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1.
Thibaut Capblancq Xavier Morin Maya Gueguen Julien Renaud Stphane Lobreaux Eric Bazin 《Journal of evolutionary biology》2020,33(6):783-796
Local adaptation patterns have been found in many plants and animals, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of species along their range of distribution. In the next decades, global warming is predicted to induce a change in the selective pressures that drive this adaptive variation, forcing a reshuffling of the underlying adaptive allele distributions. For species with low dispersion capacity and long generation time such as trees, the rapidity of the change could impede the migration of beneficial alleles and lower their capacity to track the changing environment. Identifying the main selective pressures driving the adaptive genetic variation is thus necessary when investigating species capacity to respond to global warming. In this study, we investigate the adaptive landscape of Fagus sylvatica along a gradient of populations in the French Alps. Using a double‐digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing approach, we identified 7,000 SNPs from 570 individuals across 36 different sites. A redundancy analysis (RDA)‐derived method allowed us to identify several SNPs that were strongly associated with climatic gradients; moreover, we defined the primary selective gradients along the natural populations of F. sylvatica in the Alps. Strong effects of elevation and humidity, which contrast north‐western and south‐eastern site, were found and were believed to be important drivers of genetic adaptation. Finally, simulations of future genetic landscapes that used these findings allowed identifying populations at risk for F. sylvatica in the Alps, which could be helpful for future management plans. 相似文献
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Mathieu Jonard Alfred Fürst Arne Verstraeten Anne Thimonier Volkmar Timmermann Nenad Potočić Peter Waldner Sue Benham Karin Hansen Päivi Merilä Quentin Ponette Ana C de la Cruz Peter Roskams Manuel Nicolas Luc Croisé Morten Ingerslev Giorgio Matteucci Bruno Decinti Marco Bascietto Pasi Rautio 《Global Change Biology》2015,21(1):418-430
The response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric CO2 is constrained by nutrient availability. It is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main European tree species, to identify growth‐limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. We analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992–2009 on the intensive forest monitoring plots of the ICP Forests programme. Of the 22 significant temporal trends that were observed in foliar nutrient concentrations, 20 were decreasing and two were increasing. Some of these trends were alarming, among which the foliar P concentration in F. sylvatica, Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris that significantly deteriorated during 1992–2009. In Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris, the decrease in foliar P concentration was more pronounced on plots with low foliar P status, meaning that trees with latent P deficiency could become deficient in the near future. Increased tree productivity, possibly resulting from high N deposition and from the global increase in atmospheric CO2, has led to higher nutrient demand by trees. As the soil nutrient supply was not always sufficient to meet the demands of faster growing trees, this could partly explain the deterioration of tree mineral nutrition. The results suggest that when evaluating forest carbon storage capacity and when planning to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing use of wood biomass for bioenergy, it is crucial that nutrient limitations for forest growth are considered. 相似文献
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Gretchen J. A. Hansen Jordan S. Read Jonathan F. Hansen Luke A. Winslow 《Global Change Biology》2017,23(4):1463-1476
Temperate lakes may contain both coolwater fish species such as walleye (Sander vitreus) and warmwater fish species such as largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Recent declining walleye and increasing largemouth bass populations have raised questions regarding the future trajectories and management actions for these species. We developed a thermodynamic model of water temperatures driven by downscaled climate data and lake‐specific characteristics to estimate daily water temperature profiles for 2148 lakes in Wisconsin, US, under contemporary (1989–2014) and future (2040–2064 and 2065–2089) conditions. We correlated contemporary walleye recruitment and largemouth bass relative abundance to modeled water temperature, lake morphometry, and lake productivity, and projected lake‐specific changes in each species under future climate conditions. Walleye recruitment success was negatively related and largemouth bass abundance was positively related to water temperature degree days. Both species exhibited a threshold response at the same degree day value, albeit in opposite directions. Degree days were predicted to increase in the future, although the magnitude of increase varied among lakes, time periods, and global circulation models (GCMs). Under future conditions, we predicted a loss of walleye recruitment in 33–75% of lakes where recruitment is currently supported and a 27–60% increase in the number of lakes suitable for high largemouth bass abundance. The percentage of lakes capable of supporting abundant largemouth bass but failed walleye recruitment was predicted to increase from 58% in contemporary conditions to 86% by mid‐century and to 91% of lakes by late century, based on median projections across GCMs. Conversely, the percentage of lakes with successful walleye recruitment and low largemouth bass abundance was predicted to decline from 9% of lakes in contemporary conditions to only 1% of lakes in both future periods. Importantly, we identify up to 85 resilient lakes predicted to continue to support natural walleye recruitment. Management resources could target preserving these resilient walleye populations. 相似文献
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- Temperate tree species differ in their physiological sensitivity to declining soil moisture and drought. Although species‐specific responses to drought have often been suggested to be the result of different water uptake depths, empirical evidence for such a mechanism is scarce.
- Here we test if differences in water uptake depths can explain previously observed species‐specific physiological responses of temperate trees to drought and if the water uptake depth of different species varies in response to declining soil moisture. For this purpose, we employed stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of soil and xylem water that we collected over the course of three growing seasons in a mature temperate forest in Switzerland.
- Our data show that all investigated species utilise water from shallow soil layers during times of sufficient soil water supply. However, Fraxinus excelsior, Fagus sylvatica and Acer pseudoplatanus were able to shift their water uptake to deeper soil layers when soil water availability decreased in the topsoil. In contrast, Picea abies, was not able to shift its water uptake to deeper soil layers.
- We conclude from our data that more drought‐resistant tree species are able to shift their water uptake to deeper soil layers when water availability in the topsoil is becoming scarce. In addition, we were able to show that water uptake depth of temperate tree species is a trait with high plasticity that needs to be characterised across a range of environmental conditions.
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Xin Leng Jun Cui Shiting Zhang Wenguang Zhang Yuhong Liu Shirong Liu Shuqing An 《植被学杂志》2013,24(1):138-147
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Frédérik Saltré Anne Duputié Cédric Gaucherel Isabelle Chuine 《Global Change Biology》2015,21(2):897-910
Recent efforts to incorporate migration processes into species distribution models (SDMs) are allowing assessments of whether species are likely to be able to track their future climate optimum and the possible causes of failing to do so. Here, we projected the range shift of European beech over the 21st century using a process‐based SDM coupled to a phenomenological migration model accounting for population dynamics, according to two climate change scenarios and one land use change scenario. Our model predicts that the climatically suitable habitat for European beech will shift north‐eastward and upward mainly because (i) higher temperature and precipitation, at the northern range margins, will increase survival and fruit maturation success, while (ii) lower precipitations and higher winter temperature, at the southern range margins, will increase drought mortality and prevent bud dormancy breaking. Beech colonization rate of newly climatically suitable habitats in 2100 is projected to be very low (1–2% of the newly suitable habitats colonised). Unexpectedly, the projected realized contraction rate was higher than the projected potential contraction rate. As a result, the realized distribution of beech is projected to strongly contract by 2100 (by 36–61%) mainly due to a substantial increase in climate variability after 2050, which generates local extinctions, even at the core of the distribution, the frequency of which prevents beech recolonization during more favourable years. Although European beech will be able to persist in some parts of the trailing edge of its distribution, the combined effects of climate and land use changes, limited migration ability, and a slow life‐history are likely to increase its threat status in the near future. 相似文献
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Wolfgang Willner Borja Jiménez‐Alfaro Emiliano Agrillo Idoia Biurrun Juan Antonio Campos Andraž Čarni Laura Casella János Csiky Renata Ćušterevska Yakiv P. Didukh Jörg Ewald Ute Jandt Florian Jansen Zygmunt Kącki Ali Kavgacı Jonathan Lenoir Aleksander Marinšek Viktor Onyshchenko John S. Rodwell Joop H.J. Schaminée Jozef Šibík Željko Škvorc Jens‐Christian Svenning Ioannis Tsiripidis Pavel Dan Turtureanu Rossen Tzonev Kiril Vassilev Roberto Venanzoni Thomas Wohlgemuth Milan Chytrý 《应用植被学》2017,20(3):494-512
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Hana Chaïr Julie Sardos Anthea Supply Pierre Mournet Roger Malapa Vincent Lebot 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2016,180(3):319-333
Phylogenetic relationships of Oceanian staple yams (species of Dioscorea section Enantiophyllum) were investigated using plastid trnL‐F and rpl32‐trnL(UAG) sequences and nine nuclear co‐dominant microsatellites. Analysis of herbarium specimens, used as taxonomic references, allowed the comparison with samples collected in the field. It appears that D. alata, D. transversa and D. hastifolia are closely related species. This study does not support a direct ancestry from D. nummularia to D. alata as previously hypothesized. The dichotomy in D. nummularia previously described by farmers in semi‐perennial and annual types was reflected by molecular markers, but the genetic structure of D. nummularia appears more complex. Dioscorea nummularia displayed two haplotypes, each corresponding to a different genetic group. One, including a D. nummularia voucher from New Guinea, is closer to D. tranversa, D. alata and D. hastifolia and encompasses only semi‐perennial types. The second group is composed of semi‐perennial and annual yams. However, some of these annual yams also displayed D. alata haplotypes. Nuclear markers revealed that some annual yams shared alleles with D. alata and semi‐perennial D. nummularia, suggesting a hybrid origin, which may explain their intermediate morphotypes and the difficulty met in classifying them. 相似文献
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Michael C. Whitlock 《Molecular ecology》2015,24(14):3513-3514
FST (as well as related measures such as GST) has long been used both as a measure of the relative amount of genetic variation between populations and as an indicator of the amount of gene flow among populations. Unfortunately, FST and its clones are also sensitive to mutation, particularly when the mutation rate per locus is greater than the migration rate among populations. Relatively high mutation rates cause estimates of FST and GST to be much lower than researchers sometimes expect, when migration rates are low in the studied species. Several recent suggestions for dealing with this problem have been unsatisfactory for one reason or another, and no general solution exists (if we are not to abandon these otherwise useful measures of differentiation). In an important article in this issue, Jinliang Wang (2015) shows that it is possible to identify whether the genetic markers in a given study are likely to give estimates of FST that are strongly affected by mutation. The proposed test is simple and elegant, and with it, molecular ecologists can determine whether the FST from their makers can be depended on for further inference about their species’ genome and the demographic forces which shaped its patterns. 相似文献
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Susy Echeverría‐Londoño Tim Newbold Lawrence N. Hudson Sara Contu Samantha L. L. Hill Igor Lysenko Enrique Arbeláez‐Cortés Inge Armbrecht Teun Boekhout Jimmy Cabra‐García Yamileth Dominguez‐Haydar Guiomar Nates‐Parra Doris L. Gutiérrez‐Lamus Diego Higuera Paola Johanna Isaacs‐Cubides Carlos A. López‐Quintero Eliana Martinez Daniel Rafael Miranda‐Esquivel Luis Eduardo Navarro‐Iriarte Jorge Ari Noriega Samuel Eduardo Otavo Alejandro Parra‐H Katja Poveda Martha P. Ramirez‐Pinilla Juan Carlos Rey‐Velasco Loreta Rosselli Allan H. Smith‐Pardo José Nicolás Urbina‐Cardona Andy Purvis 《Diversity & distributions》2016,22(11):1099-1111
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Nicolas Friess Jrg C. Müller Pablo Aramendi Claus Bssler Martin Brndle Christophe Bouget Antoine Brin Heinz Bussler Kostadin B. Georgiev Rados&#x;aw Gil Martin M. Gossner Jacob Heilmann‐Clausen Gunnar Isacsson Anton Kri&#x;tín Thibault Lachat Laurent Larrieu Elodie Magnanou Alexander Maringer Ulrich Mergner Martin Mikol&#x; Lars Opgenoorth Jürgen Schmidl Miroslav Svoboda Simon Thorn Kris Vandekerkhove Al Vrezec Thomas Wagner Maria‐Barbara Winter Livia Zapponi Roland Brandl Sebastian Seibold 《Diversity & distributions》2019,25(5):783-796
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- Understorey plant communities are crucial to maintain species diversity and ecosystem processes including nutrient cycling and regeneration of overstorey trees. Most studies exploring effects of elevated CO2 concentration ([CO2]) in forests have, however, been done on overstorey trees, while understorey communities received only limited attention.
- The hypothesis that understorey grass species differ in shade‐tolerance and development dynamics, and temporally exploit different niches under elevated [CO2], was tested during the fourth year of [CO2] treatment. We assumed stimulated carbon gain by elevated [CO2] even at low light conditions in strongly shade‐tolerant Luzula sylvatica, while its stimulation under elevated [CO2] in less shade‐tolerant Calamagrostis arundinacea was expected only in early spring when the tree canopy is not fully developed.
- We found evidence supporting this hypothesis. While elevated [CO2] stimulated photosynthesis in L. sylvatica mainly in the peak of the growing season (by 55%–57% in July and August), even at low light intensities (50 µmol m?2 s?1), stimulatory effect of [CO2] in C. arundinacea was found mainly under high light intensities (200 µmol m?2 s?1) at the beginning of the growing season (increase by 171% in May) and gradually declined during the season. Elevated [CO2] also substantially stimulated leaf mass area and root‐to‐shoot ratio in L. sylvatica, while only insignificant increases were observed in C. arundinacea.
- Our physiological and morphological analyses indicate that understorey species, differing in shade‐tolerance, under elevated [CO2] exploit distinct niches in light environment given by the dynamics of the tree canopy.
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Fabio Ercoli Timo J. Ruokonen Sofia Koistinen Roger I. Jones Heikki Hämäläinen 《Freshwater Biology》2015,60(8):1688-1698
- We investigated differences in the abundance, community composition and taxon richness of sublittoral macroinvertebrates in boreal lakes containing introduced invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) or native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus). We hypothesised that sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblages in lakes containing noble crayfish, which reportedly prefer the shallow littoral, would differ little from those in lakes without crayfish, in contrast to assemblages in lakes containing signal crayfish, which reportedly forage at greater depths.
- In a set of 24 small and medium‐sized Finnish lakes, eight lakes contained signal crayfish, eight had noble crayfish and eight control lakes had no crayfish. At three sites per lake, we sampled macroinvertebrates quantitatively from soft sediment in the sublittoral.
- The sublittoral macroinvertebrate assemblage in lakes with noble crayfish and control lakes was similar. In contrast, lakes with signal crayfish had a lower density of Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, as well as a lower density and species richness of Chironomidae, and a lower overall benthic density and taxon richness.
- In contrast to some previous reports from other habitats, we infer that introduced signal crayfish have stronger negative effects than native noble crayfish on sublittoral macroinvertebrates. Hence, the ecological equivalence or differences of crayfish species cannot be generalised across habitats.
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RG MÜLLER J
RG BRUNET ANTOINE BRIN CHRISTOPHE BOUGET HERVE BRUSTEL HEINZ BUSSLER BERNHARD F
RSTER GUNNAR ISACSSON FRANK K
HLER THIBAULT LACHAT MARTIN M. GOSSNER 《Insect Conservation and Diversity》2013,6(2):162-169
Abstract. 1. European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the natural dominant tree species in many forests across Europe. Despite Europe’s global responsibility for these forests, the correct conservation strategies are still a matter of debate. In particular, it remains controversial whether high conservation efforts should be directed towards beech forests, owing to the small number of insects that are Fagus specialists, and at what spatial scale conservation should take place. 2. To provide evidence for this discussion, we compiled saproxylic beetle data from 1115 flight‐interception traps in eight countries and addressed two main questions: (i) what percentage of central European species can be expected in beech‐dominated forests? and (ii) which are the important spatial scales for the conservation of biodiversity in beech‐dominated forests? 3. We included six spatial scales in our analysis: among traps, forest stands, forest sites, low/high elevations, oligo/eutrophic soils, and European bioregions. 4. By extrapolating species numbers, we showed that 70% of the central European saproxylic beetle species can be expected in beech‐dominated forests. Multiplicative β‐diversity partitioning revealed the forest site level as the most important diversity scale for species richness, particularly for red‐listed and rare species, followed by elevation and bioregion. 5. We conclude that beech‐dominated forests form a useful umbrella for the high species diversity of central European saproxylic beetles. Conservation activities, such as protecting areas or increasing dead wood, should be undertaken in as many forest sites as possible, at different elevations, and in different bioregions. For this, the Natura 2000 net may provide the most useful template. 相似文献
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Marco Vanoni Harald Bugmann Magdalena Nötzli Christof Bigler 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(11):3555-3570
Drought entails important effects on tree physiology, which may result in short‐ to long‐term radial growth decreases. While the majority of studies have focused on annual drought‐related variability of growth, relatively little is known about sustained growth decreases following drought years. We apply a statistical framework to identify climatic factors that induce abrupt growth decreases and may eventually result in tree mortality. We used tree‐ring data from almost 500 standing dead trees and 200 living trees in eight sites of the Swiss network of strict forest reserves, including four of the most important Central European tree species (Abies alba, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus spp.). First, to assess short‐term growth responses to drought under various climate and site conditions, we calculated correlations and linear mixed‐effects models between ring‐width indices (RWIs) and drought based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Second, to quantify drought effects on abrupt growth decreases, we applied distributed lag nonlinear models (DLNMs), which account for both delayed effects and the nonlinear relationship between the SPEI and the occurrence of abrupt growth decreases. Positive correlations between RWIs and the SPEI indicated short‐term growth responses of all species, particularly at arid sites. Results of the DLNMs revealed species‐specific growth responses to drought. For Quercus spp., abrupt growth decreases were more likely to occur several years following severe drought, whereas for P. abies, A. alba, and F. sylvatica abrupt growth decreases started frequently immediately in the drought year. We conclude that the statistical framework allows for quantifying the effects of drought intensity on the probability of abrupt growth decreases, which ultimately contributes to an improved understanding of climate impacts on forest community dynamics. 相似文献