黄,渤海沿岸水域游泳动物群落结构时空格局异质性研究

依１９８０年至１９８５年搜集的系统生态学资料分析,黄渤海沿水域游泳动物群落由１８５种动物（１７７种鱼类和８种头足类）组成,暖温性和冷温性的复合区系,以及偶见种,季节种和习见种的多重生态学成分,以暖温性习见种占群落优势地位,其ＮＥＤ和ＢＥＤ分别占６８．８６％和６５．５９％,暖水性偶见种仅占０．１０％和０．１９％。群落结构的季节变化可归结为依ＢＥＤ聚合成暖季组（５－９月）和依ＮＥＤ聚合为冷季组（１０－     

Can dispersions be used for discriminating water quality status in coastal ecosystems? A case study on biofilm-dwelling microbial eukaryotes

Multivariate dispersions are an effective ecological indicator to evaluate the environmental heterogeneity and human disturbance in global ecological research. To explore the feasibility of the dispersions for assessing water quality status, a dataset of the biofilm-dwelling microbial eukaryote communities was studied in coastal waters of the Yellow Sea, northern China at two numerical resolutions. The community dispersion patterns represented a significant variability in both community structure and species composition in response to environmental heterogeneity. Multivariate approaches revealed that the species composition was the primary contributor to the community dispersion. Mantel analysis showed that the spatial variations in both community structure and species composition were significantly correlated with the changes of the nutrients, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The dispersion measures at both numerical resolutions were found to be remarkably related to the nutrient ammonium nitrogen and DO. Thus, we suggest that multivariate dispersions of the microbial eukaryote communities may be used as a potential bioindicator of water quality status in marine ecosystems.     

海南西部近岸浮游植物的周年变化及主要关联因素

报道了2008—2009年4季度海南西部近岸浮游植物群落的周年动态并探讨其主要关联因素。165份样品经鉴定共有浮游植物4门74属155种(含5变型和2变种),周年平均丰度为(6.36±4.75)×103cells/L。硅藻在物种组成和丰度上均占绝对优势,其次为甲藻,蓝藻(束毛藻)在7月增殖。主要优势种为菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、奇异棍形藻(Bacillaria paradoxa)、具槽帕拉藻(Paralia sulcata)、旋链角毛藻(Chaetoceros curvisetus)、笔尖根管藻(Rhizosolenia styliformis)、束毛藻(Trichodesmium spp.)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)等。物种组成的季节差异较大,10月浮游植物种类贫乏,1月次之,4月、7月最丰富。丰度10月最高,季节差异并不明显。束毛藻在4月、7月呈斑块状群聚分布。浮游植物周年平均丰度并不高(<1.0×104cells/L)。不同季节优势种有明显的交错和变化,菱形海线藻、奇异棍形藻、具槽帕拉藻为全年优势种。浮游植物物种多样性指数和均匀度都表现出较高的值,均匀度与多样性指数的季节变化特点基本一致,群落多样性高的季节物种均匀度也好。物种多样性指数指示调查区水体遭受污染程度低,水质状况优。调查区各季节的浮游植物丰度与温度之间无显著的相关关系,1月丰度与盐度则呈密切负相关关系。10月浮游植物丰度与无机氮(DIN)呈密切的正相关关系。7月浮游植物丰度与活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)呈密切的负相关关系。浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食压力直接影响到后者的丰度变动,并伴随着海区生态系统的相关复杂现象及生物学过程的作用。     

Spatial, seasonal and species variations of harmful algal blooms in the South Yellow Sea and East China Sea

The occurrences of harmful algal blooms (HABs), in terms of frequency and area in the Chinese coastal waters, have been increasing since 1980s and caused considerable economic losses. In the present study, we have analyzed spatial and seasonal characteristics of HAB events in the southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea along Chinese coast from 1933 to 2004. With a total 435 HAB records, the most frequent HAB occurrence area (FHA) is off the Yangtze River mouth and another two FHA areas are located south of the Yangtze River estuary along about isobaths of 30–60 m coastal water in the East China Sea. The time of HAB occurrence shifted during our study period: from autumn (August–October) before 1980s to July–August in 1980s, during May–July in 1990s, and May–June for the period of 2000–2004. Causative species were found to be different: Noctiluca scintillans and Skeletonema costatum were dominant causative species prior to 2000; and Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu was dominant from 2000 to 2004 and also caused large blooms in May. Trichodesmium sp. caused many HABs in autumn (August–October) prior to 1980s with only one HAB between 1980 and 2004. The changes of the dominant HAB species may have affected the timings of HAB occurrence, as well as the increasing HAB-affected areas in recent years.     

Epiphytic protozoans on reed rootlets from Dutch waters

The protozoans attached to the submerged roots of reed (Phragmites australis) in some small waters in Holland were studied during one year. Reed was chosen because it is a very common natural substrate for epiphytically living animals. Marked changes in species abundance and overall population density are reported. Most important quantitatively were the ciliates, especially peritrichs, on which emphasis is laid. Vorticella campanula Ehrenberg, 1831 is found to be the dominant species in spring and summer, other vorticellas being also very numerous. Suctorian populations seem to change strongly within weeks without apparent reason. Small attached flagellates were also common. No stalked Heliozoa or medium-sized flagellates were found. The generalisation of the results and comparisons with the literature are discussed. Zoological Laboratory, University of Amsterdam     

北黄海秋、冬季浮游动物多样性及年间变化

2009年秋、冬季在北黄海全海域121°30'-124°00'E、37°30'-40°00'N范围开展了浮游动物多样性监测及年间变化研究,探讨浮游动物多样性对海流及全球变化的指示。共鉴定出浮游动物8大类28种(不含6大类浮游幼虫和鱼卵仔鱼),类群组成以暖温性近岸种和广温广盐种为主,兼有少量冷温性和暖水性外海种。聚类分析将浮游动物群落划分为:北黄海高盐水团群落、北黄海混合水团群落、北黄海沿岸低盐水团群落。2009年秋、冬季在北黄海均监测到暖水种小齿海樽和肥胖箭虫,前者形成秋季浮游动物优势种,但1959年调查显示它们向北分布不能抵达北黄海,这些暖水种的向北扩布可能预示着黄海暖流的增强。2009年秋、冬季北黄海主要暖温种中华哲水蚤和强壮箭虫丰度也较1959年同期有所升高。研究表明全球变化影响下温带海域北黄海浮游动物暖水种种类增加、分布北移,暖温种丰度升高,这与亚热带海域东海浮游动物对气候变暖的响应模式不同,能够为浮游动物对全球变暖的区域响应机制研究提供参考资料。     

黄海中部高眼鲽的摄食及随体长的变化

对2004年1月-2005年10月在黄海中部采集的622尾高眼鲽样品的胃含物进行分析.结果表明：高眼鲽摄食的食物种类包括11类38种,其中甲壳类和瓣鳃类为优势饵料类群,共占食物相对重要性指数百分比的99%;食物中的优势饵料种类为太平洋磷虾、脊腹褐虾和樱蛤.与20世纪80年代相比,黄海高眼鲽的摄食强度下降,食物组成发生了较大的变化;鱼类不再是优势饵料类群,鳀鱼在食物中所占的比例明显下降.通过聚类分析和列联表检验等方法对高眼鲽摄食随体长的变化进行研究,结果表明：体长在51～370 mm范围内的高眼鲽的摄食强度没有显著的体长变化,但不同体长组摄食的食物种类有一定差异.＜119 mm的主要以磷虾类和底层虾类为食;体长在120～199 mm的除以磷虾类和底层虾类为主要食物外,还摄食相当比例的瓣鳃类和鱼类;＞200 mm的则主要摄食底层虾类和鱼类,磷虾类所占比例减小.     

黄海生态系统高营养层次生物群落功能群及其主要种类

根据2000年秋季和2001年春季在黄海的两次大面调查,选取生物量占总生物量90%的生物种类为研究对象,分析了黄海生态系统以及3个生态区(冷水团海域、近岸水域和黄海南部水域)春秋两季高营养层次生物群落的功能群组成及其主要种类.结果表明,黄海生态系统高营养层次生物群落包括6个功能群.按生物量排序为:浮游生物食性功能群、底栖动物食性功能群、鱼食性功能群、虾食性功能群、广食性功能群和虾/鱼食性功能群,各功能群营养级范围分别为3.22～3.35、3.30～3.46、4.04～4.50、3.80～4.00、3.38～3.79和4.01.黄海生态系统的主要功能群为浮游生物食性功能群和底栖动物食性功能群,占总生物量的79.6%;主要种类包括13种:小黄鱼、鳀、细巧仿对虾、银鲳、细点圆趾蟹、带鱼、黑鳃梅童、黄鲫、龙头鱼、双斑蟳、细纹狮子鱼、三疣梭子蟹和凤鲚,约占总生物量的70.6%.从不同季节看,春季黄海不同生态区高营养层次的营养级接近,而秋季差别较大,这主要与生物繁殖和索饵群体组成及摄食习性相关.从不同生态区看,黄海冷水团海域高营养层次生物群落以浮游生物食性功能群为主,受季节变化的影响较小,其高营养层次的营养级接近.黄海近岸水域和黄海南部水域高营养层次生物群落功能群组成受季节的影响较大,秋季的营养级均高于春季的营养级.这表明黄海冷水团海域较近岸水域和南部水域稳定,是黄海的一个典型的生态区域.     

夏季南海北部纤毛虫群落组成及其水平分布

在2007年中国科学院南海海洋研究所南海北部开放航次期间,设计了两条纤毛虫采样断面(X断面、Y断面),共13个站位,涵盖了珠江冲淡水区、粤东上升流区和陆坡开阔海区,旨在对纤毛虫的种类组成和空间分布及其影响因素进行探讨。共检出4纲8目22属38种纤毛虫,其中种类数最多的属是砂壳目拟铃虫属(9种),其次是急游目急游属(5种)。本航次中纤毛虫主要是砂壳目纤毛虫(27种),共鉴定出砂壳虫15属27种。纤毛虫优势种为蚤状中缢虫Mesodinium pulex(18.1%),其次是丁丁急游虫Strombidium tintinnodes(9.7%),盾形拟铃虫Tintinnopsis urula(5.8%)。纤毛虫种类数和丰度从近岸向外海逐渐减少,纤毛虫种类数与温度(R2=0.53,P0.05)和盐度(R2=0.43,P0.05)呈负相关,随着温度的升高,纤毛虫种类数逐渐降低。纤毛虫丰度与温度和盐度相关性并不明显,这可能由于受上升流的影响,近岸上升流高盐区存在着纤毛虫丰度较为丰富的情况。叶绿素a浓度与纤毛虫种类数(R2=0.36,P0.05)和纤毛虫丰度(R2=0.36,P0.05)呈正相关,近岸浮游植物生物量高,纤毛虫种类丰富,丰度大,叶绿素a沿纵断面降低,纤毛虫种类数和丰度也降低。     

Ecological balance between ciliate plankton and its prey candidates,pico- and nanoplankton,in the East China Sea

Standing stocks of ciliate plankton and its prey candidates, both picoplankton and nanoplankton, were investigated in spring in the East China Sea. The former was 1.36 × 10⁵–1.54 × 10⁸ μm³ l⁻¹ in biovolume, and the latter was 5.33 × 10⁶–1.11 × 10⁸ μm³ l⁻¹. The biovolume ratio of ciliate plankton to prey candidates ranged from 1.31 × 10⁻² to 2.00 × 10⁰; it was larger in abundant prey conditions and smaller in sparse preys. Making some plausible assumptions about physiological activity on both organisms, every ratio meet the quantitative restriction that prey production should be equal to or larger than ciliate consumption. However, prey candidates would be so sparsely distributed that ciliate plankton could not capture sufficient prey organisms in its random filter-feeding manner. Even though planktonic ciliates must have some extraordinary mechanisms to capture preys efficiently, this quantitative imbalance might be one of the reasons for decreasing ciliate/prey ratio in sparse prey conditions. Handling editor: K. Martens     

黄海南部黄鮟鱇摄食生态

根据对2008年9月至2009年7月在黄海南部所捕获的黄鮟鱇胃含物的分析,对其摄食生态进行了研究。结果表明,黄海南部黄鮟鱇主要摄食小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)、矛尾鰕虎鱼(Chaeturichthys stigmatias)、细条天竺鲷(Apogonichthys lineatus)、带鱼(Trichiurus haumela)、龙头鱼(Harpadon nehereus)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、鳀鱼(Engraulis japonicus)等饵料生物。鱼类是黄鮟鱇最主要的摄食类群,在食物中所占的重量百分比之和为83.44%。黄鮟鱇的摄食强度具有明显的季节变化和体长变化,冬季最高,春季最低;小于100mm体长组最高,大于500mm体长组最低。在4个季节和6个体长组中,小黄鱼都是黄鮟鱇胃中重量百分比最高的饵料生物。矛尾鰕虎鱼和细条天竺鲷在黄鮟鱇幼鱼胃含物中所占比例较高,但在成鱼胃含物中所占比例较低。聚类分析的结果显示,黄鮟鱇在体长为100mm时发生食性转换。黄鮟鱇营养级为3.66,表明其在东、黄海食物网中处于较高的位置。     

Annual Changes of Abundance and Biomass of Planktonic Ciliates in the Gdańsk Basin,Southern Baltic

Seasonal changes in the species composition, abundance and biomass of planktonic ciliates were determined every 2–3 weeks at two sites of 30 m depth and one location of 105 m depth in the southwestern Gdańsk Basin between January 1987 and January 1988. A total of 40 ciliate taxa were observed during this period. Autotrophic Mesodinium rubrum dominated ciliate abundance and biomass: maximal values of 50 · 10⁻¹ ind. ^1-1 and 65 μg C 1⁻¹ were recorded. The annual mean biomass of M. rubrum comprised 6 to 9% of the annual mean phytoplankton biomass. The highest abundances and biomasses of heterotrophic ciliates were noted at all stations in the spring and summer in the euphotic zone with maximum values of 28 · 10³ ind. 1⁻¹ and 23 μg C 1⁻¹. Three ciliates assemblages were distinguished in the epipelagic layer: large and medium-size non-predatory ciliates, achieving peak abundance in spring and autumn; small-size microphagous ciliates and epibiotic ciliates which were abundant in summer, and large-size predacious ciliates dominating in spring. Below 60 m, a separate deep-water ciliate community composed of Prorodon-like ciliates and Metacystis spp. was found. The ciliate biomass in the 60–105 m layer was similar to the ciliate biomass in the euphotic zone. The heterotrophic ciliate community contributed 10 to 13% to the annual mean zooplankton biomass. The potential annual production of M. rubrum comprised 6 to 9% of the total primary production. Carbon demand of non-predatory ciliates, calculated on the basis of their potential production, was estimated to be equivalent to 12–15% of the gross primary production.     

江苏沿岸海域浮游病毒的时空分布

在2006.7—2007.12期间,采用SYBR Green I染色-荧光显微直接计数法,对江苏沿海海域浮游病毒丰度进行了四个季度的调查,同时调查还包括细菌丰度、叶绿素a浓度。浮游病毒水平分布呈现中间高,两侧低。苏北浅滩海域病毒含量最高,最高值为47.90×106个/mL;吕泗海域最低,最低值为0.03×106个/mL。季节变化表现为冬季最高,夏季次之,春秋季相当。垂直分布也变现为明显的季节变化,除秋季外,表层浮游病毒丰度高于底层水体。浮游病毒与细菌丰度比(VBR)为0.30—180.08,平均为18.35。春季浮游病毒与叶绿素a、细菌之间均存在较强的相关性,相关系数分别为0.79和0.74(P<0.01);而在秋季,浮游病毒只与细菌有较强的相关性(r=0.79,P<0.01),这说明不同季节,浮游病毒的主要宿主会发生变化。     

Phylogenetic analysis of the composition of bacterial communities in human-exploited coastal environments from Mallorca Island (Spain)

The phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities in environments receiving anthropogenic impact could help us to understand its effects and might be useful in the development of monitoring or management strategies. A study of the composition of 16S rDNA clone libraries prepared from bacterial communities in water samples from a marina and a beach on the coast of Mallorca (W. Mediterranean) was undertaken at two time points, corresponding to periods of maximum and minimum anthropogenic use of this area for nautical and recreational activities. Libraries generated from the marina were significantly different from those from the beach and a non-impacted, bay sample. In the marina, a predominance of sequence types was observed related to bacterioplankton from nutrient-enriched environments or typically associated with phytoplankton, such as certain phylotypes of the Roseobacter clade, OM60 clade and Bacteroidetes. Similar results were found in the summer beach library but not in the winter one, in which there was an increase in the number of clones from oligotrophic groups, in agreement with lower chlorophyll content and bacterial counts. Therefore, nutrient enrichment seemed to be an important driver of the composition of bacterial communities in sites receiving direct human impact. Interesting sequence types from the Cryomorphaceae and group agg58 (Bacteroidetes) were exclusively found in beach libraries, and the reasons for this distribution deserve further study. Clones related to putative hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter were observed in the marina, in agreement with a certain degree of pollution at this site. Non-marine sequences belonging to the Actinobacteria predominated over marine groups in the summer library from the marina and, therefore, unusual communities might be transiently present in this enclosed environment. Overall, the composition of the bacterial communities in these environments agreed well with the defining characteristics of the environments sampled.     

山东近海鱼类群落分类多样性

根据相关文献整理了山东近海鱼类名录,并根据1998—2009年山东近海鱼类调查名录,应用平均分类差异指数(Δ+)和分类差异变异指数(Λ+)研究了鱼类分类学多样性特征。结果表明,山东近海鱼类名录包括2纲28目91科169属225种,1998年调查仅2纲11目41科58属62种,2006年调查为1纲13目41科71属78种,2009年调查为1纲9目32科55属62种。1998年—2009年调查鱼类种类远远低于鱼类名录记录的种数,分类阶元包含指数较低,平均每属包含1.1种。根据山东近海鱼类名录计算鱼类平均分类差异指数为66.1,分类差异变异指数为141.7;1998—2009年历次调查鱼类平均分类差异指数在60.9—62.7之间,分类差异变异指数在65.4—92.3之间。将1998—2009年历次调查鱼类群落分类多样性指数计算值叠加到山东近海鱼类总名录的95%置信漏斗曲线图,结果表明大部分调查值在置信漏斗曲线之外,目前山东近海鱼类分类多样性已大幅下降。     

儒艮在中国近海的分布

儒艮Dugong dugon(Muller,1776)隶属海牛目Sirenia,儒艮科Dugongidae,俗称海牛,又称人鱼,海南岛渔民称海马。以往中国沿海产儒艮的研究甚少,只Hirasaka(1932)和寿振黄(1958)有过头骨及骨骼的描述报道,对其生态及分布方面的调查研究还没有深入的开展。1962年、1981年和1984年我们对儒艮在中国沿岸的分布进行了调查访问,并对近年所得儒艮的外形作了一些测量。现将所得资料整理报道。