广州市越秀公园鸟类多样性与保护对策

对广州市越秀公园鸟类的多样性进行了调查,共记录鸟类43种,隶属8目20科。其中留鸟27种,夏候鸟2种,冬候鸟8种,其它繁殖鸟6种。对夏冬季及不同生境的鸟类群落特征进行比较分析,得到夏季鸟类的数量、密度、优势度都比冬季高,而多样性指数和均匀性指数却比冬季低;南秀湖畔大草坪、金印游乐场、竹林、南秀树林、南秀湖和环市路旁6种生境中鸟类的种类、数量和多样性差异较大,以金印游乐场鸟类的多样性最高。根据公园内不同环境鸟类多样性状况提出了保护对策。     

Birds in the matrix: the role of agriculture in avian conservation in the Taita Hills,Kenya

Agricultural conversion of tropical forests is a major driver of biodiversity loss. Slowing rates of deforestation is a conservation priority, but it is also useful to consider how species diversity is retained across the agricultural matrix. Here, we assess how bird diversity varies in relation to land use in the Taita Hills, Kenya. We used point counts to survey birds along a land‐use gradient that included primary forest, secondary vegetation, agroforest, timber plantation and cropland. We found that the agricultural matrix supports an abundant and diverse bird community with high levels of species turnover, but that forest specialists are confined predominantly to primary forest, with the matrix dominated by forest visitors. Ordination analyses showed that representation of forest specialists decreases with distance from primary forest. With the exception of forest generalists, bird abundance and diversity are lowest in timber plantations. Contrary to expectation, we found feeding guilds at similar abundances in all land‐use types. We conclude that whilst the agricultural matrix, and agroforest in particular, makes a strong contribution to observed bird diversity at the landscape scale, intact primary forest is essential for maintaining this diversity, especially amongst species of conservation concern.     

三峡重庆库区不同鸟类群落的物种组成及多样性研究

1996～1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区鸟类15目48科226种,数量18929只。用鸟类数量级划分、Sorensen相似性指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析库区各种生境鸟类群落物组成和物种多样性结果表明：1）库区天然林、人工林、灌草丛和水域生境中鸟类群落的组成与农田生境具有较高的相似性,尤以人工林和农田的相似性最高;2）库区人工林生境鸟类群落物种多样性最高;3）库区由于长期以来人类活动的影响,生境日趋单一,已逐渐形成一种以农田灌丛鸟类为主的鸟类生态系统。     

Tree and Liana Enumeration and Diversity on a One-Hectare Plot in Papua New Guinea1

Enumeration of a one hectare plot at 900 m a.s.l in Papua New Guinea revealed 693 individuals of 228 tree and liana species ≥ 10 cm DBH. A 0.1 hectare subplot contained 302 individuals of 106 species 2.5 ≥ DBH < 10 cm. Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Myristicaceae were the most important families in both size classes. This site is very diverse compared with other tropical forests, and like other species-rich sites worldwide, it has high aseasonal rainfall and high rates of natural disturbance.     

赤水河上游主要森林植被中苔藓物种多样性研究

对赤水河上游典型森林植被中苔藓植物多样性调查分析。(1)苔藓植物有15科19属28种(含变种、亚种);生活型有3种：交织型(64.29%)、矮丛集型(28.57%)和平铺型(7.14%)。(2)丰富度以竹叶林中最大(2.131),残存阔叶林中次之(0.687),针叶林中最小(-1.444)。(3)α多样性呈现一定的规律,竹叶林（3.170）＞残存阔叶林（3.000）＞人工植被地（2.807）＞灌木林（2.322）＞针叶林=谷顶区(1.585),α多样性的排序规律与丰富度基本保持一致,均出现在竹叶林中最大。(4)β多样性出现灌木林—残存阔叶林生境中最高（1.000）,竹叶林—残存阔叶林中次之（0.938）,灌木林—针叶林（0.857）中最小的变化差异趋势。分析得出了植被型、湿度和荫蔽度是制约着该地区苔藓植物多样性的主要生态因素。通过苔藓植物多样性的探究,为保护该流域生态环境和生物多样性提供参考价值。     

短期增温对亚热带常绿阔叶林林下植被物种多样性的影响

为了解气候变暖对亚热带常绿阔叶林林下植被物种多样性的影响,采用土壤增温方式,研究短期4年增温(4℃)对亚热带常绿阔叶天然林林下植被物种多样性的影响。结果表明,短期增温对林下植被物种组成影响不显著(P>0.05),增温和对照样地林下植被共有植物38科59属77种,其中增温样地37科53属65种,对照样地36科52属63种。短期增温使乔木盖度增加了22.61%,草本和灌木盖度分别降低4.97%和21.75%;增温使草本、灌木和乔木的高度分别降低21.64%、3.37%和5.59%。草本植物中的蕨类重要值排名在增温后呈下降趋势,乔木重要值呈上升趋势(P>0.05)。虽然植物物种多样性指数在增温后差异不显著(P>0.05),但随温度增加均呈递减的趋势。因此,林下植被物种组成对短期增温响应不敏感,增温使草本植物中的蕨类重要值下降,对植物多样性指数产生一定负面影响,但这种响应并不敏感,预计长期增温将可能导致整个群落从草本向灌木和乔木方向演替。     

林分因子对成都绕城高速路域不同人工林群落物种多样性的影响

【目的】为探究林分因子对不同路域人工林群落物种多样性的影响,为成都路域人工林营造与管理提供参考。【方法】研究采用典型样地法对成都绕城高速路域现种植的5种不同人工林群落（Ⅰ,加杨纯林;Ⅱ,樟树、加杨混交林;Ⅲ,樟树纯林;Ⅳ,樟树、巨桉混交林;Ⅴ,巨桉纯林）进行全面踏查,调查林分因子及林下植被物种多样性。【结果】（1）研究区共记录植物184种,隶属于72科132属。5种不同人工林群落乔-灌-草三层的植物科属种数量均为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层,其中樟树纯林记录到的林下物种数最多。（2）构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）和葎草（Humulus scandens）重要值占比大,分别占据不同人工林群落灌木层与草本层的优势地位。（3）在5种不同人工林群落中,樟树纯林的灌木物种丰富度指数D显著高于其他群落（P<0.05）;草本层的Shannon-Wiener指数H、Simpson指数H′和D大小变化趋势一致,表现为群落Ⅲ>Ⅳ>I>I>V,其中樟树纯林的H显著高于樟树、巨桉混交林外其他群落（P<0.05）。（4）冗余分析结果表明：乔木层平均冠幅与灌木层的D和H、草本层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）,与灌木层的H''和Jsw均呈显著负相关（P<0.01）;乔木层平均枝下高与灌木层的H、H''、D、Jsw均呈显著正相关（P<0.01）。【结论】乔木层的树种组成、平均枝下高和平均冠幅显著影响路域人工林群落的物种多样性,选择合适树种并定期修枝管理,将有利于路域人工林良好乔灌草群落结构形成和林下植被物种多样性维持。 关键词 林分因子;路域人工林;林下植被;物种多样性     

Bird species richness in vegetation fences and in strips of residual rain forest vegetation at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico

Fragmentation of the lowland tropical rain forest has resulted in loss of animal and plant species and isolation of remaining populations that puts them at risk. At Los Tuxtlas, Mexico, lowland rain forests are particularly diverse in the avian fauna they contain and while most of the forests have been fragmented by human activity, many of the fragments still harbor diverse assemblages of bird species. In these landscapes, linear strips of residual rain forest vegetation along streams as well as linear strips of vegetation fences (live fences) crossing the pastures might provide some connectivity to bird populations existed in forest fragments. We investigated bird species richness and relative abundance in one 6-km long section of live fences (LF) bordering a dirt road and in two 6-km long sections of residual forest vegetation along a river (MR) and one permanent stream (BS). We used point count procedures which resulted in the count of 2984 birds representing 133 species. At the LF site we detected 74% of the species, 72% at the BS site and 57% at the MR site. Only 38% of the species were common among sites. Neotropical migratory birds accounted for 34–41% of the species counted at all sites. While edge and open habitat birds accounted for 6–10% of the species and for 50% of the records at the three vegetation strips, about 90% of the species were forest birds. Distance to forest fragments and degree of disturbance of the vegetation seemed to negatively influence bird species presence at the BS and MR strips. Rarefaction analysis indicated that the LF strip was richer in species than the other two sites, but the occurrence of the three vegetation strips in the landscape seem to favor the presence of many more species. We discuss the value of these vegetation strips to birds as stepping stones in the fragmented landscape.     

Rapid Recovery of Biomass, Species Richness, and Species Composition in a Forest Chronosequence in Northeastern Costa Rica

Secondary forests are a vital part of the tropical landscape, and their worldwide extent and importance continues to increase. Here, we present the largest chronosequence data set on forest succession in the wet tropics that includes both secondary and old-growth sites. We performed 0.1 ha vegetation inventories in 30 sites in northeastern Costa Rica, including seven old-growth forests and 23 secondary forests on former pastures, ranging from 10 to 42 yr. The secondary forest sites were formerly pasture for intervals of <1–25 yr. Aboveground biomass in secondary forests recovered rapidly, with sites already exhibiting values comparable to old growth after 21–30 yr, and biomass accumulation was not impacted by the length of time that a site was in pasture. Species richness reached old-growth levels in as little as 30 yr, although sites that were in pasture for > 10 yr had significantly lower species richness. Forest cover near the sites at the time of forest establishment did not significantly impact biomass or species richness, and the species composition of older secondary forest sites (>30 yr) converged with that of old growth. These results emphasize the resilience of tropical ecosystems in this region and the high conservation value of secondary forests.
     

海南霸王岭热带山地雨林森林循环与树种多样性动态

通过对海南岛霸王岭热带山地雨林的调查 ,研究了热带山地雨林树种多样性特征随森林循环的动态变化规律。结果表明 :( 1 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段斑块在森林景观中所占的面积比例分别是 :林隙阶段 ( G)占 38.5 0 % ,建立阶段 ( B)占 2 8.5 0 % ,成熟阶段 ( M)占 2 7.0 0 % ,衰退阶段 ( D)占 6 .0 0 %。 ( 2 )热带山地雨林中乔木树种的密度随森林循环的变化趋势是由 G→B→M呈现出逐渐增加的趋势 ,以成熟阶段达到最大 ,而到衰退阶段又趋于下降。灌木树种则表现出 G阶段斑块的密度最大 ,B阶段的最小 ,从 B到 M有所增加 ,到 D又稍有下降。 ( 3)热带山地雨林中不同高度级和不同径级的树木的密度在森林循环的不同阶段表现出不同的增减趋势 ,其随森林循环过程呈现出的动态变化可能与不同阶段斑块内的空间、环境及物种生物学特性有关。 ( 4 )热带山地雨林中树木的平均胸径、平均高、平均胸高断面积、平均单株材积随森林循环过程呈现出不断增加的趋势 ,其中平均胸径和平均高随森林循环的变化较为平缓 ,而平均胸高断面积和平均单株材积之变化较为陡急。 ( 5 )热带山地雨林森林循环不同阶段的物种多样性指数不同 ,其中 G和 B阶段的物种丰富度和多样性指数值较接近 ,M阶段的物种丰富度达到最大 ,D阶段则最小。     

Diversity and composition of tropical butterflies along an Afromontane agricultural gradient in the Jimma Highlands,Ethiopia

Afromontane landscapes are typically characterized by a mosaic of smallholder farms and the biodiversity impacts of these practices will vary in accordance to local management and landscape context. Here, we assess how tropical butterfly diversity is maintained across an agricultural landscape in the Jimma Highlands of Ethiopia. We used transect surveys to sample understory butterfly communities within degraded natural forest, semi‐managed coffee forest (SMCF), exotic timber plantations, open woodland, croplands and pasture. Surveys were conducted in 29 one‐hectare plots and repeated five times between January and June 2013. We found that natural forest supports higher butterfly diversity than all agricultural plots (measured with Hill's numbers). SMCF and timber plantations retain relatively high abundance and diversity, but these metrics drop off sharply in open woodland, cropland and pasture. SMCF and timber plantations share the majority of their species with natural forest and support an equivalent abundance of forest‐dependent species, with no increase in widespread species. There was some incongruence in the responses of families and sub‐families, notably that Lycaenidae are strongly associated with open woodland and pasture. Adult butterflies clearly utilize forested agricultural practices such as SMCF and timber plantations, but species diversity declines steeply with distance from natural forest suggesting that earlier life‐stages may depend on host plants and/or microclimatic conditions that are lost under agricultural management. From a management perspective, the protection of natural forest remains a priority for tropical butterfly conservation, but understanding functioning of the wider landscape mosaic is important as SMCF and timber plantations may act as habitat corridors that facilitate movement between forest fragments.     

Effect of Host Tree Traits on Epiphyte Diversity in Natural and Anthropogenic Habitats in Ecuador

Vascular epiphytes represent a highly diverse element of tropical rain forests, but they depend strongly on the structure and taxonomic composition of their tree communities. For conservation planning, it is therefore critical to understand the effect of host tree characteristics on epiphyte species richness in natural and anthropogenically transformed vegetation. Our study compares the effect of human land‐use on epiphyte diversity based on 220 study plots in a lowland rain forest and an Andean cloud forest in western Ecuador. We evaluate the relevance of host tree size and taxonomic identity for epiphyte species richness in contiguous primary forests, forest fragments, isolated remnant trees (IRTs), and secondary forests. At both study sites, epiphyte diversity was highest in primary forests, and it was lowest on IRTs and in secondary forests. Epiphyte species numbers of forest fragments were significantly reduced compared with the contiguous primary forest at the lowland study site, but not in the cloud forest area. Host tree size was a core predictor among secondary forests, but it had less significance within other habitat types. Taxonomic identity of the host trees also explained up to 61 percent of the variation in epiphyte diversity, especially for IRTs. The structural and taxonomic composition of the tree community in anthropogenically transformed habitat types proved to be fundamental to epiphyte diversity. This highlights the importance of deliberate selection of tree species for reforestation in conservation programs and the possible negative effects of selective logging in primary forests. Abstract in Spanish is available at http://www.blackwell‐synergy.com/loi/btp .     

Connectivity with primary forest determines the value of secondary tropical forests for bird conservation

Species extinctions caused by the destruction and degradation of tropical primary forest may be at least partially mitigated by the expansion of regenerating secondary forest. However, the conservation value of secondary forest remains controversial, and potentially underestimated, since most previous studies have focused on young, single‐aged, or isolated stands. Here, we use point‐count surveys to compare tropical forest bird communities in 20–120‐year‐old secondary forest with primary forest stands in central Panama, with varying connectivity between secondary forest sites and extensive primary forest. We found that species richness and other metrics of ecological diversity, as well as the combined population density of all birds, reached a peak in younger (20‐year‐old) secondary forests and appeared to decline in older secondary forest stands. This counter‐intuitive result can be explained by the greater connectivity between younger secondary forests and extensive primary forests at our study site, compared with older secondary forests that are either (a) more isolated or (b) connected to primary forests that are themselves small and isolated. Our results suggest that connectivity with extensive primary forest is a more important determinant of avian species richness and community structure than forest age, and highlight the vital contribution secondary forests can make in conserving tropical bird diversity, so long as extensive primary habitats are adjacent and spatially connected.Abstract in Spanish is available with online material.     

Species Richness,Forest Structure,and Functional Diversity During Succession in the New Guinea Lowlands

Much of the world's tropical forests have been affected by anthropogenic disturbance. These forests are important biodiversity reservoirs whose diversity, structure and function must be characterized across the successional sequence. We examined changes in structure and diversity along a successional gradient in the lowlands of New Guinea. To do this, we measured and identified all stems ≥5 cm diameter in 19 0.25 ha plots ranging in age from 3 to >50 yr since disturbance. We also measured plant functional traits related to establishment, performance, and competitive ability. In addition, we examined change in forest structure, composition, species diversity, and functional diversity through succession. By using rarefaction to estimate functional diversity, we compared changes in functional diversity while controlling for associated differences in stem and species density. Basal area and species density increased with stand age while stem density was highest in intermediate secondary forests. Species composition differed strongly between mature and secondary forests. As forests increased in basal area, community‐weighted mean wood density and foliar carbon increased, whereas specific leaf area and proportion of stems with exudate decreased. Foliar nitrogen peaked in medium‐aged forests. Functional diversity was highest in mature forests, even after accounting for differences in stem and species diversity. Our study represents one of the first attempts to document successional changes in New Guinea's lowland forest. We found robust evidence that as succession proceeds, communities occupy a greater range of functional trait space even after controlling for stem and species density. High functional diversity is important for ecological resiliency in the face of global change.     

山东五莲山植物群落结构及物种多样性

五莲山自然保护区地处鲁东南沿海地区,为全面了解其群落结构组成及物种多样性,作者进行了野外调查,共获得11个标准样方,面积6 600 m²。样方内记录到高等植物52科141种。该保护区地带性植被为常绿—落叶针阔叶天然次生混交林、落叶阔叶林,主要森林植被为赤松—板栗群落(Pinus densiflora-Castanea mollissima community)、麻栎—赤松群落(Quercus acutissima-Pinus densiflora community)、赤松—杜鹃群落（P. densiflora-Rhododendron simsii community）、麻栎—杜鹃群落(Q. acutissima-Rhododendron simsii community)。样方数据显示该区域木本植物种类不是很丰富,但植物群落结构复杂,具有明显的生境异质性,其多样性指数乔木层＜木本层＜灌木层。作者认为影响该保护区核心区多样性的最显著特征应该为海拔和坡度,而人为干扰会严重影响外围保护区植被类型及其物种多样性。整体上看,本区域正处于群落演替早期,种间竞争尚不充分,物种多样性偏低。     

Functional Richness and Relative Resilience of Bird Communities in Regions with Different Land Use Intensities

Abstract Empirical estimates of the function and resilience of communities under different management regimes can provide valuable information for sustainable natural resource management, but such estimates are scarce to date. We quantified the functional richness and relative resilience of bird communities inhabiting five regions in southeastern Australia that represented different management regimes. First, we show that functional richness and relative resilience were reduced at species-poor sites in all regions. Second, we show that bird communities in agricultural regions had fewer body mass groups and fewer functional groups than expected by chance. This suggests that both the function and the resilience of bird communities in agricultural regions were reduced. The likely mechanisms for the observed loss of function and relative resilience are: (1) the simplification of landscape texture resulting in selective extinction of certain body mass groups; and (2) the selective extinction of certain functional groups that are particularly sensitive to intensive land use. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

塔里木荒漠河岸林异质生境物种多样性比较与其测度指标筛选及评价

选择合适的物种多样性测度指标与多样性指数是进行群落多样性研究的基础工作。依据塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林样地调查资料,分别采用重要值、盖度和多度为测度指标比较了反映群落物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度12种多样性指数与异质生境群落多样性特征,并对多样性指数进行了相关分析与评价。结果表明,荒漠河岸林异质生境群落物种组成种类差异明显,轮南镇胡杨群落物种丰富度与多样性指数最高,水工三连灰胡杨群落多样性最低,土壤水盐的空间异质性是引起荒漠植被空间分布与群落多样性差异的主导因子。表征荒漠群落多样性以重要值和盖度为测度指标优于多度指标,其中以重要值为测度指标来反映群落多样性更为合理。相关与主成分分析表明,均匀度与多样性指数间的相关性高于丰富度与多样性指数,且多样性指数受均匀度、优势度指数受丰富度影响较大,反映出荒漠河岸林群落多样性主要决定于物种分布的均匀程度。12种多样性指数中Margalef丰富度指数（Ma）、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数（H）与Simpson多样性指数（D）能客观真实地反映异质生境荒漠植物群落多样性。同时,针对高度生境异质性的荒漠植物群落,还应综合考虑群落物种组成与生境特征,选择合适的多样性指数组合可更客观地反映荒漠河岸林群落多样性变化。