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1.
Question: How do seed germination and subsequent seedling survival of O. semicastrata (Hance forma litchiifolia How) vary with respect to distance from parent trees and conspecific density in different types of tropical forest? Are there effects of soil biota on O. semicastrata that systematically depend on distance from parent trees and conspecific density? Do soil pathogens differently affect survival of O. semicastrata in different types of tropical forest? Location: Tropical lowland rain forest and tropical montane rain forest in Jianfengling National Nature Reserve, Hainan Island, China. Methods: Individual adult O. semicastrata trees were selected in lowland rain forest and montane rain forest. Soil was collected at a distance of 0‐5 m or 15‐20 m from the parent tree. Soil samples from each distance were combined into a bulk sample. Half of the soil sample was sterilized by autoclaving. Surface‐sterilized seeds were then added to the soil material in shade‐houses at both forests. Results: Germination of O. semicastrata seeds at low‐ or high‐seed density was barely affected by the sterilization procedure. In both forests, seedlings grown in non‐sterilized soil collected close to parent trees had significantly higher mortality compared to those in sterilized soil. In contrast, seedling survival with soil collected far from parent trees was not affected by the soil sterilization procedure. Conclusions: Host‐specific pathogens concentrated in the soil around parent trees may regulate community structure of tropical trees at the stage of seedling development. 相似文献
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对塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林林隙基本特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明：形成的林隙形状近似于椭圆形,椭圆长短轴比率在扩展林隙(EG)和冠空隙(CG)有所不同,平均分别为1.52和2.31;林隙密度约为62.5个?hm-2, EG和CG在塔里木荒漠河岸林景观中的面积比例分别为69.52%和29.03%,干扰频率分别为1.45%?a-1和0.61%?a-1,林隙干扰返回间隔期约为164a。林隙大小结构表现出以小林隙为主的偏正态分布,EG大小40—200m2,CG大小0—80m2。林隙形成速率为1.30个?hm-2a-1,20—30a前形成的林隙最多。林隙形成方式由树木折干 枯立形成的最为普遍,占形成木总数95.73%。林隙大多由2—5株形成木形成, 而由4株形成木创造的林隙最多,平均每个林隙拥有形成木4.1株。林隙形成木主要为森林建群种,林隙形成木分布最多的径级在5—25cm,高度在4—8m,每株形成木所能形成的EG面积为27.12m2, CG面积为11.32m2。边缘木的径级结构呈正态分布,而高度结构呈偏左的正态分布,平均每个林隙拥有8.375株边缘木,林隙边缘木平均胸径比形成木平均胸径高73.1%,表明荒漠河岸林林隙干扰十分频繁,地下水位的持续下降是林隙形成的驱动力。 相似文献
3.
JANET FRANKLIN 《Austral ecology》2007,32(7):789-797
Abstract In late 2001 a category 3 cyclone impacted forest plots that were established in Tonga in 1995, and additionally, one plot was accidentally burned by an escaped land‐clearing fire. Subsequent surveys provide observations of 10 years of forest dynamics in this poorly studied region, and the first reported observations of large interannual variation in juvenile (seedling and sapling) abundance in the western tropical Pacific. The severely disturbed (burned) plot was initially colonized by a non‐native early pioneer, Carica papaya L., but 3.5 years later a native pioneer, Macaranga harveyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg., was the most abundant tree species. The seedling layer included some long‐lived pioneers and shade‐tolerant species. Two mature forest plots affected only by the cyclone changed very little over a decade. Late‐successional shade‐tolerant species that dominated the overstory were also abundant as seedlings and saplings. This is in contrast with a 30‐ to 40‐year‐old, formerly cultivated, secondary forest plot that still shows no recruitment of late‐successional dominants, in spite of the proximity of remnant forest patches. This study suggests differing pathways of succession following shifting cultivation versus cyclone and fire disturbances in Tonga. Land use legacies appear to have a long‐lasting effect on community composition. 相似文献
4.
Biotic interactions have been controversial in distributional ecology, mainly in regards to whether they have effects over broad extents, with the negative view known as the Eltonian noise hypothesis (ENH). In this study, we evaluated the ENH for Phytotoma raimondii, a restricted‐range Peruvian endemic bird species: we developed models based on 1) only abiotic conditions, 2) only host plant distributions, and 3) both abiotic conditions and host plant distributions; models were evaluated with partial receiver operating characteristic test and Akaike information criteria metrics. We rejected the ENH for this case: biotic interactions improved the model. The frequency with which exceptions to the ENH are detected has important implications for distributional ecology and methods for estimating distributions of species. 相似文献
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The conversion of tropical rain forests to oil palm plantations is a major threat to Southeast Asia's rich biodiversity. Fostering forest species communities in secondary forests, agroforestry systems, and plantations is therefore increasingly becoming a conservation focus. This study uses standardized transect‐based sampling to compare species richness, density and community composition of stream anuran assemblages among primary forests, repeatedly logged forests and oil palm plantations in northern Borneo. In primary forest streams, we recorded an average of 19 frog species, compared to 15 species in logged forests and 11 species in oil palm plantation streams. However, the high percentage of canopy cover above the plantation streams mitigated this loss to some extent. This study corroborates numerous studies that oil palm plantations have mainly negative effects on the region's biodiversity. However, our results also demonstrate the high conservation value of logged forests for Bornean stream‐dependent anurans. We conclude that palm plantations have a largely unused potential to promote regional anuran biodiversity. 相似文献
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Understanding how different components of species diversity of regenerating areas respond to both time of abandonment and landscape metrics may offer crucial information for both theoretical and practical purposes. Using 15 regeneration areas (from 4 to 30 years) and nine areas of mature forest, we assessed how tree seedling assemblage responds to time of abandonment and forest cover in terms of species diversity and taxonomic composition. We found that species diversity of seedlings responded positively to time of abandonment, but was not influence by forest cover. Diversity of rare and common species (0D and 1D, respectively) but not dominant species (2D) increased with time of abandonment, reaching reference values very quickly (ca. 20 years). However, species composition seemed to respond to both ageing of forest stand and landscape structure represented by forest cover. Our findings reinforce that in human‐dominated landscapes, local processes related to recovery with time should be more important for plant community assembly than landscape structure, leading to a number of possibilities for multiple successional pathways. Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material. 相似文献
8.
JEAN-MARC THIOLLAY 《Biodiversity and Conservation》1997,6(8):1155-1173
The composition and structure of bird communities, and the damage to forest structure were surveyed in northern French Guiana (northeastern Amazonia) one year and ten years after selective logging and compared with the situation in a similar undisturbed primary forest. A point-count method was used in which 937 0.25ha sample plots were censused for 20 minutes each, and their vegetation structure was measured. On average, 38% of the forest undergrowth was destroyed, then invaded by dense regrowth, and up to 63% of the canopy was substantially opened as a result of selective logging. Hunting pressure also increased due to access roads opened for logging. Among the 256 species recorded, overall bird species richness and abundance were depressed by 27–34% in the logged areas compared to primary forest. The most vulnerable guilds, which decreased by 37–98% in abundance, were mature forest understorey species, especially terrestrial ones and mixed flocks of insectivores. Hummingbirds, small gaps, vine tangles and canopy species did not decrease, nor increase significantly after logging. Only species naturally associated with dense second growth, forest edges and large gaps actually increased. Habitat specialization was the major determinant of vulnerability to logging, and, to a lesser degree, size (large) and diet (insectivorous), but foraging behaviour and rarity had little effect. Bird sensitivity to changes in logged forest structure may involve physiological intolerance, reduced food categories, increased exposure to predators, too dense understorey for their specific foraging behaviour and/or avoidance of gaps. Suggested improvements of current forest management and logging techniques for the maintenance of a higher proportion of the original biodiversity include minimizing logging damages, long rotations (>50 years) between cuts, and keeping unlogged forest patches within logging concessions. 相似文献
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C. J. Kleynhans 《Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery (Formerly Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health)》1996,5(1):41-54
The riparian zone and instream habitat integrity of the Luvuvhu River were assessed based on a qualitative rating of the impacts of major disturbance factors such as water abstraction, flow regulation, bed and channel modification, etc. A system was devised to assess the impact of these factors on the relative frequency and variability of habitats on a spatial and temporal scale gauged against habitat characteristics that could have been expected to occur under conditions not anthropogenically influenced. It was found that deterioration of habitat integrity can be ascribed primarily to water abstraction. This has resulted in the cessation of surface flow in a naturally perennial river during the dry season and during droughts with consequent tree deaths and a loss of fast flowing instream habitat types in the main stem of the river. The relatively small high rainfall area in the catchment, the highly variable rainfall pattern and the occurrence of sporadic severe droughts exacerbate the impact of water abstraction on the instream and riparian habitats with expected detrimental consequences for the associated biota. The effect of water abstraction is particularly severe in the lower part of the river which flows through the Kruger National Park as no perennial tributaries join the Luvuvhu River in this section. Other factors which affect the habitat integrity of the river are the removal of indigenous riparian vegetation in some river sections, encroachment by exotic vegetation, bank erosion and stream bed modification. 相似文献
11.
云南省西双版纳地区是我国典型热带雨林区,随着社会经济发展,人类活动对区域植被格局与动态产生强烈影响。利用NDVI变化趋势分析、土地利用转移矩阵和基于MODIS数据的干扰指数（MGDI）3种方法,分析了2000-2010年人类活动干扰下研究区植被动态变化,构建了人类活动干扰指数,并利用冗余分析的方法,分析其与植被特征的相关性。结果表明：通过NDVI变化趋势得出,2000-2010年间,研究区植被覆盖度总体较高,植被变化趋势的斜率均大于0,说明植被总体趋于改善;基于土地利用转移矩阵结果表明,植被变化主要发生在常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林转变为乔木园地、灌木园地、人工园地或居住用地;基于MODIS影像结果得出,西双版纳地区MGDI分布很不均匀,且2000-2010不同土地覆被类型MGDI相差不大。构建的人类活动干扰指数结果显示人类干扰强度由中心向边缘呈递增趋势,呈分散分布,这与人类活动的分布规模和强度相关。通过冗余分析可知,NDVI与人类活动相关性较大,MGDI与人类活动相关性不大。总体上来说,上述3种方法能够从不同侧面反映出人类活动干扰下植被长时间的变化趋势。因此,对于西双版纳地区,局地的人类活动特别是旅游、基础设施建设、农业活动等对热带雨林自然生态系统的干扰不容忽视。 相似文献
12.
Rodrigo E. Lorenzón Adolfo H. Beltzer Pamela F. Olguin Ana L. Ronchi‐Virgolini 《Austral ecology》2016,41(7):829-841
We assessed the relationship between habitat heterogeneity and bird species richness and composition within wetlands of the floodplain of the Middle Paraná River, Argentina. Given the high habitat heterogeneity in these wetland systems, we sought to determine whether (i) there was a positive relationship between bird species richness and habitat heterogeneity; (ii) whether bird species richness was associated with certain types of individual habitat types; (iii) whether there was a pattern of species nestedness and turnover between sites as a function of habitat heterogeneity and composition, respectively; and (iv) whether individual species exhibited associations with habitat heterogeneity. Point counts were used to survey birds at 60 sites. We estimated the area of eight habitat types found within a 200‐m radius from the centre of each site and calculated number and Pielou's evenness of habitat types. These indices, together with area proportion of each habitat type, were used as explanatory factors of bird species richness in linear regression models. Habitat heterogeneity per se rather than area of individual habitat types was a more important predictor of species richness in these fluvial wetlands. Sites with more habitat types supported more bird species. Results showed that individual bird species were associated with different habitat types and, therefore, sites that contained more habitat types contained more species. Number of habitat types accounted for species nestedness between sites whereas composition of habitat types accounted for species turnover between sites. Results suggest that selection of heterogeneous sites by individual species could help explain the positive heterogeneity–species richness relationship. Our findings highlight the importance of habitat heterogeneity per se resulting from flood disturbances in maintaining bird richness in fluvial systems. 相似文献
13.
Amy Jansen 《Restoration Ecology》2005,13(2):275-283
Rainforest fragmentation and creek degradation are major problems on the Atherton Tablelands in North Queensland. Lake Barrine and Wooroonooran National Parks are separated by a 1.5‐km length of Toohey's Creek which has been cleared except for small remnant rainforest patches. The creek has been fenced and replanted to create a corridor between the two national parks. The aim of this study was to monitor the success of the corridor in providing habitat for rainforest birds. Avian communities were monitored in the corridor and in adjacent rainforest sites using point counts over the period of reestablishment of a continuous rainforest canopy. In terms of bird community composition, within 3 years of planting, the replanted sites were on a trajectory toward the rainforest sites. Although specialist rainforest species were not yet found in the plantings, after 3 years those species which mainly inhabit rainforest but also utilize edges and riparian strips were found in similar numbers in the plantings and in the small remnant patches along the corridor. Frugivorous species were quite abundant even in the youngest plantings. Thus, replanting of rainforest trees along Toohey's Creek has begun to provide habitat for some rainforest birds. It also shows good potential to act as a corridor to connect the previously isolated patches of rainforest for these species and to develop in habitat complexity as the frugivorous birds bring in rainforest plant species from nearby areas. 相似文献
14.
Lina Adonay Urrea‐Galeano Ellen Andresen Rosamond Coates Francisco Mora Ardila Guillermo Ibarra‐Manríquez 《Biotropica》2019,51(2):186-195
Dung beetles relocate vertebrate feces under the soil surface, and this behavior has many ecological consequences. In tropical forests, for example, seeds defecated by mammals that are subsequently buried by dung beetles are less likely to suffer predation. While the effects of dung beetles on the fate of defecated seeds have been relatively well studied, their effect on seeds already buried in the soil has not. To contribute to fill this gap, we designed a study with three objectives: (a) Describe the vertical re‐distribution of soil seeds that occurs due to dung beetle activity; (b) Determine if beetle activity favors establishment of seedlings from the soil seed bank; and (c) Determine if the effect of dung beetles is stronger in sites of recurrent mammal defecation. We carried out three complementary field experiments, one with artificial seeds (plastic beads) of three sizes buried at known depths, one with two species of seeds buried at those same depths, and one with the natural soil seed bank in sites of single vs. recurrent defecation. Buried beads were moved by dung beetles along the vertical axis, both upwards (9.5%) and downwards (11.5%); smaller beads were more frequently moved downwards while the contrary occurred for larger beads. Dung beetle activity caused an increase in seedling establishment, both from experimentally buried seeds and from the natural seed bank. Defecation recurrence had no effect on seedling establishment. We conclude that dung beetle activity affects seed bank dynamics with important consequences for seedling establishment in tropical forests.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material. 相似文献
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William B. Bowden William H. McDowell Clyde E. Asbury Amy M. Finley 《Biogeochemistry》1992,18(2):77-99
Fluxes of N2O at the soil surface, dissolved N2O in near-surface groundwater, and potential N2O production rates were measured across riparian catenas in two rain forest watersheds in Puerto Rico. In the Icacos watershed, mean N2O fluxes were highest at topographic breaks in the landscape (≃ 40–300 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1). At other locations in the riparian zone and hillslope, fluxes were lower (⩽ 2 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1). This pattern of surface N2O fluxes was persistent. In the Bisley watershed, mean suface N2O fluxes were lower (<40 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1) and no identifiable spatial or temporal pattern. Although the spatial patterns and intensities of N2O emissions differed between the two watersheds, surface soils from both sites had a high potential to reduce NO3 to N2O (and perhaps N2). This potential declined sharply with depth as did soil %C, %N, and potential N-mineralization. Simple controls on denitrification (i.e. aeration, nitrate, and carbon) explained characteristics of potential N2O production in surface and deep soils from riparian and upslope locations. In the field, spatial patterns in these controlling variables were defined by geomorphological differences between the two watersheds, which then explained the spatial patterns of observed N2O flux 相似文献
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Jordan L. Musetta-Lambert David P. Kreutzweiser Paul K. Sibley 《Freshwater Biology》2020,65(6):1047-1062
- We investigated how compositional differences in riparian leaf litter derived from burned and undisturbed forests influenced leaf breakdown and macroinvertebrate communities using experimental mixed-species leaf packs in boreal headwater streams. Leaf pack mixtures simulating leaf litter from dominant riparian woody-stem species in burned and undisturbed riparian zones were incubated in two references and two fire-disturbed streams for 5 weeks prior to measuring temperature-corrected breakdown rates and macroinvertebrate community composition, richness, and functional metrics associated with decomposers such as shredder abundance and % shredders.
- Leaf litter breakdown rates were higher and had greater variability in streams bordered by reference riparian forests than in streams where riparian forests had been burned during a wildfire. Streams bordered by fire disturbance showed significant effects of litter mixture on decomposition rates, observed as significantly higher decomposition rates of a fire-simulated leaf mixture compared to all other mixtures.
- Variation among sites was higher than variation among litter mixtures, especially for macroinvertebrate community composition. In general, fire-simulated leaf mixtures had greater shredder abundances and proportions, but lower overall macroinvertebrate abundance; however, the shredder abundance trend was not consistent across all leaf mixtures at each stream.
- These results show that disturbance-driven riparian forest condition and resulting composition of leaf subsidies to streams can influence aquatic invertebrate community composition and their function as decomposers. Therefore, if one of the primary goals of modern forest management is to emulate natural disturbance patterns, boreal forest managers should adapt silvicultural practices to promote leaf litter input that would arise post-fire, thereby supporting stream invertebrate communities and their function.
18.
西双版纳地区六种林型地表蜘蛛多样性比较研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为探索地表蜘蛛多样性及其变化与森林类型和管理方式的关系, 在西双版纳勐仑自然保护区选择热带季节雨林、石灰山季节雨林和山地常绿阔叶林, 在自然保护区附近选择人工纯林、胶茶群落和橡胶林, 共6种林型, 每种林型选择3块样带, 共设置研究样地18块, 分别于2006年12月上旬（雾凉季）、2007年3月下旬（干热季）和2007年7月上旬（雨季）, 以单位地表面积法收集地表蜘蛛的物种组成和数量数据, 并以蜘蛛种类和数量分布为属性进行典范对应分析（CCA）, 探讨不同类型植被与地表蜘蛛多样性的关系。共采集蜘蛛标本9 849头, 用于统计分析的成熟蜘蛛3 119头, 归属于30科, 其中幽灵蛛科、皿蛛科、球蛛科和小密蛛科是地表蜘蛛的优势类群。各林型科的数量为: 热带季节雨林24科, 石灰山季节雨林22科, 山地常绿阔叶林22科, 人工纯林20科, 胶茶群落21科, 橡胶林19科; 各林型特有科数量: 热带季节雨林2科, 山地常绿阔叶林2科, 橡胶林1科; 而仅在雨林中分布的科4个（占全部30个科的13.3%）, 仅在自然林中分布的科6个（20.0%）, 仅在人工林中分布的科1个（3.3%）。从蜘蛛的数量分布看, 个体密度在热带季节雨林显著高于其他5种林型; 橡胶林多样性指数和丰富度指数显著低于3种自然林, 而均匀度指数的最低值也同样在橡胶林出现。CCA分析和聚类分析的结果表明, 6种林型趋于分成2组, 即: 自然林和人工林; 在自然林中两种次生林的相似程度更高; 人工林中人工纯林（非橡胶林）与胶茶群落的相似程度更高。以上结果表明: （1）森林砍伐后种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表蜘蛛群落的物种分布格局; （2）蜘蛛多样性随着人为干扰程度增加有减少的趋势; （3）减少人为干扰和增加植被群落多样性（橡胶林中种植茶树）对保护和恢复物种多样性有重要意义。 相似文献
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Christina Ingraldi Fidimalala B. Ralainasolo Hubert E. Andriamaharoa Reza Ludovic Christopher R. Birkinshaw Patricia C. Wright Jonah H. Ratsimbazafy 《Biotropica》2011,43(3):371-379
Madagascar's ecosystems are subject to high levels of anthropogenic disturbance and stochastic events, including cyclones. We investigated the abundance of gray‐headed lemurs (Eulemur cinereiceps) and vegetation structure in the fragmented forest of Manombo from 1995 to 2007, including 10 yr following Cyclone Gretelle in January 1997. We predicted that the density of this arboreal, frugivorous lemur would be similar in the pre‐ and post‐cyclone intervals only if tree measures demonstrate trends toward recovery in the post‐cyclone period. Initial impacts included severe damage to over 60 percent of trees. After 10 yr, all vegetation metrics except for stem density remained low relative to the pre‐cyclone period, including dbh, height, and basal area. To investigate vegetation changes separately from cyclone effects, we compared forest structure in the pre‐cyclone period alone. Basal area declined but dbh and stem density did not vary between 1995 and 1997; thus, anthropogenic activities or other factors did not consistently alter forest structure in this 2‐yr period. Subsequent changes may be linked to cyclone response, presumably in synergy with human disturbance. Contrary to predictions, recent gray‐headed lemur population densities were nearly identical to those recorded in 1995 (13.5 ± 3.2 vs. 13.6 ± 6.4 individuals/km2, respectively). Lemur populations may have remained stable or declined initially and then recovered in the last 10 yr. Life history and ecological adaptations may explain their resistance or resilience when faced with habitat change. Recent models suggest that lemurs have evolved in response to unpredictable environmental conditions. Such environmental variability may increase with projected climate change. 相似文献
20.
The first data on the taxonomic distribution and abundance of woody plants with extrafloral nectaries (EFN) from SE Asia are reported. The species richness and frequency of woody angiosperm plants with extrafloral nectaries was studied in the Pasoh Forest Reserve, a primary lowland forest in Peninsular Malaysia. EFN were present on 12.3% of the 741 species surveyed. 91 plant species belonging to 47 genera and 16 families were found to have EFN. Euphorbiaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Rosaceae, Leguminosae, and Ebenaceae were the families most frequently bearing EFN whereas EFN were rare in the more primitive subclasses of the Magnoliopsida and common in the more advanced taxa (Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae). Most common were flattened glands associated with the leaf blade. A comparison with data from the Neotropics showed a great similarity in regard to the taxonomic distribution of plants with EFN. EFN-plants occupied 19.3% of the cover of the Pasoh Forest 50 ha plot.Species with EFN were under-represented among shrubs and trees of the understorey. We found an increase in the number of species with EFN as well as in their cover from the understorey to the canopy emergents. EFN were found more often among the abundant species (species with n>500/50 ha). Percentage occurrence and cover of EFN-bearing plants in the 50 ha plot of primary forest was lower than recorded for secondary habitats in tropical areas. At present, in the core zone of the Pasoh Forest Reserve which has been investigated only few species known to indicate disturbance occur. Therefore most of the recorded EFN-species cannot be regarded as secondary forest plants.The interactions between ants and EFN-bearing plants appear to be rather facultative and nonspecific. In Pasoh we found 28 ant species from seven genera visiting EFN. Most of the EFN-associated ants belonged to the subfamily Myrmicinae while Ponerines were rare, a pattern which was also reported for the Neotropics.In cooperation with the Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia. 相似文献