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Are compound leaves an adaptation to seasonal drought or to rapid growth? Evidence from the Amazon rain forest 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ana C. M. Malhado Robert J. Whittaker Yadvinder Malhi Richard J. Ladle Hans ter Steege Oliver Phillips L. E. O. C. Aragão Timothy R. Baker Luzmilla Arroyo Samuel Almeida Niro Higuchi Tim J. Killeen Abel Monteagudo Nigel C. A. Pitman Adriana Prieto Rafael P. Salomão Rodolfo Vásquez‐Martínez William F. Laurance Hirma Ramírez‐Angulo 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2010,19(6):852-862
Aim To assess the hypotheses that compound leaves of trees in the Amazon forest are an adaptation to drought and/or rapid growth. Location Amazon rain forest, South America. Methods Genera from 137 permanent forest plots spread across Amazonia were classified into those with compound leaves and those with simple leaves. Metrics of compound leaf prevalence were then calculated for each plot and regression models that accounted for spatial autocorrelation were used to identify associations between climate variables and compound leaf structure. We also tested for associations between compound leaf structure and a variety of ecological variables related to life history and growth strategies, including wood density, annual increase in diameter and maximum height. Results One plant family, Fabaceae, accounts for 53% of compound‐leaved individuals in the dataset, and has a geographical distribution strongly centred on north‐east Amazonia. On exclusion of Fabaceae from the analysis we found no significant support for the seasonal drought hypothesis. However, we found evidence supporting the rapid growth hypothesis, with possession of compound leaves being associated with faster diameter growth rates and lower wood densities. Main conclusion This study provides evidence that possession of compound leaves constitutes one of a suite of traits and life‐history strategies that promote rapid growth in rain forest trees. Our findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the geographical distribution of dominant taxa and spatial clustering of data points when inferring ecological causation from environment–trait associations. 相似文献
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- The interspecific relationships between abundance and site occupancy have been widely studied in plants and animals, but principally in terrestrial systems. With few exceptions, a positive abundance–occupancy relationship has been reported. Few publications have included freshwater fish, possibly suggesting a general lack of abundance–occupancy patterns for this taxonomic group.
- We examined the relationship between abundance and the extent of site occupancy by 145 species of freshwater fish, including nine non‐indigenous species, sampled over 85 sites spread across the Duck River Basin, Tennessee, U.S.A.
- A distinct (r2 = 0.79) positive abundance–occupancy curve was observed, with curves differing relative to feeding and size guilds, but not relative to environmental tolerance, conservation status (i.e. listed/non‐listed), or origin (i.e. indigenous/non‐indigenous).
- The patterns observed are consistent with those reported in many studies of terrestrial taxa.
- The existence of positive abundance–occupancy relationships in stream fish has at least two major implications for fish conservation. First, species that decrease in occupancy due to anthropogenic disturbances are likely to decrease in abundance, facing inflated prospects for local extinction. Second, occupancy alone may be used to index community status and the need for, or success of, conservation activities.
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Ann Carla Staver Paulo M. Brando Jos Barlow Douglas C. Morton C.E. Timothy Paine Yadvinder Malhi Alejandro Araujo Murakami Jhon del Aguila Pasquel 《Ecology letters》2020,23(1):99-106
Understory fires represent an accelerating threat to Amazonian tropical forests and can, during drought, affect larger areas than deforestation itself. These fires kill trees at rates varying from < 10 to c. 90% depending on fire intensity, forest disturbance history and tree functional traits. Here, we examine variation in bark thickness across the Amazon. Bark can protect trees from fires, but it is often assumed to be consistently thin across tropical forests. Here, we show that investment in bark varies, with thicker bark in dry forests and thinner in wetter forests. We also show that thinner bark translated into higher fire‐driven tree mortality in wetter forests, with between 0.67 and 5.86 gigatonnes CO2 lost in Amazon understory fires between 2001 and 2010. Trait‐enabled global vegetation models that explicitly include variation in bark thickness are likely to improve the predictions of fire effects on carbon cycling in tropical forests. 相似文献
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Grant Vernham;Joseph J. Bailey;Richard Field;Franziska Schrodt; 《Global Ecology and Biogeography》2024,33(11):e13904
Heterogeneity of the Earth's abiotic surface and subsurface (geodiversity) is increasingly recognised as an important driver of biodiversity. Theoretically, species' traits should match to abiotic conditions in the local environment. Here, we test this for the first time at a continental extent by analysing the relationships between geodiversity and plant trait diversity in forested vegetation plots across Europe, at three plot sizes (100, 400 and 1000 m2). 相似文献
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Josep Padullés Cubino; 《Oikos》2023,2023(2):e09579
Understanding how species turnover responds to environmental change may provide insights into the ecological factors influencing biogeographical patterns. Here, I examined geographic patterns in taxonomic and functional turnover of tree assemblages in Europe and compared the influence of environmental factors on turnover. I conducted a principal component analysis with nine above- and below-ground plant traits for 210 tree species. I used the resulting four principal components (82% of the variance) to create five functional dendrograms considering all trait dimensions together and individually. Further, I used species composition and the functional dendrograms to calculate pairwise taxonomic and functional turnover between tree assemblages in 100 × 100 km grid cells across Europe. To assess the influence of temperature, precipitation, precipitation seasonality, soil pH and geographic distance on taxonomic and functional turnover, I conducted multiple regression on distance matrices (MRM). I also compared the slope of the relationship between functional turnover and environmental distance among trait dimensions to detect what ecological strategies may be more sensitive to environmental changes. I found that mean taxonomic and functional turnover was particularly high in lowland areas of the Mediterranean Basin. Geographic patterns of individual trait dimensions largely reproduced those considering all trait dimensions together, additionally revealing some regional differences. MRM explained a similar fraction of the variation in taxonomic and functional turnover. The influence of environmental distance was stronger for trait dimensions related to tree size and woodiness than for trait dimensions related to the leaf and root economics. I conclude that geographic patterns in the turnover of tree assemblages in Europe coincide with major biome transitions. Deterministic assembly processes act differently on key ecological strategies of tree assemblages at the continental scale. 相似文献
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Marco Schmidt Adjima Thiombiano Alexander Zizka Konstantin König Ulrike Brunken Georg Zizka 《African Journal of Ecology》2011,49(4):490-500
Grasses (Poaceae) are the largest family of vascular plants in Burkina Faso with 254 species. In the savannahs they are the most important family in terms of abundance and species richness, in other habitats, such as gallery forests, there are only few species. On the country scale there is a change in growth form: while in the Sahelian north most grasses are small therophytes, the Sudanian south is characterized by tall, often perennial grasses. To analyse these patterns in detail, we compiled a database on grass occurrences and used it in an ecological niche modelling approach with the programme Maxent to obtain country‐wide distribution models. Secondly we used data on photosynthetic type, height, leaf width and growth form to aggregate the species distributions and quantified the relative importance of functional groups per grid cell. Pronounced latitudinal differences could be shown for life forms, photosynthesis and size: the drier north is characterized by smaller, mainly therophytic grasses with a high share of C4 NAD‐ME photosynthesis, while the more humid south is characterized by tall, often hemicryptophytic grasses with C4 NADP‐ME photosynthesis. For leaf width, no clear country‐wide patterns could be observed, but local differences with more broad‐leaved grasses in humid areas. 相似文献
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Matheus de T. Moroti;Alexander Skeels;Fernando R. da Silva;Diogo B. Provete; 《Journal of Biogeography》2024,51(12):2484-2497
Two classes of mechanisms offer opposing explanations for biodiversity patterns: Equilibrium and nonequilibrium dynamics. While not necessarily mutually exclusive, studies investigating their relative support have shown mixed results. Thus, contrasting these mechanisms across multiple taxa in the same geographic area can provide valuable insights into their role in explaining different biodiversity facets. Here, we evaluated which variables representing these dynamics best explain functional and taxonomic diversity of four tetrapod clades in a global hotspot. 相似文献
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Evolutionary radiations are responsible for much of Earth's diversity, yet the causes of these radiations are often elusive. Determining the relative roles of adaptation and geographic isolation in diversification is vital to understanding the causes of any radiation, and whether a radiation may be labeled as “adaptive” or not. Across many groups of plants, trait–climate relationships suggest that traits are an important indicator of how plants adapt to different climates. In particular, analyses of plant functional traits in global databases suggest that there is an “economics spectrum” along which combinations of functional traits covary along a fast–slow continuum. We examine evolutionary associations among traits and between trait and climate variables on a strongly supported phylogeny in the iconic plant genus Protea to identify correlated evolution of functional traits and the climatic‐niches that species occupy. Results indicate that trait diversification in Protea has climate associations along two axes of variation: correlated evolution of plant size with temperature and leaf investment with rainfall. Evidence suggests that traits and climatic‐niches evolve in similar ways, although some of these associations are inconsistent with global patterns on a broader phylogenetic scale. When combined with previous experimental work suggesting that trait–climate associations are adaptive in Protea, the results presented here suggest that trait diversification in this radiation is adaptive. 相似文献
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不同退耕年限退耕地的环境差异以及不同生物间的相互作用导致各阶段植物功能型物种数量不同。研究退耕地植被自然恢复过程中不同植物功能型适应策略及功能型物种数量随退耕年限的变化,对于理解植物对环境的响应机制及植物的适应策略具有重要意义。采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,以延河流域森林草原区不同退耕年限、自然恢复的植物群落为研究对象,调查了不同退耕年限的植物群落33个,共44种植物,涉及16个科35个属,分别测定了每个物种的叶厚度、比叶面积、叶组织密度、叶片氮含量、比根长、根组织密度、细根氮含量等7项能够反映植物生存对策且易于测量的功能性状。依据这7项植物功能性状,采用数量分类方法将全部物种划分为3个功能型。结果表明:(1)根据C-S-R理论,功能型Ⅰ植物用于防御的投资较多,生长速率处于中间水平,偏向于\"胁迫-干扰型\",功能型Ⅱ植物能够通过维持体内的养分平衡的方式对抗资源贫瘠或干旱的环境,偏向于\"胁迫-竞争型\"对策,而功能型Ⅲ植物吸收大量的营养和资源用于生长,偏向于\"竞争型\";(2)功能型Ⅰ在整个植被恢复时间序列中占据优势地位(61%—80%),并呈增加趋势,功能型Ⅱ则由恢复初期的25%降低为恢复后期的15%,功能型Ⅲ从恢复初期的14%降低到恢复后期的5%。同时,在功能型Ⅰ内部,优势物种也发生着相应的相互替代。虽然土壤养分含量整体上随着植被自然恢复时间的延长而呈上升趋势,但是植物的生存环境并未改善到不存在干扰与胁迫的程度。因此,在植被恢复初期的四、五十年内,\"胁迫-干扰型\"策略的植物占据着绝对优势。随着植被恢复时间的延长,能够高效利用资源且抗胁迫能力强的物种代替了以快速生长和传播为适应策略的物种。 相似文献
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Irena Šímová Jens‐Christian Svenning Jens Kattge Kristine Engemann Brody Sandel Robert K. Peet Susan K. Wiser Benjamin Blonder Brian J. McGill Brad Boyle Naia Morueta‐Holme Nathan J. B. Kraft Peter M. van Bodegom Alvaro G. Gutiérrez Michael Bahn Wim A. Ozinga Anna Tószögyová Brian J. Enquist 《Journal of Biogeography》2018,45(4):895-916
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自然界中,任何植物都具有多种多样的功能性状,这些功能性状协同或互补地帮助植物适应外界复杂多变的环境。因此,多种功能性状间的复杂关系变化规律,很大程度上可以体现植物生存、生长和繁殖等方面的适应策略及其对环境的响应机制。目前,大多数研究局限于单一或特定几个性状间的简单关系,多维度思维及其量化方法在植物功能性状研究中还非常罕见,制约了人们对植物多维度适应机制的深入认知。传统的分析方法,如相关分析、主成分分析、通径分析、结构方程模型等,都难以阐明多种功能性状间的复杂关系。针对该科学难题,科研人员创新性地引入多维度网络分析理念、发展了“植物功能性状网络”的理论体系(Plant trait networks, PTNs),拓展了从功能性状网络的角度揭示植物适应策略的新方法。植物功能性状网络被定义为由多种功能性状间相互关系构成的多维度网络,它采用其自身的整体特征或节点特征来表征植物性状之间的复杂关系、以及植物个体、功能群、群落对环境变化或干扰等的响应与适应途径。在此基础上,科研人员发展了PTNs的5个网络整体参数和4个核心节点参数,并定义了其生理生态意义。植物功能性状网络分析具有多维度捕获和可视化植物多性状间关系的潜力,为揭示植物对环境或资源变化响应与适应策略提供了全新的视角。本文在介绍PTNs的概念、理论、参数和方法的基础上,结合中国东部南北森林样带数据和全球叶片功能性状数据等,从多个角度阐述了PTNs的科学性与适应性。在深入解读先前植物功能性状网络概念体系、理论意义和潜在挑战的基础上,结合最新应用进展进行了补充,希望通过广泛讨论,完善植物功能性状网络概念体系,为探究植物不同尺度的多维度适应机制、及其对全球变化的响应等问题提供新的解决方案,切实推动植物功能性状领域的发展。 相似文献
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Mark E. Sherrard Hafiz Maherali Robert G. Latta 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2009,63(3):702-715
Environmental stress can alter genetic variation and covariation underlying functional traits, and thus affect adaptive evolution in response to natural selection. However, the genetic basis of functional traits is rarely examined in contrasting resource environments, and consequently, there is no consensus regarding whether environmental stress constrains or facilitates adaptive evolution. We tested whether resource availability affects genetic variation for and covariation among seven physiological traits and seven morphological/performance traits by growing the annual grass Avena barbata in dry and well-watered treatments. We found that differences in the overall genetic variance–covariance ( G ) matrix between environments were driven by physiological traits rather than morphology and performance traits. More physiological traits were heritable in the dry treatment than the well-watered treatment and many of the genetic correlations among physiological traits were environment dependent. In contrast, genetic variation and covariation among the morphological and performance traits did not differ across treatments. Furthermore, genetic correlations between physiology and performance were stronger in the dry treatment, which contributed to differences in the overall G -matrix. Our results therefore suggest that physiological adaptation would be constrained by low heritable variation in resource-rich environments, but facilitated by higher heritable variation and stronger genetic correlations with performance traits in resource-poor environments. 相似文献
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Aims Several studies have shown that plant height changes along environmental gradients. However, altitudinal patterns of plant height across species are still unclear, especially in regions sensitive to climate change. As canopy height decreases dramatically near the tree line in alpine areas, we hypothesize that plant height across all species also decreases with increasing altitude, and distinct thresholds exist along this gradient.Methods Using a large dataset of maximum plant height and elevation range (400 to 6000 m a.s.l.) of 4295 angiosperms from the regional flora of the Tibetan Plateau, we regressed plant height for every 100 m belt against elevation to explore the relationships. To identify the approximate boundaries where dramatic changes in plant height occurs for herbaceous plants, shrubs, trees, woody plants and all angiosperms, we used piecewise linear regression. Phylogenetically independent contrast was used to test the potential evolutionary influences on altitudinal patterns at the family level.Important findings Results showed that for herbaceous plants, shrubs, trees, woody plants and all angiosperms, plant height decreases significantly as altitude increases. In addition, we found that altitude, a proxy for many environmental factors, had obvious thresholds (breakpoints) dictating patterns of plant height. The results of phylogenetically independent contrast also emphasized the importance of evolutionary history in determining the altitudinal patterns of plant height for some growth forms. Our results highlight the relative intense filtering effect of environmental factors in shaping patterns of functional traits and how this could vary for different ranges of environmental variables. 相似文献
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Xing‐Yue M. Ge Joshua P. Scholl Ursula Basinger Travis E. Huxman D. Lawrence Venable 《Ecology letters》2019,22(4):583-592
Phylogenetically informed trait comparisons across entire communities show promise in advancing community ecology. We use this approach to better understand the composition of a community of winter annual plants with multiple decades of monitoring and detailed morphological, phenological and physiological measurements. Previous research on this system revealed a physiological trade‐off among dominant species that accurately predicts population and community dynamics. Here we expanded our investigation to 51 species, representing 96% of individual plants recorded over 30 years, and analysed trait relationships in the context of species abundance and phylogenetic relationships. We found that the functional‐trait trade‐off scales to the entire community, albeit with diminished strength. It is strongest for dominant species and weakens as progressively rarer species are included. The trade‐off has been consistently expressed over three decades of environmental change despite some turnover in the identity of dominant species. 相似文献
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Jean‐Yves Barnagaud W. Daniel Kissling Brody Sandel Wolf L. Eiserhardt Çağan H. Şekercioğlu Brian J. Enquist Constantinos Tsirogiannis Jens‐Christian Svenning 《Ecology letters》2014,17(7):811-820
The extent to which species’ ecological and phylogenetic relatedness shape their co‐occurrence patterns at large spatial scales remains poorly understood. By quantifying phylogenetic assemblage structure within geographic ranges of >8000 bird species, we show that global co‐occurrence patterns are linked – after accounting for regional effects – to key ecological traits reflecting diet, mobility, body size and climatic preference. We found that co‐occurrences of carnivorous, migratory and cold‐climate species are phylogenetically clustered, whereas nectarivores, herbivores, frugivores and invertebrate eaters tend to be more phylogenetically overdispersed. Preference for open or forested habitats appeared to be independent from the level of phylogenetic clustering. Our results advocate for an extension of the tropical niche conservatism hypothesis to incorporate ecological and life‐history traits beyond the climatic niche. They further offer a novel species‐oriented perspective on how biogeographic and evolutionary legacies interact with ecological traits to shape global patterns of species coexistence in birds. 相似文献