Honeydew volatile emission acts as a kairomonal message for the Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Abstract The Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas is considered as an invasive species in most territories where it has been introduced. Because aphid honeydew acts as an attractant for many aphid predators and parasitoids, the objectives of this work were to collect and identify the volatile compounds released from the aphid excretory product to evaluate how these semiochemicals could affect the H. axyridis foraging behavior. Twelve volatile chemicals were identified from the Megoura viciae Buckton honeydew including four alcohols, three ketones, three aldehydes, a pyrazine and a monoterpene. The volatiles 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and 3‐methyl‐butanal were highlighted as the two most abundant semiochemicals released from the M. viciae honeydew. Vicia faba L. plants treated with crude honeydew attracted more than 80% of the tested individuals with 40% of attracted beetles located on the plant. Four volatile compounds (3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 3‐methyl‐butanal, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and limonene) were also highlighted to attract more than 75% of the coccinellids toward the odor source and to locate about 35% of them on the plants. Limonene was the most efficient attractant since 89% of the H. axyridis responded to this odor. The use of the identified semiochemicals as well as the composition of an artificial honeydew could certainly be helpful to control the dispersal of the Asian lady beetle H. axyridis.     

Ecology and biological control application of multicoloured Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis: A review

The ecology of and biological control by multicoloured Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) are reviewed. Our emphasis is on assembling and interpreting information on general characteristics, invasion and establishment, sexual activity, foraging and predation, development, survival and reproduction, predator-predator interactions, natural enemies, biocontrol, non-target effects and status of H. axyridis as a pest of fruits. Colonization of H. axyridis for aphid biocontrol in the USA have been successful in terms of its establishment, but its abundance is turning out to be a nuisance to humans. Its harmful non-target impact on beneficial organisms, humans and native species is becoming a debatable issue. The question on its present position, whether it is a biocontrol agent or pest, is a critical issue and discussed. Inferences from the empirical data are made and new avenues for future research are suggested.     

4种蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为明确桃蚜、萝卜蚜、胡萝卜微管蚜、瓜蚜对异色瓢虫种群扩繁的适宜性,在实验室条件下,以4种蚜为食料构建异色瓢虫两性生命表,研究不同蚜虫对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明: 取食不同蚜虫,异色瓢虫未成熟期由长到短依次为萝卜蚜(18.18 d)、瓜蚜(17.48 d)、胡萝卜微管蚜(16.23 d)、桃蚜(15.77 d);成虫前期存活率由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(88.3%)、桃蚜(86.7%)、萝卜蚜(55.0%)、瓜蚜(55.0%);成虫繁殖力由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(1750.5粒)、桃蚜(1441.5粒)、瓜蚜(1006.3粒)、萝卜蚜(965.2粒);成虫寿命由长到短依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(78.8 d)、桃蚜(63.1 d)、瓜蚜(54.3 d)、萝卜蚜(48.4 d);异色瓢虫种群内禀增长率r_m由高到低依次为桃蚜(0.19)、胡萝卜微管蚜(0.18)、萝卜蚜(0.14)、棉蚜(0.14);净增值率R₀由高到低依次为胡萝卜微管蚜(895.83)、桃蚜(600.62)、萝卜蚜(273.47)、棉蚜(268.33)。4种蚜虫中,胡萝卜微管蚜和桃蚜更有利于异色瓢虫种群扩繁。     

异色瓢虫不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫产卵的影响

本文通过室内试验研究了异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)不同龄期幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫在猎物寄主上停留时间和产卵的影响。结果表明:受孕雌虫倾向于在猎物丰富的植株上停留。幼虫踪迹抑制了受孕异色瓢虫雌虫的停留时间,但2龄幼虫踪迹和4龄幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫停留时间的影响差异不显著。异色瓢虫雌虫将卵产于有蚜虫的植株上,幼虫踪迹对受孕雌虫的产卵抑制作用显著,但2龄和4龄幼虫踪迹的抑制效果差异不明显。     

异色瓢虫对蚜虫性外激素的行为反应研究

蚜虫性外激素假荆芥内酯(Z,E-Nepetalactone,NEP)能够吸引多种捕食性和寄生性天敌昆虫,它专一性强,生物活性突出,对非靶标生物安全。异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)作为一种重要的捕食性天敌,被广泛应用于农业生产中。为明确异色瓢虫对蚜虫性外激素的行为反应,本研究在室内用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了异色瓢虫成虫对不同剂量NEP的嗅觉行为反应;并在田间,每7 d释放100μL浓度为1 mg/m L的NEP,测定了NEP对异色瓢虫种群数量变动的影响。室内嗅觉测定试验结果表明异色瓢虫雌虫对10μL剂量NEP有显著的选择性,而雄虫对1μL剂量NEP有显著的选择性;田间试验发现,释放NEP的处理区异色瓢虫数量显著高于对照区。本研究为蚜虫性外激素在害虫绿色防控中的应用提供了依据。     

异色飘虫幼虫对桃大尾蚜的捕食作用

试验研究了异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食作用,对低龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为40头以上时显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为70头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。对高龄若蚜的捕食作用,三龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为20头以上时显著或极显著高于二龄幼虫,四龄幼虫的捕食量在猎物密度为30头以上时显著高于三龄幼虫。异色飘虫二－四龄幼虫对桃大尾蚜低龄和高龄若蚜的捕食功能反应均为HollingⅡ型。用a/Th来评价天敌对害虫的控制能力,异色飘虫蚴虫龄期愈大,对桃大尾蚜控制作用愈强。     

Intraguild predation of the aphid pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis by the invasive coccinellid Harmonia axyridis

Abstract.  1. The ladybird Harmonia axyridis is an invasive alien species in many countries and is predicted to have a negative impact on native biodiversity. However, little is known on the status of this aphidophage as an intraguild predator of natural enemies of aphids such as insect-pathogenic fungi.
2. The study assessed the predation of the aphid-specific pathogenic fungus Pandora neoaphidis by adult and larval H. axyridis collected from the U.K. (an invasive population) and Japan (a native population) relative to that of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata (native to the U.K.) and the non-U.K. C. septempunctata subspecies brucki that were either starved or unstarved.
3. Overall, predation of uninfected aphids was greater than infected aphids and, when given a choice, a preference for aphids was shown. However, the extent of this preference was dependent on the species and origin of the coccinellid. Harmonia axyridis (U.K.) consumed the greatest quantity of fungal cadavers and showed little preference for uninfected aphids over infected aphids. In contrast, C. septempunctata rarely consumed infected aphids. Life stage had no direct effects on predation but starved coccinellids consumed more uninfected aphids than infected aphids.
4.  Harmonia axyridis (U.K.) is a stronger intraguild predator of P. neoaphidis cadavers than the native species C. septempunctata and, therefore, may have an impact on the occurrence and persistence of P. neoaphidis . The differences in intraguild predation by H. axyridis collected in the U.K. and those from Japan suggests that individuals that invaded the U.K. could have a different genetic profile to those in its native range.     

温度对异色瓢虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

为探索饲养异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis（Pallas）的最适温度,了解其对高温的耐受性,组建了异色瓢虫在15,20,25,30和35℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下世代的发育历期最长（65.5d）,而30℃时仅为22.4d,20℃和25℃时分别为39.0d和23.0d。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.8,8.2,11.6和8.5℃,有效积温分别为41.1,225.6,81.6,432.6日.度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,15℃时最长,为77.7d,在30℃下最短,为36.3d;单雌产卵量在25℃时最高,平均为2193.0粒,15℃时最低,为626.0粒。在25℃下,异色瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力均较高,分别为916.7和0.15,表明25℃是异色瓢虫生长、繁殖的最适温度。     

Role of photoperiod in the development and reproduction of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera,Coccinellidae)

To improve the laboratory mass rearing and the winter greenhouse use of the multicoloured Asian lady beetle Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae), the effects of photoperiod on the development and fecundity of H. axyridis were investigated at 20°C and photoperiods ranging from 0L:24D to 24L:0D. We foun'd photoperiod to significantly affect the pre-imaginal development and reproduction of H. axyridis. The development of the pre-imaginal stage was significantly faster at shorter photoperiods (0–14?h) than at longer ones (16–24?h). The proportion of females laying eggs within the first 30 days after eclosion, the mean number of eggs per ovipositing female, and the long axial length of the first oocyte were all lower at shorter photoperiods (6–12?h) than at longer ones (14–24?h). These results suggest that adult H. axyridis may encounter problems in preying and reproducing in the winter conditions of unheated and unilluminated greenhouses in areas with temperatures lower than 20°C and day lengths shorter than 12?h.     

异色瓢虫若虫对麦三叉蚜的捕食作用

研究表明,异色瓢虫高龄若虫捕食麦二叉蚜的功能反应为ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型反应,喜好捕食低龄若蚜;在４０℃下捕食率最低,１０℃次之,２５℃最高．在１０～２５℃内捕食率ｙ与温度ｘ的关系为ｙ＝２８．１３０３＋２．６６６５ｘ,在２５～４０℃内为ｙ＝１９９．９２７５－３．６４２ｘ;在种内干扰条件下,其捕食作用率Ｅ与开敌密度Ｐ的关系为Ｅ＝０．６８９７Ｐ－０．７９３０,搜索常数Ｑ为０．６８９７,干扰系数ｍ为０．７９３０;其分摊竞争强度Ｉ与异色瓢虫密度Ｐ的关系为Ｉ＝０．０４００＋１．０３８３ｌｏｇＰ．     

异色瓢虫对桃粉大尾蚜、桃一点斑时蝉捕食选择性研究

研究了异色瓢虫对２种猎物捕食选择性．结果表明,异色瓢虫对桃粉大尾蚜有明显的喜好性;对桃一点斑叶蝉有明显的负喜好性．猎物单独存在时,异色瓢虫对各猎物功能反应为ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型,当两种猎物同时存在时,如果一种猎物密度较小时,异色瓢虫对另一种猎物功能反应仍为ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型,另一种猎物密度较大时,异色瓢虫对桃一点斑叶蝉的功能反应属ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅢ型,对桃粉大尾蚜功能反应为ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型,但典型性下降     

Melanic through nature or nurture: genetic polymorphism and phenotypic plasticity in Harmonia axyridis

Abstract Individuals can adapt to heterogeneity in their environment through either local adaptation or phenotypic plasticity. Colour forms of the ladybird Harmonia axyridis are a classic example of local adaptation, in which the frequency of melanic forms varies greatly between populations. In some populations, there are also large seasonal changes in allele frequency, with melanism being costly in summer and beneficial in winter. We report that the non‐melanic morph of H. axyridis dramatically increases its degree of melanization at cold temperatures. Furthermore, there is genetic variation in reaction norms, with different families responding to temperature in different ways. Variation at different spatial and temporal scales appears to have selected for either genetic or phenotypically plastic adaptations, which may be important in thermoregulation. As melanism is known to have a large effect on fitness in H. axyridis, this plasticity of melanization may have hastened its spread as an invasive species.     

异色瓢虫开发利用研究进展

异色瓢虫是一种重要的天敌资源,在许多国家都已成功应用于实践。本文概述了异色瓢虫的形态特征、生活史、习性及其开发利用有关方面的研究进展,并对现存的问题进行了讨论。     

人工扩繁代异色瓢虫卵和成虫最适冷藏条件的探讨

探讨了人工扩繁异色瓢虫时卵和成虫的最适冷藏条件。卵的最适保存温度是 1 0℃ ,冷藏 1 5d内孵化率平均在 60 %以上。成虫的最适保存温度是 1 0℃ ,如将刚羽化的成虫直接在该温度下冷藏 ,冷藏 40d时存活率能保持在 5 0 %左右 ;如将刚羽化成虫先在 1 5℃、0L∶2 4D条件下处理 1 6d,然后置于 1 0℃下冷藏 ,经冷藏 70d后存活率接近 1 0 0 % ,冷藏 90d后存活率仍高于 70 %。表明经一定条件下预处理后再冷藏成虫能保持较高的存活率和较长的存活期 ,可满足人工扩繁时对成虫的冷藏要求。     

标记-重捕技术研究果园异色瓢虫种群动态

利用标记-重捕技术,对果园异色瓢虫的种群动态进行了估测,结果表明,6月14日至6月28日生防美国杂交杏李园异色瓢虫的种群数量为1058．97头,存活率为0．5534,新增数量为525．48头,将理论标记异色瓢虫在种群中的总数和实际标记释放总数进行配对样本t检验,95％置信区间上下限相差不超过59．43头,试验结果和理论值精度较高。     

6种常用杀菌剂对苹果黄蚜及其天敌异色瓢虫的影响

本文研究了有机苹果园常用的6种杀菌剂,包括农抗120、绿乳铜、高锰酸钾、大生M-45、成标和多菌灵对果园重要害虫苹果黄蚜和h／scitricolavander Goot及其天敌异色瓢虫Harmoniaaxyridis Pallas死亡率的影响。结果表明,这6种杀菌剂使用喷雾和浸叶饲喂法对蚜虫的死亡率均有一定的影响,但校正死亡率均小于21％。喷雾处理和二次中毒处理对瓢虫幼虫的死亡率均无显著影响。上述结果说明6种供试杀菌剂的常用浓度对蚜虫有较低的致死率,而对其天敌异色瓢虫则是安全的,因此我们推测上述杀菌剂的常规使用不会对果园昆虫的群落结构造成重大影响。     

异色瓢虫对设施栽培桃树桃蚜的捕食功能反应研究

为明确异色瓢虫对设施栽培桃树上桃蚜的自然控制力,在室内研究了异色瓢虫成虫自身密度和不同蚜虫密度对捕食功能的影响。结果表明,异色瓢虫对桃蚜的捕食功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ圆盘方程,其拟合模型为Na=0.898Nt/(1+0.0045Nt),每头异色瓢虫在1 d内对桃蚜的最大捕食量为200头,捕食每头桃蚜的处置时间Th=0.005d。异色瓢虫自身密度对桃蚜捕食作用有一定制约,拟合Watt竞争模型方程为A=86.441P-0.6592。     

Genetic estimations for body size characters,development period and development rate in a coccinelid beetle,Harmonia axyridis

Heritabilities and genetic correlations for body size characters and development period in a coccinellid beetle,Harmonia axyridis were estimated by a sib-analysis experiment. Positive genetic correlations were detected between size characters and development rate. If this is upheld in the field, genetic variation would be eliminated, as the loci affecting the characters are supposed to be fixed. However, the results indicated moderate heritabilities for all characters. Possible explanations for the results are discussed.     

越冬代七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫的飞翔能力

在室内用飞行磨吊飞技术测定了七星瓢虫和异色瓢虫越冬代自然种群的飞翔能力。个体间飞翔特性差异极大。36.5%的七星瓢虫和23.7%的异色瓢虫每次飞翔都不到30分钟, 而这两种瓢虫中都有累计飞翔20小时以上的个体。最长持续飞翔时间达8小时以上和12小时以上的个体在七星瓢虫中分别为9.4%和1.2%, 在异色瓢虫中分别为21.1%和13.2%。大于30分钟的飞翔累计时间为6小时以上和12小时以上的个体在七星瓢虫中分别为20.0%和7.1%, 异色瓢虫则达47.4%和28.9%。雌性个体在卵发育期间表现出很强的飞翔能力。吊飞124小时, 飞翔能力的最高纪录是, 七星瓢虫累计飞翔22小时27分, 飞翔距离94.464km;异色瓢虫为24小时, 92.550km;飞翔速度都达到2m/秒。