中国温带荒漠区的植物多样性及其易地保护*

^{荒漠植物多样性研究及其保护是生物多样性保护的重要组成部分。 中国荒漠区植物种类贫乏（约1000余种）,分布稀疏,生物量小,起源古老,地理成份复杂（有14个地理分布型）, 特有成份多（80余种）,珍稀濒危植物种类相对较多（50～60种）,在荒漠气候和特殊的土壤基质条件下, 形成了多种生态型和特殊的生活型,为荒漠植物多样性易地保护提供了可能性和必要性。 处于亚洲荒漠区的吐鲁番沙漠植物园的研究工作,正从传统的植物引种驯化和经济植物栽培,向荒漠区系植物多样性保护领域转移,现园内保存的荒漠区系植物成份已达42.2％,特有种和珍稀濒危植物也占相当比例。 长期适应荒漠环境的各类植物具有多种多样的抗逆性基因,因而有着潜在的开发利用前景。}     

中国AM真菌的生物多样性

菌根是真菌与植物根系所建立的互惠共生体 ,其中以丛枝菌根在自然界中分布最广。AM真菌遍布各生态系统 ,不仅大量分布于农田和森林土壤 ,而且还广泛存在于多种逆境环境中。绝大多数的植物包括苔鲜、蕨类、裸子植物、被子植物都能被AM真菌侵染。我国的AM真菌研究始于 2 0世纪 80年代 ,迄今为止 ,已经对多种生态环境中多种寄主植物根围的AM真菌进行了调查研究 ,共报道了 7个属的 99种AM真菌。本文从物种多样性、生境多样性和寄主多样性等三个方面概括介绍了 2 0年来我国在AM真菌生物多样性研究中取得的进展 ,并探讨了未来的研究动向。     

中国燕麦的多样性

中国现拥有燕麦种质资源约4000份,对它们的研究结果表明,中国燕麦具有比较丰富的多样性。本文综述了中国燕麦的物种多样性和普通栽培燕麦的遗传多样性,并建议对中国各地生长的野燕麦进行系统研究。     

Genotypic and symbiotic diversity of native rhizobia nodulating red pea (Lathyrus cicera L.) in Tunisia

Nodulation and genetic diversity of native rhizobia nodulating Lathyrus cicera plants grown in 24 cultivated and marginal soils collected from northern and central Tunisia were studied. L. cicera plants were nodulated and showed the presence of native rhizobia in 21 soils. A total of 196 bacterial strains were selected and three different ribotypes were revealed after PCR-RFLP analysis. The sequence analysis of the rrs and two housekeeping genes (recA and thrC) from 36 representative isolates identified Rhizobium laguerreae as the dominant (53%) rhizobia nodulating L. cicera. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that this species has been reported among wild populations of the rhizobia-nodulating Lathyrus genus. Twenty-five percent of the isolates were identified as R. leguminosarum and isolates LS11.5, LS11.7 and LS8.8 clustered with Ensifer meliloti. Interestingly, five isolates (LS20.3, LS18.3, LS19.10, LS1.2 and LS21.20) were segregated from R. laguerreae and clustered as a separate clade. These isolates possibly belong to new species. According to nodC and nodA phylogeny, strains of R. laguerreae and R. leguminosarum harbored the symbiotic genes of symbiovar viciae and clustered in three different clades showing heterogeneity within the symbiovar. Strains of E. meliloti harbored symbiotic genes of Clade V and induced inefficient nodules.     

功能、谱系多样性在机场鸟类群落研究中的应用——以扬州泰州国际机场为例

随着航空业的发展,野生动物与飞机之间的冲突愈发密集,机场鸟类群落多样性研究引起了大量关注。研究鸟类群落对生境类型的使用状况,可以掌握生境类型与鸟击风险的潜在关系,为机场环境改造提供理论依据。本研究于2019年7月至2021年11月,采用样点法对扬州泰州机场及周边8 km范围内的农田、湿地、林地和城镇4种生境中30个样点的鸟类群落进行调查。利用鸟类群落多样性指数,包括丰富度、多度、香农威纳多样性指数、辛普森多样性指数以及均匀度指数来表征群落的物种多样性,以及功能和谱系多样性,阐明机场周边4种生境的鸟类群落多样性差异。同时,基于多度加权的平均成对功能距离（MFD）和平均成对谱系距离（MPD）来表征群落的功能和谱系结构,探究群落构建机制,量化各多样性指标间的相关性。研究共记录扬州泰州国际机场鸟类88种,分别隶属于14目36科,目、科中数量最多的为雀形目（Passeriformes）和鹬科（Scolopacidae）。谱系和功能多样性在生境间差异显著,功能分散度在农田最高,城镇最低;谱系多样性指数在城镇最高,湿地最低。标准化效应值分析表明,随机生态过程影响了湿地鸟类群落功能和谱系的构建过程,农...     

长湖水生植物多样性及其变化

研究了湖北省第三大湖泊长湖水生植物多样性的现状及其长期变化,并探讨了多样性丧失的机理及多样性恢复与保护的有效途径。主要结论：(1)长湖现有水生植物98种,多度最大的是微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、密齿苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、野菱(Trapa incisa)、双角菱(T.bispinosa)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus)、紫萍(Spirodela polyrhiza)、穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、满江红(Azolla imbricata)。(2)长湖现有水生植物群丛类型14个,群落物种多样性指数最高的是芡实 野菱 双角菱群丛(Euryale ferox Trapa incisa T.bispinosa Ass.),其次为轮叶黑藻 密齿苦草|大茨藻群丛(Hydrilla verticillata Vallisneria denseserrulata Najas marioa Ass.)与竹叶眼子菜 穗花狐尾藻群丛(Potamogeton malaianus Myriophylhum spicatum Ass.)。(3)20年来,已有6种水生植物和7个水生植物群丛类型从长湖消失,植被覆盖率下降了54．85％,全湖平均单位面积生物量下降了69．78％。(4)多样性丧失的主要原因是过度养殖、过度打草和耙捞作业,以及由此导致的湖水透明度的大幅度下降。(5)多样性恢复的有效途径是政府部门的行政干预与经济支持。     

菌根多样性及其对植物生长发育的重要意义

菌根多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分。主要包括形态多样性、物种多样性和功能多样性．大量试验表明。菌根多样性对植物物种的起源与进化、分布与生存、生长和发育等方面起着至关重要的作用。而植物多样性又决定了菌根多样性．认为菌根多样性与植物多样性是相辅相成、相互制约的。随着分子生物学技术的不断发展和完善。必将使菌根多样性的研究得到快速发展．     

西南地区生物文化多样性空间格局定量研究

自然条件的丰富性与独特性以及多民族聚居的特征使得西南地区成为我国生物多样性和文化多样性的热点地区,但当前仍然缺乏对区域生物文化多样性格局的定量研究。以西南地区603个县级行政区为基本单元,探讨了西南地区的文化多样性与生物多样性的分布格局,在此基础上定量计算了生物文化多样性,从而识别西南地区生物文化多样性空间格局,并分析不同因素对多样性空间分布的影响。文化多样性与生物多样性存在一定的空间分布差异,同时也存在高低值聚类的重叠区域。高生物文化多样性的区域与高生物多样性的区域分布较为相似,而低生物文化多样性的区域与低文化多样性的区域分布较为接近;生物文化多样性的高低值聚类区呈现明显的片状格局。由于生境条件与人为干扰等原因,西南地区文化多样性、生物多样性与生物文化多样性沿河流流向大多呈现"低-高"或"低-高-低"的变化状态。影响因素分析表明,文化多样性与生物多样性产生相互促进的作用;三种多样性的空间分布都受到平均坡度的重要影响;多样性高的单元聚集在地形坡度大、海拔与坡度的差异程度较大而水体覆盖率较低的区域。文化多样性与生物多样性的密切联系表现在地理空间上的交叉重合,因此,对文化多样性与生物多样性的保护应统筹兼顾,并更多从生物文化多样性的视角或者途径来开展相关研究与保护实践。     

缢蛏种群遗传多样性的周年变异分析

利用线粒体COI标记分析了福建省宁德市漳湾镇横屿村滩涂5个月份缢蛏群体(S3,S5,S7,S9,S11)的遗传结构,以期评估不同月份时期种群的遗传多样性差异。基于线粒体COI基因的结果表明,5个缢蛏群体的平均核苷酸差异数位于2.7836-3.6894之间,核苷酸多样性指数位于0.0050-0.0066之间,遗传多样性水平大致表现为S3和S5群体较高于S7和S9群体,明显高于S11群体。AMOVA分析结果显示,群体间遗传变异量占总变异的7.18%,而群体内变异达到了92.82%,说明遗传差异主要来自于群体内部。由此可见,从3月份到11月份,缢蛏群体的遗传多样性水平呈现出下降趋势,尤其是在11月份,差异最为明显。     

Habitat isolation changes the beta diversity of the vascular epiphyte community in lower montane forest,Veracruz, Mexico

Habitat isolation is one of the most important factors endangering the biodiversity, but little research has been done with vascular epiphytes. In order to understand the effect of isolation on the epiphyte community, we studied epiphyte diversity on three plots in a forest fragment, two riparian forest fragments, and in isolated pastureland trees. We found 118 vascular epiphyte species. On forest plots, both epiphyte richness per tree (S_tree) and species turnover rate within trees (β_tree) registered the highest values, although the lowest S_tree diversity was also found there; additionally inside the forest were host species with clearly different epiphyte community. S_tree and β_tree diversities of riparian fragments behaved similarly to those of the forest. Isolated trees had the second highest S_tree diversity, although their β_tree diversity was the lowest. In the forest plots were both, the highest and lowest expected accumulated richness (α diversity); on riparian fragments it was intermediate, and the second lowest α diversity was registered for isolated trees. Species turnover rate among plots (β) was high and was associated with both, isolation and a distance gradient from permanent water sources. The epiphyte community on isolated trees was clearly different to the other habitats. Results suggest that deforestation eliminated dry areas and specific hosts that were important for the maintenance of epiphyte species richness. In pastureland trees the epiphyte β_tree diversity diminished, suggesting a simplification of the environment for epiphytes and causing a low α diversity.     

近十年中国海洋生物多样性研究进展

本文系统地总结了近10年中国研究人员在遗传、物种、生态系统3个层次上对海洋生物多样性研究的重要进展, 并使用VOSviewer软件对近10年中国近海生物多样性的研究成果进行文献计量分析。近年来, 中国研究人员借助新的研究方法和手段, 比如分子生物学和流式细胞术等, 可以在物种多样性水平进行更准确和快速的分类鉴定, 借此在中国近海发现了较多新的物种; 通过多学科交叉融合, 更多的是在生态系统水平探讨海洋生物多样性, 也为今后海洋生态系统的修复提供了科学依据。目前中国的海洋生物多样性研究紧跟国际科技前沿和步伐, 在深海、海山和极端环境生物类群等新兴领域有了长足发展, 新物种的发现不断更新了原有认识, 对典型海洋生态系统的监测和部分入侵物种的整治有了长足的进步。中国近海生物多样性高, 监测数据全, 通过整合空间数据资料和时间序列变化, 进行更广更深的宏观生态模式分析研究十分必要。通过探究生物多样性的多重胁迫因子及其交互作用, 可为优化海洋生物多样性的保护和管理提供帮助。     

长白山阔叶红松林大型真菌多样性

采用取样调查方法获得长白山阔叶红松混交林蒙古栎+红松+云杉群落、红松+色木槭+蒙古栎群落、红松+假色槭+糠椴群落、红松+花楷槭+紫椴群落、长白松+红松+山槐群落中的大型真菌物种组成和群落结构的基本数据,分析不同植物群落中大型真菌的丰富度指数R1、R2、多样性指数N1、N2和H′、均匀度指数E。大型真菌标本鉴定采用形态学分类方法,凭证标本保存于吉林农业大学菌物标本馆(HMJAU)。多样性研究结果:(1)共采集鉴定大型真菌238种,隶属于90属44科,其中外生菌根菌100种;腐生菌135种;其他3种。(2)在不同的植物群落中大型真菌丰富度、多样性、均匀度指数有所差异,其中蒙古栎+红松+云杉群落中的丰富度指数和多样性指数最高,而红松+色木槭+蒙古栎群落中的均匀度最大;(3)大型真菌子实体的发生在1a中出现2次高峰,即7月中下旬和9月上旬,第1次高峰期的优势类群为腐生菌,外生菌根菌较少;第2次高峰期优势类群则以外生菌根菌为主,腐生菌相对较少。     

不同类型人工阔叶红松林高等植物物种多样性

采用Shahnon—Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数等指标研究了辽宁东部山区人工营造20年生5种阔叶树水曲柳、刺愀、紫椴、色赤汤、白桦与红松形成的混交林及人工红松纯林内各层次高等植物物种多佯性,并对该6种林分的垂直结构进行比较。结果表明,人工阔叶红松混交林内植物种类丰富,数量较多;红松纯林内的植物种数仅为人工阔叶红松混交林的42％～52％,植物总数量只有混交林的11％～37％。人工阔叶红松林各层次高等植物物种多样性均好于人工红松纯林,但与原始阔叶红松林相比。人工阔叶红松林的物种多样性还较低。在林分垂直结构方面,人工阔叶红松混交林的成层现象明显,层次结构复杂,垂直多样性丰富;红松纯林只有1个主林冠层,灌木层、草本层较矮,林分垂直结构单一。     

生态学的多样性指数:功能与系统发育

生物多样性是生态学的核心问题。传统的多样性指数仅包含物种数和相对多度的信息,这类基于分类学的多样性指数并不能很好地帮助理解群落构建和生态系统功能。不同物种对群落构建和生态系统功能所起到的作用类型和贡献也不完全相同,且物种在生态过程中的作用和贡献往往与性状密切相关,因此功能多样性已经成为反映物种群落构建、干扰以及环境因素对群落影响的重要指标。同时,由于亲缘关系相近的物种往往具有相似的性状,系统发育多样性也可以作为功能多样性的一个替代。功能多样性和系统发育多样性各自具有优缺点,但二者均比分类多样性更能揭示群落和生态系统的构建、维持与功能。     

中国菌物已知种数

据作者对1978年以来国内外主要菌物学期刊和专著进行的系统搜集,中国大陆发表的菌物累计有2,849新种,129新变种,5,260新记录种。若加上戴芳澜编著的《中国真菌总汇》所记载的6,737种和168变种,中国大陆已知菌物计14,846种297变种。据不完全统计,香港和台湾报道的菌物种类中分别约有800种和400种在中国大陆未曾记载,因此全国总计已知菌物应为16,046种297变种。假设其中有10%为同物异名,则目前我国菌物已知种数约为14,700种,其中管毛生物界(主要是卵菌)约300种,原生动物界(主要是黏菌)约有340种,真菌约14,060种。     

鸟兽物种多样性测度的G-F指数方法

评价物种多样性是目前生物多样性研究中的一项紧迫任务。我们提出一种基于信息测度的G-F指数公式,利用生物普查得到的鸟类和兽类名录计算一个地区的物种多样性。首先计算属间的多样性（G指数）和科间的多样性（F指数）,然后,再利用G指数和F指数的比值进行标准化,得出G-F指数。在这一指数体系中,F指数包括科中和科间的多样性。如果G-F指数趋近1,则代表科间多样性的F指数下降,或者代表属多样性的G指数上升;否则G-F指数趋近零或为负数。信息测度通常也用于生物群落的生态多样性。然而,G-F指数与生态多样性不同。G-F指数测定的一个地区一个生物类群中科属间的物种多样性,而生态多样性指数研究生物群落中物种组成及种间个体的多寡。利用G-F指数研究评估生物多样性保护有如下优点：（1）G-F指数提供了一种简捷有效的生物多样性保护评估方法,因为在许多地点已经进行过生物普查,编写了动物、植物名录;（2）G-F指数是一种标准化指数,可以进行不同地区间生物多样性比较。在动物界,特别是无脊椎动物中,尚未鉴定的物种占多数,而鸟类和兽类中尚未鉴定的物种很少。我们应用鸟类和兽类名录计算了G-F指数,选择了梵净山、大瑶山、伏牛山、凉水、北京—天津、海北、白音锡勒、青海湖和帕米尔高原等9个地区,进行了物种多样性的比较研究。结果表明：在上述地区,鸟类的G指数高于兽类的G指数,但差异并不显著（p=0.11）。鸟类的F指数显著地高于兽类的F指数（p<0.05）。鸟类G-F指数与兽类G-F指数相关(r=0.68, p<0.05)。     

近自然社区公园的生物多样性特征——以北京市中心城区为例

城市绿地为城市动植物提供了重要栖息地,对城市生物多样性保护具有重要意义。然而,传统社区公园绿地（"传统绿地"）主要围绕安全、景观和游憩功能,植物种类偏少,群落结构单一,为城市野生动物提供食源和栖息地的资源有限。北京市以2035规划"留白增绿"为政策背景,在中心城区建设一系列小型近自然社区公园绿地（"近自然绿地"）,在植物物种组成、群落结构和管理方式上有别于以往的传统绿地。一般认为生物多样性在一定范围内随面积的增大而提高,那么对于受到高度干扰的小型绿地,"近自然"特征是否能够显著提高其包括昆虫、鸟类在内的生物多样性？为探究这类近自然绿地的生物多样性特征,在2020年8月至2021年3月,综合采用样方法、样线法,对北京市西城区2个近自然绿地及4个传统绿地的植物、昆虫和鸟类进行调查,分析比较其多样性特征。结果表明,近自然绿地的灌木和草本层丰富度和多样性显著高于传统绿地,均匀度则无显著差异;近自然绿地的昆虫和鸟类的丰富度、多样性显著高于传统绿地,均匀度则无显著差异。与传统绿地相比,近自然绿地具有更丰富的鸟类食源、蜜源植物,以及更为复杂的植被垂直结构。根据以上结果,近自然绿地具有比传统绿地更为显著的生物多样性优势,建议在进行城市绿地建设时,应增加植被结构复杂的近自然绿地的比例,增加绿地的灌木和草本层多样性。研究成果不仅丰富了小面积绿地的生物多样性内涵,且可为大都市近自然绿地营建提供理论依据。本研究还将为今后公园设计、改造和管理提供新的思路,引导绿地向基于生物多样性保护的方向可持续发展。     

Net primary productivity and seasonality of temperature and precipitation are predictors of the species richness of the Damselflies in the Amazon

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms that generate temporal and spatial species richness patterns. We tested four common hypotheses (water, energy, climatic heterogeneity and net primary productivity) to evaluate which factors best explain patterns of Zygoptera species richness. Of these, we predicted that climatic heterogeneity would be the most important predictor for Zygoptera richness patterns. We sampled communities of adult Zygoptera in 100 small Amazonian streams. Based on generalized linear mixed models (GLMM), we found that net primary productivity and climatic heterogeneity comprised the best model of Zygoptera species richness in Amazonian streams, with an pseudo r² of 39.5%. Results indicate that species richness increases by one species per 1 kg of biomass per square meter in NPP, or with an increase of 2 °C in air temperature variability. Our work corroborates a recent study with other taxa in Brazilian Bioms. This suggests that temporal variation in climate and net primary productivity are important predictors of the macroecological patterns of richness for aquatic organisms in tropical regions.     

Seasonal fire effects on the diversity patterns,spatial distribution and community structure of forbs in the Northern Mixed Prairie,USA

The effects of fire season on forb diversity patterns, density, and composition were determined for a northern Mixed Prairie site, USA. Repeated spring burns (dormant season), summer burns, fall burns (dormant season), and unburned treatments were compared over a 3-yr period characterized by wet and dry moisture conditions. Alpha and beta diversity were highest on unburned and summer burn treatments, while landscape mosaic diversity was highest on fall burns. Forb density was highest on fall and spring burn sites. Nine forb species comprised 82% of total densities and were significantly affected by fire season and year to year variations in moisture. Forb composition for unburned and spring burn treatments was similar, but both treatments were different from the summer burn and fall burn treatments which were similar to each other. Fire alone did not appear to be an intense enough disturbance to initiate drastic changes in the forb component of vegetation patches. Specific fire seasons did appear to either mask or enhance forb structure arising from other disturbance(s). Fire season also affected the scales of forb organization in the landscape. Contrasting spatial characteristics of the forb component of prairie plant communities may provide a diagnostic technique for exposing the interaction of disturbances at different temporal and spatial scales.     

Wildfire and topography drive woody plant diversity in a Sky Island mountain range in the Southwest USA

AimDrastic changes in fire regimes are altering plant communities, inspiring ecologists to better understand the relationship between fire and plant species diversity. We examined the impact of a 90,000‐ha wildfire on woody plant species diversity in an arid mountain range in southern Arizona, USA. We tested recent fire‐diversity hypotheses by addressing the impacts on diversity of fire severity, fire variability, historical fire regimes, and topography.LocationChiricahua National Monument, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, USA, part of the Sky Islands of the US–Mexico borderlands.TaxonWoody plant species.MethodsWe sampled woody plant diversity in 138 plots before (2002–2003) and after (2017–2018) the 2011 Horseshoe Two Fire in three vegetation types and across fire severity and topographic gradients. We calculated gamma, alpha, and beta diversity and examined changes over time in burned versus unburned plots and the shapes of the relationships of diversity with fire severity and topography.ResultsAlpha species richness declined, and beta and gamma diversity increased in burned but not unburned plots. Fire‐induced enhancement of gamma diversity was confined to low fire severity plots. Alpha diversity did not exhibit a clear continuous relationship with fire severity. Beta diversity was enhanced by variation in fire severity among plots and increased with fire severity up to very high severity, where it declined slightly.Main ConclusionsThe results reject the intermediate disturbance hypothesis for alpha diversity but weakly support it for gamma diversity. Spatial variation in fire severity promoted variation among plant assemblages, supporting the pyrodiversity hypothesis. Long‐term drought probably amplified fire‐driven diversity changes. Despite the apparent benign impact of the fire on diversity, the replacement of two large conifer species with a suite of drought‐tolerant shrubs signals the potential loss of functional diversity, a pattern that may warrant restoration efforts to retain these important compositional elements.