to the LPS, when compared with the other two species.     

水产品中嗜水气单胞菌耐药性研究进展

嗜水气单胞菌Aeromonas hydrophila具有广泛的致病性,是水生动物最常见的致病菌之一。由于抗生素不合理使用、质粒以及耐药基因的水平转移等因素,来自零售市场、超市和餐厅的即食海鲜产品中,均可分离出大量的嗜水气单胞菌耐药菌株及其耐药基因。因此,探明关键控制点、寻求有效缓解抗生素耐药性的防控策略至关重要。文中介绍了我国嗜水气单胞菌的耐药现状,嗜水气单胞菌的主要侵染及耐药机制,以及目前削减和防控耐药性的主要手段和策略,并对水产品耐药性研究方向和重点作出展望。     

嗜水气单胞菌若干毒力因子同时缺失的突变株的构建及特性分析

以携带质粒pAM12 0 (Tcr Tn916 )的大肠杆菌CG12 0株为供体菌 ,采用滤膜接合法与受体菌嗜水气单胞菌J_1株 (cfzr)进行接合转移 ,在含Tc和cfz选择平板上进行筛选。共获接合转移菌落 380 0个 ,其接合频率为 3× 10 - 5(按供体细胞计算 )。任取 38个接合子 ,提取基因组DNA ,以嗜水气单胞菌特异性 16SrDNA引物进行PCR扩增 ,所有接合子均阳性。为证明Tn916确实插入基因组 ,以四环素基因 (tet)引物进行PCR扩增 ,结果所有抗性接合子均扩增出一条特异条带。与亲本J_1株相比 ,所有接合子的主要毒力因子如蛋白酶、溶血素、DNA酶和淀粉酶等均不表达 ,对小鼠失去致病力 ,其LD50 大于 10 9CFU。接合子连传 10次后 ,四环素抗性消失 ,但毒力未恢复 ,说明通过转座子Tn916的插入可获得稳定的无毒嗜水气单胞菌突变株。Tn916引起嗜水气单胞菌毒力性状改变的机制有待研究 ,推测可能与该菌染色体上存在Tn916的热点或毒力岛有关。