Links between ammonia oxidizer community structure, abundance, and nitrification potential in acidic soils

Ammonia oxidation is the first and rate-limiting step of nitrification and is performed by both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB). However, the environmental drivers controlling the abundance, composition, and activity of AOA and AOB communities are not well characterized, and the relative importance of these two groups in soil nitrification is still debated. Chinese tea orchard soils provide an excellent system for investigating the long-term effects of low pH and nitrogen fertilization strategies. AOA and AOB abundance and community composition were therefore investigated in tea soils and adjacent pine forest soils, using quantitative PCR (qPCR), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequence analysis of respective ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes. There was strong evidence that soil pH was an important factor controlling AOB but not AOA abundance, and the ratio of AOA to AOB amoA gene abundance increased with decreasing soil pH in the tea orchard soils. In contrast, T-RFLP analysis suggested that soil pH was a key explanatory variable for both AOA and AOB community structure, but a significant relationship between community abundance and nitrification potential was observed only for AOA. High potential nitrification rates indicated that nitrification was mainly driven by AOA in these acidic soils. Dominant AOA amoA sequences in the highly acidic tea soils were all placed within a specific clade, and one AOA genotype appears to be well adapted to growth in highly acidic soils. Specific AOA and AOB populations dominated in soils at particular pH values and N content, suggesting adaptation to specific niches.     

Effect of montmorillonite and kaolinite on nitrification in soil

A soil not naturally containing montmorillonite (M) was amended with approximately 5, 10 or 20% M or kaolinite (K), maintained in a greenhouse under periodic cultivating and alternate wetting and drying for more than two years, and then used in perfusion studies. The incorporation of M enhanced the rate of both heterotrophic degradation of glycine and subsequent autotrophic nitrification in direct relation to the amounts of M added. In soil amended with K, neither degradation nor nitrification was stimulated. The addition of M shortened the lag phase before nitrification was initiated, increased the pH of both the soil and the perfusates, and increased the rate, but not the extent, of oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate. The addition of CaCO₃ or MgCO₃, but not of CaSO₄, also enhanced the rate of nitrification. The effects observed may have resulted from the influence of M on the pH, buffering capacity, and other soil conditions necessary for maximum activity of nitrifying microorganisms.     

Global patterns and controlling factors of soil nitrification rate

Soil nitrification, an important pathway of nitrogen transformation in ecosystems, produces soil nitrate that influences net primary productivity, while the by‐product of nitrification, nitrous oxide, is a significant greenhouse gas. Although there have been many studies addressing the microbiology, physiology, and impacting environment factors of soil nitrification at local scales, there are very few studies on soil nitrification rate over large scales. We conducted a global synthesis on the patterns and controlling factors of soil nitrification rate normalized at 25°C by compiling 3,140 observations from 186 published articles across terrestrial ecosystems. Soil nitrification rate tended to decrease with increasing latitude, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and varied largely with ecosystem types. The soil nitrification rate significantly increased with mean annual temperature (MAT), soil nitrogen content, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, soil ammonium, and soil pH, but decreased with soil carbon:nitrogen and carbon:nitrogen of microbial biomass. The total soil nitrogen content contributed the most to the variations of global soil nitrification rate (total coefficient = 0.29) in structural equation models. The microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN; total coefficient = 0.19) was nearly of equivalent importance relative to MAT (total coefficient = 0.25) and soil pH (total coefficient = 0.24) in determining soil nitrification rate, while soil nitrogen and pH influenced soil nitrification via changing soil MBN. Moreover, the emission of soil nitrous oxide was positively related to soil nitrification rate at a global scale. This synthesis will advance our current understanding on the mechanisms underlying large‐scale variations of soil nitrification and benefit the biogeochemical models in simulating global nitrogen cycling.     

不同植被类型下红壤pH和交换性酸的剖面特征

研究湘南红壤丘陵区11种植被类型下施肥区域和未施肥区域红壤剖面(0～100 cm)pH及交换性酸的变化特征.结果表明: 施肥区域0～60 cm土层土壤的pH大小顺序为茶园<花生地<柑橘园,交换性酸含量大小为花生地≤柑橘园<茶园;种植茶树和花生后,表层(0～40 cm)相对底层(60～100 cm)均产生酸化,pH分别降低0.55和0.17,而种植柑橘后,土层间无显著差异.未施肥区域中,植被恢复区0～40 cm土层pH大小为白檵木林≤湿地松林<板栗园<白茅草地,交换性酸含量大小为白茅草地<板栗园<白檵木林≤湿地松林;天然林区0～20 cm土层中次生林和油茶林的pH均显著低于马尾松林0.34和0.20个单位,马尾松林和次生林交换性酸含量显著低于油茶林.与裸地相比,未施肥区域除白茅草地外,其他植被类型均加速了表层土壤酸化,其中天然次生林酸化最严重,pH降低0.52;未施肥区域除天然次生林外,其他植被类型均提高了深层土壤pH,其中白茅草地提升效果最显著,pH升高0.43.无论施肥区域还是未施肥区域,整体上随着土层深度的增加,植被类型或施肥对土壤酸度的影响越来越小.     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂在黑土和褐土中对尿素氮转化的调控效果

本试验研究脲酶/硝化抑制剂不同组合在黑土和褐土中对尿素水解和硝化作用的调控效果,旨在筛选出适合东北黑土、褐土的高效抑制剂组合。采用室内恒温、恒湿培养试验,以不施氮肥(CK)和施用普通尿素肥料(U)为对照,研究分别添加脲酶抑制剂N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)及其与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(CP)、2-氨基-4-氯-6-甲基嘧啶(AM)、3-甲基吡唑(MP)组合制成的6种高效稳定性尿素在黑土和褐土中的尿素水解和氨氧化特征。在培养125 d内分别取土壤样品15次,通过测定2种土壤中尿素态氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量,及氨氧化作用强度,计算硝化抑制率,确定最适合2种土壤的抑制剂或组合。结果表明: 尿素在黑土和褐土中水解时间约7 d,添加NBPT以及其与不同硝化抑制剂组合均能将尿素水解时间延长21 d以上。与U处理相比,添加抑制剂可显著增加土壤NH₄⁺-N含量,降低NO₃^--N生成量,维持土壤中高NH₄⁺-N含量的时间更久。黑土中,添加硝化抑制剂的处理均能显著抑制土壤硝化作用,有效硝化抑制时间超过125 d;DMPP、CP与NBPT配施使黑土NH₄⁺-N含量提高1.6～1.8倍,培养125 d时其硝化抑制率分别为47.9%和24.1%。褐土中,U处理培养80 d左右基本完成硝化过程,而添加硝化抑制剂使硝化过程延长至少30 d;DCD、DMPP与NBPT配施使土壤NH₄⁺-N含量提高2.1～3.4倍,培养125 d时其硝化抑制率分别为25.3%和23.2%。因此,尿素与NBPT+DMPP和NBPT+DCD制成的高效稳定性尿素分别在黑土和褐土中施用效果最好,其次分别是NBPT+CP和NBPT+DMPP。     

Nitrification and nitrous oxide production potentials in aerobic soil samples from the soil profile of a Finnish coniferous site receiving high ammonium deposition

Abstract Using aerobic soil slurry technique nitrification and nitrous oxide production were studied in samples from a pine site in Western Finland. The site received atmospheric ammonium deposition of 7–33 kg N ha⁻¹ a⁻¹ from a mink farm. The experiments with soil slurries showed that the nitrification potential in the litter layer was higher at pH 6 than at pH 4. However, the nitrification potentials in the samples from the organic and mineral horizons at pH 6 and 4 were almost equal. Also N₂O was produced at a higher rate at pH 6 than at pH 4 in slurries of the litter layer samples. The reverse was true for samples from the organic and mineral horizons. The highest N₂O production and nitrification rates were measured in the suspensions of litter layer samples. Nitrification activity in field-moist soil samples was lower than the activity in the slurries indicating that the availability of ammonium limited nitrification in these soils. Acetylene (2.5 kPa) retarded nitrification activity (70-–100%) and N₂O production (40 – 90%) in soil slurries. Acetylene inhibited the N₂O production by 40–60% during the first 3 days after its addition to field-moist samples incubated in aerobic atmosphere. After 3 days the inhibition became much lower (4–5%). The results indicate that, in soil profiles of boreal coniferous forests receiving ammonium deposition, chemolithotrophic nitrification may have importance in the N₂O production, and that changes in soil pH affect differently nitrification as well as N₂O production in litter and deeper soil layers.     

粗放经营茶园土壤昆虫病原真菌种群多样性及时间生态位

本文系统调查了粗放经营状态下黄山毛峰茶园根际土壤昆虫病原真菌的种群多样性及其时间生态位水平.于2012年8月至2013年6月,在安徽省黄山市汤口镇选择粗放经营茶园采集土壤样品140份,经稀释平板法分离共获得昆虫病原真菌1041株.结果表明： 昆虫病原真菌种群多样性较为丰富,经鉴定分为6属13种.其中,淡紫紫孢菌、球孢白僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌为优势种群,其菌株数分别为309、255和101株,占总数的29.7%、24.5%和9.7%.茶园土壤中淡紫紫孢菌的时间生态位宽度最大,球孢白僵菌最小.昆虫病原真菌之间以球孢白僵菌和布氏白僵菌的时间生态位重叠值最大,为1.965;而爪哇棒束孢和球孢白僵菌的时间生态位重叠值最小,仅为0.374.     

Investigation of nitrification in forest soils with soil percolation columns

Soil percolation columns in which a pF of 2 could be maintained were developed to study nitrification in soils and litter of an acid and a calcareous forest soil location. High nitrification rates were observed in the calcareous soil. In the acid soil nitrification was much slower. A column filled with leaf litter gave a low nitrification rate at the start of the experiment, but a high rate was found after 60 days of percolation with an ammonium-containing medium of pH 4. In this leaf litter high numbers of autotrophic bacteria were just present at the beginning of the experiment, whereas at the end only low numbers were detected. Results indicate that autotrophic bacteria from acid soils are sensitive to a pH increase.     

亚热带米槠天然林土壤氨氧化微生物对模拟氮沉降的响应

我国亚热带地区是全球氮沉降的热点区域。氮沉降会影响氨氧化微生物的丰度和群落结构,进而改变土壤微生物驱动的养分循环。目前对新近发现的完全氨氧化菌认识不足,极大地制约了对森林土壤氨氧化微生物响应氮沉降的整体认识。本研究以福建省三明市辛口镇格氏栲自然保护区长期模拟氮沉降处理土壤为研究对象,利用实时定量PCR方法,研究氨氧化微生物(包括氨氧化细菌AOB、氨氧化古菌AOA和完全氨氧化菌comammox Nitrospira),尤其是完全氨氧化菌的amoA基因丰度。模拟氮沉降处理包括:不添加N(CK)、低氮(添加40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,LN)和高氮(添加80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1,HN)。结果表明: 8年的氮添加降低了土壤pH值和有机碳含量,提高了土壤硝态氮含量。供试土壤的AOB丰度低于检测限,无法获得目的片段。高氮处理显著提高了AOA丰度,但对完全氨氧化菌clade A和clade B丰度无显著影响。两种氮添加处理均降低了完全氨氧化菌/AOA值,表明氮添加降低了完全氨氧化菌在亚热带森林土壤氨氧化微生物类群中的相对竞争力。针对完全氨氧化菌clade A和clade B的扩增都存在非特异性产物,表明针对森林土壤的高特异性和覆盖度设计引物的必要性。Clade A和clade B丰度与总氮和铵态氮含量呈显著正相关,clade B丰度还与有机碳含量呈显著正相关。总之,模拟氮沉降提高了AOA在亚热带米槠天然林土壤硝化过程中的相对重要性,这些发现可为该地区应对全球变化和氮沉降的风险评估提供理论依据。     

稳定性铵态氮肥在黑土和褐土中的氮素转化特征

以稳定性氯化铵为氮源,采用室内培养的方法,研究0.20、0.50、1.00 g N·kg^-1干土3种浓度的稳定性铵态氮肥在黑土、褐土中的氮素转化特征.结果表明: 在褐土中,随着氯化铵添加量的增加,土壤中发生硝化作用的时间逐渐推迟,添加0.20、0.50 g N·kg^-1干土处理开始发生明显硝化反应的时间分别为第3、7天,在高浓度氮量(1.00 g N·kg^-1干土)添加下硝化作用受到明显抑制;在黑土中,各浓度氮量添加处理开始发生硝化反应的时间相同,均为第3天,且随着添加量的增加,硝化作用潜势逐渐减弱.只加铵态氮肥的处理中,添加0.20 g N·kg^-1干土的氯化铵氮肥在褐土和黑土中的硝化反应时间分别可维持3周和2周左右;添加0.50 g N·kg^-1干土的氯化铵氮肥在褐土和黑土中的硝化反应时间分别可维持4周和3周左右.与单施氯化铵相比,黑土和褐土在0.20、0.50 g N·kg^-1干土添加浓度下,按纯氮量的1.0%添加3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、4.0%添加二氰二胺(DCD)均能显著抑制硝化作用,降低硝态氮的含量,抑制硝化作用潜势.综上,在褐土中,随着氯化铵添加浓度增加,土壤硝化作用受到抑制效果大于黑土.在0.20、0.50 g N·kg^-1干土外源铵态氮时,添加抑制剂可以显著抑制铵态氮的硝化作用.因此室内硝化抑制剂培养试验时,建议铵态氮添加量不超过1.00 g N·kg^-1干土,以0.50 g N·kg^-1干土效果最好.     

丘陵红壤茶园根际氮磷转化对不同强度酸雨胁迫的响应

南方丘陵红壤茶园长期受到酸沉降的胁迫,但茶树根际氮(N)、磷(P)转化过程对酸雨的响应及其机制尚不清楚.以江西典型丘陵红壤25年茶园为对象,开展pH 4.5、pH 3.5、pH 2.5及对照4种不同强度酸雨处理的原位模拟试验,于试验第3年测定根际和非根际土壤矿质N、速效P和相关酶的活性,并估测土壤N、P矿化速率,计算各变量的根际效应.结果表明: 与对照相比,pH 4.5、pH 3.5和pH 2.5处理根际土壤NO₃^--N含量分别降低了7.1%、42.1%和49.9%,矿质N分别降低了6.4%、35.9%和40.3%,速效P分别降低了10.5%、41.1%和46.9%;根际氨化速率分别降低了18.7%、30.1%和44.7%,N净矿化速率分别降低了3.6%、12.7%和38.8%,P矿化速率分别降低了31.5%、41.8%和63.0%,但不同处理之间根际硝化速率差异不显著;根际土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均表现为随酸雨加重呈增强的趋势(P<0.05).非根际土壤除NH₄⁺-N外,其他有效N和P含量未随酸雨加重而改变;不同酸雨处理对非根际土壤氨化、硝化、N净矿化速率和P矿化速率的影响差异均不显著.根际NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、矿质N、氨化和净矿化速率均随着酸雨强度加重由正效应转变为负效应,而脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性由负效应转变为正效应,但速效P和P矿化速率始终表现为负效应,硝化速率始终为正效应.综上所述,连续酸雨加重总体上抑制了根际N、P转化,降低其有效性,且不同程度改变其根际效应,从而影响茶园养分循环.     

模拟酸雨对红壤区茶树器官氮磷含量及其化学计量比的影响

以红壤区25年生茶园为对象,开展pH 4.5、pH 3.5、pH 2.5及自来水(对照)4种强度模拟酸雨处理原位试验,于处理第3年收集茶树体不同功能根系和不同年龄枝、叶,测定氮(N)、磷(P)含量,并计算化学计量比和酸雨响应敏感度.结果表明: 土壤pH值、硝态N和有效P随酸雨强度增加而显著降低.吸收根N含量随酸雨强度增加而提高,pH 2.5处理下吸收根N含量与对照相比显著提高32.9%;储藏根P含量随酸雨强度增强而显著降低;同时酸雨处理显著提高吸收根N/P.新叶和老叶N、P含量对不同强度酸雨处理响应不敏感,但酸雨处理增加了老叶N/P,且在pH 3.5处理下达到显著水平.酸雨处理对枝条的影响与其年龄有关,新枝N含量和N/P在低强度酸雨(pH 4.5)处理下显著增加,而老枝N含量和N/P对酸雨处理响应不敏感.吸收根、新叶和新枝N含量对酸雨响应敏感度分别高于储藏根、老叶和老枝,而储藏根和叶片P含量对酸雨响应敏感度高于其他器官.茶树器官N含量对酸雨处理较为敏感,适度酸雨可增加幼嫩器官N含量和N/P,改变茶树体N、P的循环和平衡.     

红壤茶树根层土壤基础呼吸作用和酶活性

对不同树龄茶树根层土壤的呼吸作用(包括代谢熵qCO2)和土壤酶(脲酶、转化酶和酸性磷酸单酯酶)活性进行了研究、不同树龄茶树根层土壤日基础呼吸作用强度(36．23—58．52mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和日代谢墒(0．30一0．68)都以40和90年茶树较为接近,分别显著大于和小于10年树龄茶树根层土壤;服酶活性(41．48—47、72mg·kg^-1·d^-1)则三者间差异不大,虽然随树龄增长而下降;转化酶活性(189．29—363．40mg·kg^-1·d^-1)也随树龄增长而下降,并且10年茶树根层土壤显著大于40和90年树龄茶树;而酸性磷酸单酯酶活性(444．22—828．32mg·kg^-1·d^-1)相反,随树龄增长而增强．结果表明,土壤基础呼吸作用、代谢熵和3种土壤酶活性都与茶树树龄、土壤pH、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤可活性酚总量、及土壤微生物生物量密切相关．     

Nitrification activities and the changes in the populations of nitrifying bacteria in soil perfused at two different H-ion concentrations

Summary The rate of nitrification by soil aggregates at pH 5.5 and 7.5 was examined by a perfusion technique. Nitrification occurred at both levels of H-ion concentration but at the higher pH the rate of nitrification was greater. The population estimates of nitrifying bacteria were correspondingly greater at the high pH. Once the pH was lowered from 7.5 to 5.5, the nitrification rate decreased slowly with a corresponding decrease in the numbers of nitrifying bacteria. The distribution of nitrifying bacteria throughout soil aggregates was homogenous. The lower limit of pH for nitrification was 4.3.     

长期施肥对砂壤质石灰性潮土土壤酸碱缓冲体系的影响

通过长期施肥定位试验,分析了石灰性潮土连续30年施肥处理下土壤pH、碳酸钙和活性碳酸钙含量以及土壤酸碱缓冲容量的变化.结果表明:连续30年施肥处理导致石灰性潮土0 ～20 cm耕层土壤酸化加速,各施肥处理的耕层土壤pH降低0.41 ～0.70;各施肥处理的耕层土壤酸碱缓冲容量为15.82 ～ 21.96 cmol·kg-1,单施氮肥明显降低了土壤酸碱缓冲容量,而增施有机肥可显著提高土壤酸碱缓冲容量.土壤酸碱缓冲容量与土壤碳酸钙和活性碳酸钙含量呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量的相关性不显著,长期不同施肥处理下石灰性潮土仍处于碳酸钙初级缓冲体系,盐基离子和有机质对土壤酸碱缓冲体系的影响较小.0 ～40 cm土层的土壤碳酸钙和活性碳酸钙含量均高于40 ～ 80 cm土层.与土壤碳酸钙相比,土壤活性碳酸钙更能敏感反映土壤基本理化性状的变化,碳酸钙缓冲体系还可以进一步细分为土壤活性碳酸钙缓冲体系.     

Model of ammonia volatilization from calcareous soils

A quantitative model of ammonia volatilization from the calcareous soil uppermost 1-cm layer was developed and tested. The model accounts for the following processes: ammonium-ammonia equilibration in the soil solution, cation exchange between calcium and ammonium which results in ammonium distribution between soil liquid and solid phases, nitrification of dissolved ammonium, distribution of ammonia between liquid and gaseous phases and diffusion of gaseous ammonia in the soil air. The combined effect of various characteristics such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity, water capacity and nitrification rate on ammonia losses from various soil types have been studied. The model was validated against experimental results of ammonia losses from different soils for its use as a predicting tool. The model shows that most of ammonia losses can be explained by the interactive effect of high soil pH and low cation exchange capacity. Computations show increased ammonia volatilization with decreasing soil water capacity. Increasing fertilizer application rate has a small effect on percentage of ammonia losses. Increased nitrification rate and shorter “lag” period of nitrification reduce ammonia losses considerably. Good agreement was obtained between model calculations and experimental results of ammonia volatilization from 13 soils.     

Leaching of nitrogen from subtropical soils as affected by nitrification potential and base cations

A soil column method was used to determine the effect of nitrification on leaching of nitrate and ammonium from three acid subtropical soils after application of ammonium bicarbonate. Three soils, designated QF, GB and SU, derived from Quaternary red earth, granite and tertiary red sandstone, were collected from forest land, brush land and upland field, ranged in nitrification potential and cation exchange capacity. The results indicated that nitrate leaching increased with the soil nitrification potential. The soils with higher nitrification potential had a higher nitrate peak concentration and required a shorter time to reach it. In soils QF and GB with low cation exchange capacity, and a low content of exchangeable base cations, there were not sufficient base cations to accompany the nitrate leached with the result that ammonium and hydrogen ions were leached from the soil, and pH changes occurred in different layers of the soil column.     

The relationship between soil pH and population level of Pratylenchus loosi in tea plantations of Iran

Tea root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus loosi, is one of the most important crop pests in Iran, which causes loss in quantity and quality of tea. This study was carried out to identify the relationship between soil pH and population level of P. loosi. One hundred and eighty-three soil and root samples were taken randomly from all of the tea plantations in Iran. The nematodes were extracted from root samples with Coolen and d’Herd methods and from soil samples by sieving and centrifugation. Soil pH was measured by two methods: 1:1 dilution of soil:deionised water and 1:1 dilution of soil:dilute calcium chloride 0.01?M (Cacl₂) solution. Range of mean population of P. loosi per gram of root was 0.66–884 and per 100?g of soil was 1–186 in all samples. The highest population of P. loosi was observed at pH 3.5–4.5 as if 71.33% of infested samples were observed at soil pH 3.5–4.5. The results of regression analyses showed that at pH ranges between 3.5 and 4.5, there is a correlation (P???0.05) between soil pH and mean population of nematode per gram of feeder roots. This study demonstrated that the population density and damage potential of this nematode likely increases at pH?<?4.5.     

Microbial Biomass, N Mineralization and Nitrification, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Community Diversity in Tea Orchard Soils

Understanding the chronological changes in soil microbial and biochemical properties of tea orchard ecosystems after wasteland has been reclaimed is important from ecological, environmental, and management perspectives. In this study, we determined microbial biomass, net N mineralization, and nitrification, enzyme (invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase) activities, microbial community diversity assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products, and related ecological factors in three tea orchard systems (8-, 50-, and 90-year-old tea orchards), adjacent wasteland and 90-year-old forest. Soil microbial biomass C (C_mic) and activity, i.e., soil basal respiration (R_mic), microbial biomass C as a percent of soil organic C (C_mic/C_org), N mineralization, invertase, urease, proteinase, and acid phosphatase, significantly increased after wasteland was reclaimed; however, with the succeeding development of tea orchard ecosystems, a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard became apparent. Soil net nitrification showed an increasing trend from the 8- to 50-year-old tea orchard and then a decreasing trend from the 50- to 90-year-old tea orchard, and was significantly higher in the tea orchards compared to the wasteland and forest. Urea application significantly stimulated soil net nitrification, indicating nitrogen fertilizer application may be an important factor leading to high-nitrification rates in tea orchard soils. The Shannon’s diversity index (H) and richness (S) based on DGGE profiles of 16S rRNA genes were obviously lower in all three tea orchards than those in the wasteland; nevertheless, they were significantly higher in all three tea orchards than those in the forest. As for the three tea orchard soils, comparatively higher community diversity was found in the 50-year-old tea orchard.     

植茶年限对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响

为探明植茶年限对土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响,以0、20、25、38和48年茶园土壤表层(0～20 cm)、亚表层(20～40 cm)土壤样品为研究对象,采用T-RFLP技术及qPCR方法对土壤细菌(B)、真菌(F)群落进行分析。结果表明: 植茶后土壤理化性质明显改变,随植茶年限的增加土壤有机碳、碱解氮及有效磷含量呈先升高后降低的趋势,表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量均显著高于亚表层土壤。不同植茶年限土壤细菌群落组分存在差异且多样性指数随植茶年限的增加呈下降趋势,而不同植茶年限土壤真菌群落组分差异不明显且多样性指数无显著差异。总体来看,土壤细菌群落对植茶年限的响应比真菌群落敏感。随植茶年限的增加,茶园土壤微生物群落有从F/B较低的“细菌型”向F/B较高的“真菌型”转变的趋势。