Quantification by real-time PCR of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris in milk fermented by a mixed culture

During cheese making, interactions between different strains of lactic acid bacteria play an important role. However, few methods are available to specifically determine each bacterial population in mixed cultures, in particular for strains of the same species. The aim of this study was to develop a real-time PCR quantification method to monitor the population of Lactococcus cremoris ATCC 19257 in mixed culture with Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW-9595M and the bacteriocin-producing microorganism Lc. diacetylactis UL719. The specificity of the two primers 68FCa33 and 16SR308 used to amplify a 240-bp fragment of DNA from Lc. cremoris was demonstrated by conventional PCR. Using these primers for real-time PCR, the detection limit was 2 cfu/reaction or 200 cfu of Lc. cremoris ATCC 19257 per millilitre of mixed culture in milk. In pure culture batch fermentation, good correlation was obtained between real-time PCR and the conventional plating method for monitoring Lc. cremoris growth. In mixed culture batch fermentation, Lb. rhamnosus and Lc. cremoris decreased due to nisin Z production by Lc. diacetylactis. The decrease of the Lc. cremoris cell population detected by real-time PCR was not possible to observe by the plate count method in the presence of a Lc. diacetylactis population that was 1 log higher.     

异源表达德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种TCS1调控酸适应基因提高乳酸乳球菌NZ9000耐酸性

[目的] 在乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中异源表达德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种中由双组分系统TCS1（JN675228/JN675229）调控的与酸适应相关基因,进而探究德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种应对酸胁迫的机制。[方法] 通过逆转录聚合酶链式反应和十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳验证由德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种TCS1调控的与酸适应相关基因中腺嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶（aprt）、D-丙氨酸-D-丙氨酸连接酶（ddl）、寡肽ABC转运蛋白（oppDII）和延伸因子Ts（tsf）在乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中的表达情况。酸处理实验验证基因表达对宿主菌酸胁迫耐受能力的影响。并采用酵母双杂交验证双组分系统TCS1与表达的酸适应相关基因之间的互作关系及具体的互作部位。[结果] 结果表明,乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中成功表达了aprt、ddl、oppDII和tsf。aprt、ddl基因使重组菌对酸胁迫的抗性分别提高了75倍和114倍。oppDII和tsf基因的表达对重组菌株的耐酸能力没有明显影响。酵母双杂交实验表明TCS1中的组氨酸蛋白激酶HPK1与Ddl之间存在相互作用,且HPK1-C结构域是二者相互作用的关键区域。[结论] aprt和ddl过表达菌株酸刺激的适应能力显著高于对照菌株,该研究结果可为德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种及类似菌株耐酸性特性的获得策略提供参考。     

Genetic analysis of the minimal replicon of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis citrate plasmid

Using a combination of mutagenesis with the transposon and polymerase chain reaction subcloning, the essential elements of the replication region of the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis citrate plasmid have been identified. An open reading frame, coding for a protein with homology to Rep proteins from other Lactococcus plasmids, is essential. This protein is trans-acting and could not be replaced by the Rep protein from another Lactococcus plasmid. A second open reading frame immediately downstream from the first could be removed or inactivated with no apparent effect on plasmid replication. A region containing two 10 by direct repeats and three tandem repeats of a 22 by sequence, immediately upstream of the essential open reading frame, is also essential and probably includes the origin of replication. A 181-bp DNA fragment containing this region was sufficient to allow replication in Lactococcus if the trans-acting protein was provided on another replicon. Single-stranded replication intermediates could not be detected, suggesting that the citrate plasmid uses theta replication rather than rolling-circle replication.     

乳酸乳球菌表达系统的发展现状与前景展望

乳酸乳球菌作为全球公认安全的微生物,具有多种益生作用,常被用作基因工程宿主菌.在过去的二十年中,乳酸乳球菌作为载体在递呈病毒、细菌抗原等方面得到了广泛的应用,并且在不同领域发挥着重要作用.本文以乳链菌肽控制的表达(nisin-controlled expression,NICE)系统为例,介绍了基于乳酸乳球菌的表达系统...     

一种来自乳酸乳球菌的新型氨肽酶A的制备及特性分析

氨肽酶A(aminopeptidase A,Pep A)能特异性地水解N末端为谷氨酸(glutamic acid,Glu)或天冬氨酸(asparticacid,Asp)的肽链,提高蛋白质的水溶性和食物的风味,在食品工业和肉类加工中具有一定的应用前景。本研究采用全基因合成的方式获得了乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis ssp.lactis)IL1403氨肽酶A(Lactococcus lactis-Pep A,Lc-Pep A)的编码基因,将该基因克隆并导入毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)GS115(His4),在毕赤酵母中实现了Lc-Pep A的高效分泌表达,表达产物经鉴定和纯化制备后,进行了生物学特性的分析。结果表明,Lc-Pep A具有较强的底物特异性,对2种底物谷氨酸对硝基苯胺(glutamicacid-p-nitroaniline,Glu-pNA)和天冬氨酸对硝基苯胺(aspartic acid-p-nitroaniline,Asp-pNA)具有相似的催化活力和酶动力学参数。Lc-Pep A是一种金属蛋白酶,最适反应温度为60℃,最适pH为8.0,具有较宽的热稳定性和酸碱稳定性。金属离子Co^(2+)、Mn^(2+)及Zn^(2+)等对酶活力具有不同程度的激活作用,而Ni^(2+)和Cu^(2+)对酶活力具有强烈的抑制作用。Lc-Pep A对常规蛋白酶抑制剂不敏感,但能被金属蛋白酶抑制剂、EDTA及二硫键还原剂抑制。这些研究为Lc-Pep A的生产和指导该酶的应用打下了坚实的基础。     

Cryotolerance and Cold Adaptation in Lactococcus lactis Subsp. lactis IL1403

The physiology of the cold-shock response in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 at a subzero temperature, and cold-induced adaptation to heat shock, were investigated. Preincubation of cells at 8°C led to the development of cryotolerance, i.e., an enhanced capacity to survive exposure to freezing temperature (-20°C). Pretreatment with chemicals considered to be chaotropic agents did not induce cryotolerance or, in contrast, led to a decrease in survival capacity at -20°C. Interestingly, preincubation at 8°C led also to thermololerance to a 52°C challenge, but preincubation of cells at 42°C for 30 min did not improve their capacity to survive freezing-thawing exposure. These results demonstrate that cold- and heat-shock responses are physiologically linked by a complex relation. Furthermore, food processing at low temperature before subzero or heat treatment may need to be reconsidered.     

Glucose/Citrate Cometabolism in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis with Impaired α-Acetolactate Decarboxylase

The pyruvate metabolism of a Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis mutant deficient in α-acetolactate decarboxylase and its wild-type strain was studied during batch cultivations. A chemically defined medium was used containing glucose as carbon- and energy-source. The α-acetolactate decarboxylase deficiency had no effect on the specific growth rate. Addition of citrate was found to increase the specific growth rate of both strains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The product formation was monitored throughout the cultivations. The carbon- and redox-balances were within the accuracy of the experimental data. When citrate was added, α-acetolactate, diacetyl, and acetoin were formed, and aeration was shown to have a positive effect on the formation of these metabolites. By omitting lipoic acid (required for a functional pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) from the growth medium, a similar stimulatory effect on α-acetolactate, diacetyl, and acetoin formation was observed under aerobic conditions. The strain with impaired α-acetolactate decarboxylase activity accumulated α-acetolactate which resulted in an increased diacetyl formation compared to the wild-type strain, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.     

一株具有谷胱甘肽合成能力的乳酸乳球菌的分离与初步研究

基于gshB基因同源性分析设计引物,从采集的菜园地土壤中分离到1株具有谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成能力的乳酸乳球菌菌株CCSYU10100。测定了该菌株的16S rDNA序列并根据16S rDNA序列构建了系统发育树,结果显示该菌株与乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种在进化关系上的地位最近。电镜分析表明,菌株CCSYU10100与乳酸乳球菌的形态特征基本一致。因此认为菌株CCSYU10100属于乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种,命名为乳酸乳球菌乳脂亚种CCSYU10100。HPLC法鉴定出该菌株胞内除GSH外,还存在半胱氨酸-甘氨酸。乳酸乳球菌CCSYU10100的部分gshB基因与假单胞菌属的gshB基因高度同源,这是gshB基因在乳酸乳球菌中、甚至是革兰氏阳性菌中的首次发现。     

乳酸乳球菌表达重组牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性分析

牛乳铁蛋白肽是由牛乳铁蛋白经消化酶水解产生的一类具有广谱抑菌活性的短肽;乳酸乳球菌作为食品级微生物,既有天然的益生作用,又是理想的表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的载体。【目的】探究重组乳酸乳球菌pAMJ399-LFcinBA/MG1363表达牛乳铁蛋白肽的抑菌活性。【方法】利用牛乳铁蛋白肽标准品绘制定量标准曲线来确定重组牛乳铁蛋白肽的含量,利用牛津杯法及微量肉汤稀释法测定重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌等35株细菌的抑菌活性及最小抑菌浓度,利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、荧光显微镜、凝胶阻滞试验、黏附试验来探究重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对菌体结构、细菌DNA及黏附力的影响,利用CCK-8检测其对RAW 264.7细胞的毒性作用,并对小鼠红细胞溶血率进行测定。【结果】重组乳酸乳球菌上清中牛乳铁蛋白肽的浓度为24.39μg/mL,重组牛乳铁蛋白肽对测试的25株致病菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,抑菌浓度范围在16–128μg/mL,但对9株乳酸菌以及粪肠球菌没有明显的抑制作用,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、多杀性巴氏杆菌、鸡白痢沙门菌的菌体完整性具有不同程度的破坏作用,其主要作用靶点为细菌的细胞膜,可以与细菌DNA结合...     

In silico analysis of lactate producing metabolic network in Lactococcus lactis

Today the importance of in silico experiment grows bigger than before by the advance of computing power. More detailed mathematical modeling handled by simulation can produce more reasonable and meaningful results. In this research, we suggest the metabolic network of Lactococcus lactis for aerobic condition. Using a mathematical model, we observed the effect of enzymes on lactate production using flux distribution analysis, metabolic control analysis, and in silico experiment by biochemical simulation software. Each analysis showed some different results because of their characteristics but some key enzymes for lactate production were found from them.     

乳酸乳球菌双组分系统调控有氧呼吸的研究

【背景】乳酸乳球菌作为食品行业的代表性菌株,如何通过双组分系统响应环境因子与代谢调控的分子机制研究,对发酵食品产业和益生菌制剂行业有着重要的意义。【目的】探究乳酸乳球菌双组分系统对有氧呼吸代谢调控的相关网络,为乳酸菌适应性代谢研究提供新思路。【方法】采用生物信息学方法,系统性地分析乳酸乳球菌双组分系统组氨酸激酶和反应调节因子的结构域组成及预测双组分系统功能,筛选出与有氧呼吸有潜在联系的双组分,并进一步通过基因转录表达和非靶向代谢组学验证。【结果】以乳酸乳球菌的代表菌株NZ9000为例构建相互作用蛋白网络,显示双组分系统与丙酮酸代谢网络关键连接点为丙酮酸铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(nifJ)。在不同的生长时期,Lactococcus lactis NZ9000双组分转录表达在延滞期变化显著。与厌氧培养相比,有氧培养和有氧呼吸培养的菌体双组分呈现下调趋势。双组分系统参与乳酸菌氧化应激和血红素胁迫过程。【结论】明确乳酸乳球菌参与有氧呼吸的双组分系统以及代谢通路,有助于提高发酵剂、益生菌剂的存活率和竞争力。     

Dual inducible expression of recombinant GFP and targeted antisense RNA in Lactococcus lactis

The food-grade status and probiotic activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) make them attractive hosts for production and oral delivery of therapeutic heterologous vaccines and other proteins, yet these bacteria currently do not achieve recombinant protein expression at levels comparable to those seen in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Limited levels of expressed recombinant protein per cell most likely constrain the vaccine’s immunogenic potential with respect to the magnitude and specificity of the immune response. With the goal of increasing recombinant protein expression per cell in Lactococcus lactis IL1403, a model LAB, we have constructed and evaluated a new vector that permits simultaneously-induced expression of GFP, a model recombinant protein, and antisense RNA inhibition of the clpP-encoded intracellular protease. While silencing of the rational target clpP does not lead to increased GFP per cell, the new dual-expression system provides an efficient and potentially high-throughput metabolic engineering tool for strain improvement.     

Cold shock response in Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis: a comparison of the protection generated by brief pre-treatment at less severe temperatures

Acquired freeze–thaw tolerance was investigated for Lactococcus lactis ssp. diacetylactis. Pre-treatment of microorganisms at less severe temperatures to initiate cold tolerance gave L. lactis ssp. diacetylactis improved cell viability after successive freezings and thawings. The ability of cells to survive freezing–thawing was dependent on factors experienced prior to freezing. Factors affecting lactic acid bacteria survival during freezing–thawing cycles include different diluents, growth phase, and cold temperatures. Viability experiments showed that this strain displaying cold shock cryotolerance had an improved survival capacity in stationary phase. The plasmid contents of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different types, strains DRC-2 and DRC-2C, were examined and compared with the plasmid contents of culture collection strains both before and after cold shock treatment. Using agarose gel electrophoresis, no obvious correlation between the cold shock response and the number of plasmids in the cell could be observed.     

乳酸乳球菌fabZ1和fabZ2基因功能的鉴定

大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)是Ⅱ型脂肪酸合成系统的模式生物,3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶(FabA)是不饱和脂肪酸合成中的关键酶.生物信息学分析表明,乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis)的基因组中没有标注为3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶的基因,但有两个标注为3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶基因LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2,其编码的蛋白质与EcFabZ的相似性分别为41%和45.1%,且都具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶两个保守的α螺旋结构.用携带LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2的质粒载体遗传互补大肠杆菌fabA温度敏感突变株CY57,在42℃下不能恢复生长,但无细胞抽提物的结果显示LlFabZ1能够使反-2-癸烯酰ACP异构成顺-3-癸烯酰ACP,而LlFabZ2则不能.互补大肠杆菌fabZ突变株HW7显示,在诱导的条件下,含有LlfabZ2的转化子能够恢复生长,而LlfabZ1则不能.体外重建脂肪酸合成反应及蛋白质活性测定表明,LlFabZ1具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水异构酶功能,而LlFabZ2只具有3-羟基脂酰ACP脱水酶功能.另外,未得到LlfabZ1和LlfabZ2的突变株,表明LlFabZ1和LlFabZ2可能是乳酸乳球菌脂肪酸合成酶系中的必不可少的关键蛋白.上述结果证实了乳酸乳球菌fabZ1和fabZ2两个基因在脂肪酸合成中的功能.     

Nucleotide Sequence and Analysis of pBL1, a Bacteriocin-Producing Plasmid from Lactococcus lactis IPLA 972

The complete sequence of the 10.9-kbp bacteriocinogenic plasmid pBL1 from Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IPLA 972 has been determined. Thirteen ORFs were encountered, of which 5 were incomplete. pBL1 proved to be a narrow-host-range plasmid which replicates neither in Bacilus subtilis nor in Lactobacillus spp. The structural organization of the pBL1 replication region was highly similar to other well-known theta-replicating plasmids of lactococci, at both the untranslated (the replication origin) and the translated (repB and orfX) sequences. As in other plasmids, the product of orfX was not necessary for plasmid replication. However, it was shown to be involved in plasmid stability. Three genes organized in an operon-like structure encompassed, most likely, the bacteriocin-encoding region. Upstream of the origin of replication a nicking site (oriT) was found. This oriT sequence proved to be functional by mobilization of plasmids wearing it. One complete and several partial IS elements were identified on pBL1.