杉木人工林不同深度土壤CO2通量

土壤CO₂通量具有明显的时间和空间变异性。土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因素,同时,不同深度的土壤CO₂通量对温度和含水量变化的响应差异较大,因此,研究土壤CO₂通量和影响因素随土壤深度的变化,对于准确评估土壤碳排放具有重要意义。选择福建三明杉木人工林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)作为研究对象,利用非散射红外CO₂浓度探头和Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,并使用Fick扩散法计算了0-60cm深度土壤CO₂的通量,结果表明:(1)5种扩散模型计算的表层(5cm)CO₂通量与Li-8100测量结果均具有显著相关性(P<0.01),Moldrup气体扩散模型计算结果较好。(2)土壤CO₂浓度随深度的增加而升高,但60cm深度以下土壤CO₂浓度开始降低;不同深度土壤CO₂浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;0-60cm土壤CO₂通量日通量均值变化范围为0.54-2.17μmol m^-2 s^-1;(3)指数拟合分析显示,5、10cm和60cm深度处土壤CO₂通量与温度具有显著相关性,Q₁₀值分别为1.35、2.01和4.95。不同深度土壤含水量与CO₂通量的相关性不显著。     

色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林不同层次土壤CO2浓度对短时降雨的响应

为阐明不同层次土壤CO₂浓度日变化特征及对短时降雨的响应,以西藏东南部色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉（Abies georgei var. smithii）林为研究对象,在自然降雨条件下,分析短时降雨及水分再分布过程中各层次土壤CO₂浓度变化特征。结果表明：在0-60 cm层次内,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤层次的加深而显著增加（P < 0.01）,二者之间呈显著对数函数关系（R=0.9764,P < 0.01）;短时降雨脉冲使表层5 cm土壤CO₂浓度显著下降,而10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度显著增加;在降雨和水分再分布阶段,5 cm与10 cm层次土壤CO₂浓度之间极显著负相关,10、20、40 cm和60 cm之间均呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）;5 cm层次土壤含水量显著影响0-60 cm剖面CO₂浓度,降雨阶段,二者之间极显著线性正相关（P < 0.001）,而水分再分布阶段,二者之间符合极显著幂函数负相关（P < 0.001）。即降雨引起表层土壤含水量的快速增加,显著提高土壤剖面CO₂浓度,而降雨停止后,有利于土壤CO₂向土表的释放;土壤温度和含水量对CO₂浓度的影响效应在各层次之间表现不一致,除40 cm均为正效应外,其他各层均表现为相反的影响效应。这些结果表明,短时降雨使各层次土壤含水量增加,减少土壤表面CO₂释放量,使下层土壤体系中CO₂浓度升高,在分析土壤CO₂通量时间变化时,应考虑短时降雨对不同层次土壤CO₂的影响。     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳库稳定性的影响

工业革命以来,大气CO₂浓度持续上升,升高的CO₂浓度会改变植物光合产物积累、土壤碳库的碳输入和碳输出过程,进而通过影响有机碳组成和周转特征来调控土壤碳库动态变化。土壤碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,其碳储量的微小变化都会对大气CO₂浓度和气候变化产生巨大影响。但目前关于CO₂浓度升高对土壤碳库动态和稳定性的影响还不清楚,很大程度上限制了预测陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化的反馈。系统综述国内外大气CO₂浓度升高对植被生产力、植被碳输入和土壤碳库影响的研究进展,旨在揭示土壤碳库物理、化学组成以及周转特征对CO₂浓度升高的响应过程和机理,探讨CO₂升高情境下土壤微生物特征对土壤碳库稳定性的影响和驱动机制,为深入理解全球变化下的土壤碳循环特征提供理论支撑。     

水葱和香蒲叶经济性状对模拟增温和CO2浓度倍增的响应

气候变化是国际社会共同关注的环境问题,植物对气候变化的响应反映了植物应对气候变化的生长和生存策略。叶经济性状与植物对资源的获取、利用和储存直接相关,并且受到温度条件和CO₂浓度的显著影响。该文采用人工环境控制系统封顶式生长室研究广布湿地植物水葱(Scirpus validus)和香蒲(Typha orientalis)的叶经济性状对模拟增温(现行环境温度+2 ℃)和CO₂浓度倍增(增至850 μmol·mol^-1)的响应。结果表明:(1)增温处理下,水葱净光合速率、氮含量和磷含量显著降低,但其胞间CO₂浓度和比叶重显著增加; CO₂浓度倍增处理下,水葱胞间CO₂浓度和净光合速率均显著降低,但比叶重显著增加。(2)增温处理下香蒲的比叶重显著增加,而氮含量和磷含量显著降低; 香蒲的光合参数、氮含量和磷含量在CO₂浓度倍增处理下均显著降低,而比叶重显著增加。(3)水葱的比叶重、氮含量、磷含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度与主成分分析的两个环境变量相关; 而香蒲的经济性状均与两个环境变量相关,表明这些经济性状在香蒲响应增温和CO₂浓度变化过程中发挥重要作用。(4)除碳含量外,水葱和香蒲的其他经济性状参数包括净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度、氮含量、磷含量和比叶重均在响应增温和CO₂浓度倍增过程中发挥重要作用。总体而言,该研究结果反映了水葱和香蒲在功能性状上对增温和CO₂浓度倍增的响应策略。两种植物的光合能力和养分含量在两种处理下虽然均受到显著的抑制作用,但是其抗逆能力升高,表明增温和CO₂浓度升高不利于水葱和香蒲的生长。     

大气CO2浓度升高对春玉米土壤呼吸的影响

为探讨春玉米不同生育期土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应,以黄土高原旱作春玉米为研究对象,通过改进的开顶式气室（OTC）模拟大气CO₂浓度升高的环境,在田间条件下设置自然大气CO₂浓度（CK）、OTC对照（OTC,CO₂浓度同CK）与CO₂浓度升高（OTC+CO₂,OTC系统自动控制CO₂浓度700 μmol/mol）3种处理。研究了旱区覆膜高产栽培春玉米播前（V0）、六叶期（V6）、九叶期（V9）、吐丝期（R1）、乳熟期（R3）、蜡熟期（R5）及完熟期（R6）土壤呼吸速率对大气CO₂浓度升高的响应特征,以及大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸速率的温度与水分效应的影响。研究发现,OTC+CO₂处理土壤呼吸速率,与CK相比,在R3和R5期分别增加43%、104%（P<0.05）,与OTC相比,R3和R5期分别提升了63%、109%（P<0.05）;OTC处理与CK相比,在整个生育期对土壤呼吸影响不显著;3种处理条件下,土壤温度和水分随生育期变化趋势基本一致,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和水分分别呈指数相关和抛物线型相关;结果表明：大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤呼吸的影响因生育期而异,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响旱地农田土壤呼吸的重要因素,CO₂浓度升高会使土壤呼吸温度效应值（Q₁₀）降低,土壤呼吸对土壤水分响应的阈值提高。     

陆地生态系统土壤CO2排放对模拟增温的响应特征及影响因素

全球变暖已经成为不争的事实,陆地生态系统碳循环的研究受到了各界广泛关注,是当前全球变化研究中的重点。土壤CO₂排放是陆地生态系统与大气间二氧化碳交换的最大通量之一,当前陆地生态系统中土壤CO₂排放如何响应全球气候变暖及其影响因素仍不清楚,限制了对土壤碳循环过程及影响机制的深入认识。旨在明确全球变暖背景下陆地生态系统中土壤CO₂排放格局及影响因素。基于Web of Science、PubMed和中国知网等中英文期刊数据库,充分收集全球范围内的相关野外试验文献81篇,提取出65个研究位置和213组相关研究数据,采用Meta分析方法探讨陆地生态系统土壤CO₂排放对增温的响应特征,分析其与海拔、气候、土壤含水量、容重(BD)、pH、全氮(TN)和土壤有机碳(SOC)的相关关系。结果表明:陆地生态系统中土壤CO₂排放对增温整体有显著的正向响应,在农、林、草生态系统中,增温使土壤CO₂排放分别显著增加13.1%、18.0%、5.9% (P<0.05),森林生态系统对增温响应的正效应最强烈;增温能在短时期内促进土壤呼吸,但随着增温持续时间增加,土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性会降低,对温度变化产生适应性,从而使其对增温的响应能力减弱;响应特征受到环境因子、土壤特性以及其他试验条件等的影响,绝大多数条件下对增温表现出显著的正响应特征,不同影响因子之间共同作用、相互影响。增温通常能够改变植物生物量、土壤养分含量及微生物数量和活性,从而影响到植被根际呼吸和土壤呼吸速率。相关分析表明,海拔对土壤CO₂排放有显著负向影响,而年均气温、年均降水量、土壤含水量和仪器嵌入土壤深度则对土壤CO₂排放产生显著正向影响。这些结果对于理解全球土壤CO₂排放的时空变化格局有重要意义,也为准确评价全球变暖背景下土壤碳汇功能及其持续性提供理论依据。     

典型岩溶槽谷区土壤CO2浓度变化对隧道建设的响应——以重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷为例

为了解重庆市中梁山岩溶槽谷区隧道建设对土壤CO₂浓度变化特征的影响,于2017年12月1日至2018年11月25日对中梁山岩溶槽谷区的隧道影响区和非隧道影响区典型的白蜡树林（FC）和于2017年3月22日-2018年1月18日对耕地（CU）、灌丛（SH）、竹林（BA）下土壤CO₂浓度及其相关的环境因子进行研究,探讨了隧道影响和非隧道影响的岩溶区土壤CO₂浓度变化规律及其影响因子。研究表明：隧道影响区（A区）土壤CO₂浓度低于非隧道影响区（B区）,A区A-CU、A-SH、A-BA和A-FC土壤CO₂浓度的平均值分别为4479.26、6053.10、8152.70 mg/m³和17162.47 mg/m³,B区B-CU、B-SH、B-BA和B-FC分别为6244.67、6647.01、9422.94 mg/m³和18396.09 mg/m³。但隧道影响区和非隧道影响区的土壤CO₂浓度具有相同的垂直和季节变化趋势,在垂直方向上,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤深度的增加而增加,在季节变化上,雨季（夏季和秋季）土壤CO₂浓度大于旱季（冬季和春季）。经相关分析发现土壤温度是影响土壤CO₂浓度变化的主控因子,土壤CO₂浓度随土壤温度的升高而升高,降水较多时土壤含水率过高,会抑制土壤CO₂的生产,同时,土壤理化性质也对土壤CO₂浓度具有一定的影响。隧道影响区土壤CO₂浓度的变化受外界环境变化的影响大。     

全球CO2 水平升高对浮游植物生理和生态影响的研究进展

工业革命以来由于化石燃料的大量燃烧,大气CO₂水平不断增加,预计在21世纪末将增至现有水平的两倍,达到750 μL/L。作为全球初级生产力的重要贡献者,浮游植物应对CO₂水平升高的生理生态响应必然会对水生生态系统和碳、氮等元素的生物地球化学循环产生重要影响。全球CO₂水平的升高将显著改变水体的碳化学环境,淡水生态系统(湖泊和河流)由于容量小变化比海洋更为显著。水体碳化学环境的改变首先会影响浮游植物个体,在高CO₂水平下,浮游植物的细胞会有变小的趋势,并且细胞的光合作用强度也会有不同程度的增加,其中细胞较小或者不具有碳浓缩机制(CCM)的浮游植物增加较多,此外浮游植物细胞的化学元素计量值也将显著改变。随后浮游植物个体水平上的变化会进一步影响水生生态系统,例如水体初级生产力水平的提高,浮游植物、浮游动物群落结构组成以及水体微食物网结构的变化等。此外浮游植物对CO₂水平升高的生理生态响应程度还与水体的营养水平有关。总结了大气CO₂水平升高对浮游植物生理生态影响的研究方法,展望了未来可能的研究方向。     

大气CO2浓度升高对不同施氮土壤酶活性的影响

利用中国唯一的无锡FACE（Free-air CO₂ enrichment,开放式空气CO₂浓度升高）平台,研究了大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤β-葡糖苷酶、转化酶、脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、β-氨基葡糖苷酶的影响。研究发现,不同氮肥处理下大气CO₂浓度升高对某些土壤酶活性的影响不同。在低氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高显著降低β-葡糖苷酶活性,但是在高氮施肥处理下,大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加β-葡糖苷酶活性。在低氮和常氮施肥处理中大气CO₂浓度升高显著增加了土壤脲酶活性,但在高氮水平下影响不显著。在低氮、常氮施肥处理中,大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤酸性磷酸酶活性没有影响,而在高氮施肥处理中显著增强了土壤中磷酸酶活性。大气CO₂浓度升高对土壤转化酶活性和β-氨基葡糖苷酶的活性有增加趋势,但影响不显著。研究还发现,在不同的CO₂浓度下,土壤酶活性对不同氮肥处理的响应也不同。在正常CO₂浓度下,土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而降低,而在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,却随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,高氮施肥显著增加了转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性,而在正常CO₂浓度下,影响不显著。在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,氮肥处理对脲酶活性的影响不大,但在正常CO₂浓度下,脲酶活性随着氮肥施用量的增加而增加。氮肥对β-氨基葡糖苷酶活性的影响不明显。     

青藏高原高寒草甸土壤CO2排放对模拟氮沉降的早期响应

研究大气氮沉降输入对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤-大气界面CO₂交换通量的影响,对于准确评价全球变化背景下区域碳平衡至关重要。通过构建多形态、低剂量的增氮控制试验,利用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤CO₂排放通量,同时测定相关土壤变量和地上生物量,分析高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放特征及其主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:低、高剂量氮输入倾向于消耗土壤水分,而中剂量氮输入有利于土壤水分的保持;施氮初期总体上增加了土壤无机氮含量,铵态氮累积效应更为显著;施氮显著增加地上生物量和土壤CO₂排放通量,铵态氮的促进效应显著高于硝态氮。另外,土壤CO₂排放通量主要受土壤温度驱动,其次为地上生物量和铵态氮储量。上述结果反映了氮沉降输入短期内可能刺激了植物生长和土壤微生物活性,加剧了土壤-大气界面CO₂排放。     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil enzyme activities at different nitrogen application treatments

It has been predicted that elevated atmospheric CO₂ will increase enzyme activity as a result of CO₂-induced carbon entering the soil. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on soil enzyme activities under a rice/wheat rotation. This experiment was conducted in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China as part of the China FACE (Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment) Project. Two atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (580±60) and (380±40) μmol·mol^-1) and three N application treatments (low-150, normal-250 and high-350 kg N·hm^-2) were included. Soil samples (0-10 cm) were collected for analysis of β-glucosidase, invertase, urease, acid phosphates and β-glucosaminidase activities. The results revealed that with elevated atmospheric CO₂ β-glucosidase activity significantly decreased (P < 0.05) at low N application rates; had no significant effect with a normal N application rate; and significantly increased (P < 0.05) with a high N application rate. For urease activity, at low and normal N application rates (but not high N application rate), elevated atmospheric CO₂ significantly increased (P < 0.05) it. With acid phosphatase elevated atmospheric CO₂ only had significant higher effects (P < 0.05) at high N application rates. Under different CO₂ concentration, effects of N fertilization are also different. Soil β-glucosidase activity at ambient CO₂ concentration decreased with N fertilization, while it increased at elevated CO₂ concentration. In addition, invertase and acid phosphatase activities at elevated CO₂ concentration, significantly increased (P < 0.05) with N treatments, but there was no effect with the ambient CO₂ concentration. For urease activity, at ambient CO₂ concentration, N fertilization increased it significantly (P < 0.05), whereas at elevated CO₂ concentration it was not significant. Additionally, with β-glucosaminidase activity, there were no significant effects from N application. In general, then, elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased soil enzyme activity, which may be attributed to the following two factors: (1) elevated atmospheric CO₂ led to more plant biomass in the soil, which in turn stimulated soil microbial biomass and activity; and (2) elevated atmospheric CO₂ increased plant photosynthesis, thereby increasing plant-derived soil enzymes.     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒对沼泽土壤反硝化和N2O排放的影响

近年来,二氧化钛纳米颗粒（TiO₂NPs）环境释放量不断增加,并通过多种途径进入湿地生态系统,不可避免地影响到湿地生态系统环境和功能。然而,关于TiO₂NPs对沼泽土壤反硝化作用和氧化亚氮（N₂O）排放的影响机及制尚不明确。选择典型沼泽土壤,通过室内培养实验研究土壤理化性质、反硝化酶活性、反硝化速率（DNR）和N₂O排放对不同剂量TiO₂NPs 0 mg/kg （CK）、10 mg/kg （A10）、100 mg/kg （A100）、1000 mg/kg （A1000）输入的响应,探讨TiO₂NPs输入对沼泽土壤反硝化作用和N₂O排放影响的内在机制。结果表明：不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理显著降低了土壤pH （P<0.05）,A10处理显著降低土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量（P<0.01）,A1000处理显著降低硝态氮（NO₃^--N）和亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）含量（P<0.05）。TiO₂NPs处理抑制硝酸盐还原酶（NAR）活性,促进一氧化氮还原酶（NOR）和氧化亚氮还原酶（NOS）活性（P<0.01）,A1000处理先促进后抑制了亚硝酸盐还原酶（NIR）活性（P<0.05）。不同剂量TiO₂NPs处理抑制了土壤DNR,促进了N₂O排放,TiO₂NPs处理通过抑制NIR活性,降低土壤DNR,同时通过促进NOR活性,提高N₂O排放。综上,TiO₂NPs输入通过影响反硝化还原酶活性改变沼泽土壤反硝化过程,导致沼泽土壤N₂O排放增加,改变湿地氮的源、汇功能,影响全球气候变化。为TiO₂NPs输入的湿地环境风险评估研究提供理论基础。     

Phenotypic analysis of the ccp1Δ and ccp1Δ-ccp1 mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae indicates that cytochrome c peroxidase functions in oxidative-stress signaling

Yeast cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP) efficiently catalyzes the reduction of H₂O₂ to H₂O by ferrocytochrome c in vitro. The physiological function of CCP, a heme peroxidase that is targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is not known. CCP1-null-mutant cells in the W303-1B genetic background (ccp1Δ) grew as well as wild-type cells with glucose, ethanol, glycerol or lactate as carbon sources but with a shorter initial doubling time. Monitoring growth over 10 days demonstrated that CCP1 does not enhance mitochondrial function in unstressed cells. No role for CCP1 was apparent in cells exposed to heat stress under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. However, the detoxification function of CCP protected respiring mitochondria when cells were challenged with H₂O₂. Transformation of ccp1Δ with ccp1^W191F, which encodes the CCP^W191F mutant enzyme lacking CCP activity, significantly increased the sensitivity to H₂O₂ of exponential-phase fermenting cells. In contrast, stationary-phase (7-day) ccp1Δ-ccp1^W191F exhibited wild-type tolerance to H₂O₂, which exceeded that of ccp1Δ. Challenge with H₂O₂ caused increased CCP, superoxide dismutase and catalase antioxidant enzyme activities (but not glutathione reductase activity) in exponentially growing cells and decreased antioxidant activities in stationary-phase cells. Although unstressed stationary-phase ccp1Δ exhibited the highest catalase and glutathione reductase activities, a greater loss of these antioxidant activities was observed on H₂O₂ exposure in ccp1Δ than in ccp1Δ-ccp1^W191F and wild-type cells. The phenotypic differences reported here between the ccp1Δ and ccp1Δ-ccp1^W191F strains lacking CCP activity provide strong evidence that CCP has separate antioxidant and signaling functions in yeast.     

Dissecting cobamide diversity through structural and functional analyses of the base-activating CobT enzyme of Salmonella enterica

Background

Cobamide diversity arises from the nature of the nucleotide base. Nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN):base phosphoribosyltransferases (CobT) synthesize α-linked riboside monophosphates from diverse nucleotide base substrates (e.g., benzimidazoles, purines, phenolics) that are incorporated into cobamides.

Methods

Structural investigations of two members of the CobT family of enzymes in complex with various substrate bases as well as in vivo and vitro activity analyses of enzyme variants were performed to elucidate the roles of key amino acid residues important for substrate recognition.

Results

Results of in vitro and in vivo studies of active-site variants of the Salmonella enterica CobT (SeCobT) enzyme suggest that a catalytic base may not be required for catalysis. This idea is supported by the analyses of crystal structures that show that two glutamate residues function primarily to maintain an active conformation of the enzyme. In light of these findings, we propose that proper positioning of the substrates in the active site triggers the attack at the C1 ribose of NaMN.

Conclusion

Whether or not a catalytic base is needed for function is discussed within the framework of the in vitro analysis of the enzyme activity. Additionally, structure-guided site-directed mutagenesis of SeCobT broadened its substrate specificity to include phenolic bases, revealing likely evolutionary changes needed to increase cobamide diversity, and further supporting the proposed mechanism for the phosphoribosylation of phenolic substrates.

General Significance

Results of this study uncover key residues in the CobT enzyme that contribute to the diversity of cobamides in nature.     

GA3和Spd对杜鹃开花期光合特性和抗氧化系统的影响

为探讨GA_3和Spd对杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)开花花期和开花品质的影响,研究了外源GA_3和Spd对杜鹃开花期光合特性和抗氧化系统的变化。结果表明,外源GA_3对花期有显著的提前作用,Spd对花期有明显的延迟作用,但两者均使花期延长、花径增大且成花率提高。GA_3和Spd处理提高了花期叶片的光合色素含量和净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci);GA_3处理提高了叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr),而Spd使叶片的Tr下降,两者均有效缓解了末花期叶绿素含量的下降。GA_3和Spd处理显著降低了花瓣MDA含量,提高了抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT活性,并减缓了末花期SOD的下降,有效延缓了衰老进程,延长花期。以1 600 mg L~(–1) GA_3和0.10 mmol L~(-1) Spd处理效果较好,能有效提高杜鹃花的观赏品质。     

黄条金刚竹对高浓度CO2和O3及其复合作用的生理响应

以黄条金刚竹为试材,环境背景大气为对照,应用开顶式气室(OTCs)熏蒸法模拟大气高浓度CO2(700μmol.mol-1)、O3(100nmol.mol-1)及其复合作用情景,分析叶片光合色素、膜脂过氧化及抗氧化酶等的变化规律。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,高浓度O3处理103d的黄条金刚竹叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素a/b、叶绿素/类胡萝卜素及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著下降,而超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量、相对电导率、APX活性均显著升高,类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(2)与对照相比,同期高浓度CO2处理的叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素均显著升高,而叶绿素a/b和超氧阴离子、丙二醛含量及SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性显著降低,相对电导率和类胡萝卜素含量变化不明显。(3)高浓度O3和CO2复合作用下,除叶绿素a/b和CAT活性显著下降外,其余测定指标均与对照无明显变化。研究表明:高浓度O3使黄条金刚竹叶片活性氧产生速率提高,抗氧化酶活性和光合色素含量降低,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,膜结构破坏,表现出严重的伤害效应;而高浓度CO2能降低叶片活性氧产生速率,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,提高光合色素含量,表现出保护效应;高浓度O3和CO2复合处理能使叶片维持比高浓度O3处理更高的光合色素含量和抗氧化酶活性,即高浓度CO2能在一定程度上有效地缓解高浓度O3对黄条金刚竹所造成的生理伤害。     

红砂对CO_2浓度升高及降水变化的生理生长响应

该研究以2年生红砂为试验材料,利用开顶式CO_2控制气候室,研究了不同降水条件(+30%、+15%、0、-15%、-30%)和CO_2浓度(350μmol·mol~(-1)、550μmol·mol~(-1)、700μmol·mol~(-1))协同作用下,红砂的抗氧化酶活性、渗透调节物质及生物量的变化规律。结果表明:(1)CO_2浓度升高及降水变化在6月和8月对红砂抗氧化酶活性,可溶性糖(SS)和脯氨酸(Pro)及生物量均有显著影响,但在8月份并不影响可溶性蛋白(SP)。(2)随着CO_2浓度升高,红砂体内抗氧化酶活性,渗透调节物质、根生物量和地上生物量呈增加趋势,且随着时间延长(8月份)对气候变化逐渐适应,丙二醛(MDA)和根冠比则呈下降趋势。(3)随着降水减少,红砂的抗氧化酶活性和丙二醛呈增加的趋势,地上生物量呈下降趋势,而渗透调节物质、根生物量和根冠比无论降水增加或减少都会增加。(4)高浓度CO_2和降水减少时,红砂通过调整自身生长和生物量分配,加大根冠比,提高吸水和保水能力;且有利于红砂渗透调节物质的积累,而且能促进其抗氧化酶活性的表达,使膜脂过氧化程度降低,丙二醛含量减少,对植物的氧化损伤有一定的保护作用。研究认为,CO_2浓度升高在一定程度上可以提高干旱半干旱地区红砂的抗旱能力,增强红砂对未来气候变化的适应。     

Di(1,N-ethenoadenosine)5′, 5-P,P-tetraphosphate, a fluorescent enzymatically active derivative of Ap4A

Di(1,N⁶-ethenoadenosine) 5′, 5-P¹, P⁴-tetraphosphate, ε-(Ap₄A), a fluorescent analog of Ap₄A has been synthesized by reaction of 2-chloroacetaldehyde with Ap₄A. At neutral pH this Ap₄A analog presents characteristic maxima at 265 and 274 nm, shoulders at ca 260 and 310 nm and moderate fluorescence (λ_exc 307 nm, λ_em 410 nm). Enzymatic hydrolysis of the phosphate backbone produced a slight hyperchromic effect but a notorious increase of the fluorescence emission. Cytosolic extracts from adrenochromaffin tissue as well as cultured chromaffin cells were able to split ε(Ap₄A) and catabolize the resulting ε-nucleotide moieties up to ε-Ado.