杂种鹅掌楸插穗不定根发生与发育的解剖学观察

从解剖学角度着手,对杂种鹅掌楸〔Liriodendronchinense(Hemsl.)Sarg.×L.tulipiferaL.〕扦插过程中不定根的发生发育进行了研究。结果表明:杂种鹅掌楸插穗内未发现潜伏根原基。扦插后,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,属于诱导生根类型。维管形成层恢复活动后,在不定根发生的部位附近形成1个明显的多薄壁细胞区域,在此区域不定根较容易发生。愈伤组织内没有发现根原基,愈伤组织在发育的过程中,内部细胞部分分化,并形成不规则的输导组织。大量的愈伤组织对不定根的发生有较强的抑制作用。杂种鹅掌楸插穗上不定根的发生可分为4个阶段:(1)维管形成层恢复活动,分裂出多层薄壁细胞;(2)维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;(3)根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔或下切口方向发展;(4)不定根从皮孔或下切口伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育。     

3种桉树组培苗不定根发生发育过程的解剖学观察

以巨尾桉‘GL9’、尾巨桉‘DH32-29’和尾边桉‘XF35’3种桉树无性系组培生根苗为材料,采用常规石蜡切片技术,对石蜡切片制作过程中的固定环节进行了优化,观察了桉树不定根的发育过程。结果表明:(1)采用FAA固定液固定材料,可获得染色清晰,组织完整的桉树根系切片。(2)‘GL9’和‘DH32-29’在生根诱导8d后生出不定根,生根类型为皮部生根;‘XF35’在生根诱导12d后生出不定根,生根类型为愈伤组织生根;‘GL9’不定根的根尖和根基处均有细胞旺盛分裂,‘DH32-29’不定根只在根尖有细胞旺盛分裂,‘XF35’不定根则只在其根基处有大量旺盛分裂的细胞。     

白桦雌花发育、大孢子发生及胚胎发育的解剖学观察

白桦雌花从开花到雌性器官的成熟需经历1个月左右的时间,解剖学观察表明：四月下旬越冬的雌蕊原基开始了活跃的分裂和分化。子房和柱头开始生长。四月末开花,五月初授粉。此后胚珠开始长大。五月中旬即分化形成珠被,珠心,珠被为单层珠被,胚珠为厚珠心胚珠,胚珠倒生,五月中下旬,珠心内产生大孢子母细胞,一周左右发育为成熟胚囊-七细胞八核胚囊,五月末完成双受精,白桦胚胎发育经过合子,原胚,球形胚,心形胚和鱼雷形胚等时期最后发育成熟,胚乳发育与胚胎同步,即受精的极核进行几次分裂后形成核型胚乳,胚乳核不断增多,在形成心形胚后胚乳细胞形成细胞壁。     

欧美杂种山杨微扦插不定根发生过程的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术,以欧美杂种山杨插穗基部茎段为实验材料,连续解剖观察插穗不定根发生发育过程,分析根原基发生部位与扦插生根的关系。结果显示:欧美杂种山杨插穗不定根的发生过程分为4个时期,为根原基诱导期,不定根起始期、表达期和伸长生长期。根原基诱导期维管形成层产生具有分生组织特点的薄壁细胞;不定根起始期,维管形成层及附近的薄壁细胞脱分化,形成不定根原基发端细胞;不定根表达期,根原基发端细胞不断分裂成具有方向性的根原基,根原基穿过韧皮射线和皮层,向皮孔方向发展;不定根伸长生长期,根原基从皮孔伸出,其内部的维管系统开始发育,形成不定根。研究认为,欧美杂种山杨为皮部诱导生根类型,不定根原基起源于维管形成层区,起源部位单一,扦插难生根。     

广藿香扦插繁殖不定根形成的解剖学研究

利用常规石蜡切片法,系统研究了广藿香不定根的起源和发育。观察结果表明：广藿香茎中没有先成根原始体,其不定根属于诱生根类型,起源于靠近维管形成层的初生韧皮部薄壁细胞中,愈伤组织内无不定根生成。本研究揭示了广藿香扦插生根的解剖学特征,从而为该药材在生产中提高扦插育苗成活率提供理论依据和实践指导。     

不定根的形态发生与调节机制

植物的根有两种,一种是来源于胚的胚生根(Embryotic root),它是植株形成强大根系的基础;另一种是不定根(Adventitious root),它不按正常时序发生,且出现在非正常的位置(如茎、叶)。大多数情况下,不定根的发生是由于植物器官受伤或激素、病原微生物等外界因素的刺激,因此表现为植物的再生反应。     

不定根发生机理的研究进展

综述了近年来试管苗不定根发生机理的研究进展,在不定根发生过程中,专一基因的表达,内源激素水平的动态变化,酶活性的变化,多胺和钙水平以及碳水化合物水平的变化与不定根诱导,根原基形成和根发育生长有密切关系。自发性生根和诱导生根系统的植物或组织在不定根发生过程中存在较大的生理生化差异。通过了解不定根发生机理的研究动态,有助于更好地研究试管苗生根和试管苗商品化生产。     

四合木茎插穗生根的解剖学研究

采用石蜡制片法对四合木茎插穗不定根的形成进行了解剖学研究,探讨四合木生根类型、生根部位、愈伤组织与生根的关系以及不定根的形成过程。结果显示:(1)四合木具有典型的木本植物茎结构,茎皮层内未发现厚壁组织。(2)四合木茎薄壁组织含有丰富的淀粉粒和蛋白质。(3)四合木茎插穗内无潜伏根原基,不定根由诱生根原基发育形成,诱生根原基是由愈伤组织自身的薄壁细胞反分化形成。研究表明,愈伤组织是孕育不定根的前提,四合木扦插生根属于愈伤组织生根类型。     

桤木属花序和花的形态发生

在扫描电镜下首次观察了桦木科Betulaceae桤木属Alnus花序和花的形态发生过程,为桦木科属级鉴定提供了微形态学依据.实验材料为东北桤木A.mandshurica和辽东桤木A.sibirica,其雌花序均为柔荑状,由多个小聚伞花序螺旋状排列组成:每个小花序外具1枚初级苞片、2枚次级苞片、2枚三级苞片,内有2朵花.每个花具1个二心皮合生雌蕊,雌蕊具二叉分枝的长柱状花柱.每个小花序的2个二心皮合生雌蕊的定位方式为相互垂直.东北桤木的雌花序由芽鳞包被越冬,而辽东桤木的雌花序裸露越冬.东北桤木和辽东桤木的雄花序亦为柔荑状,由多个小聚伞花序螺旋状排列组成.每个小花序外被1枚初级苞片、2枚次级苞片、2枚三级苞片,内有3朵花.先形成的2枚次级苞片和后形成的2枚三级苞片均来源于小花序原基.3个花原基中.位于中间的比两侧的分化要早.每个花具4枚被片和4枚雄蕊,每个雄蕊具4个药囊.花的被片比雄蕊发育得早,均由花原基发育而成.东北桤木和辽东桤木的雄花序均裸露越冬.     

Adventitious Roots and Secondary Metabolism

Plants are a rich source of valuable secondary metabolites and in the recent years plant cell, tissue and organ cultures have been developed as an important alternative sources for the production of these compounds. Adventitious roots have been successfully induced in many plant species and cultured for the production of high value secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial importance. Adoption of elicitation methods have shown improved synthesis of secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures. Development of large-scale culture methods using bioreactors has opened up feasibilities of production of secondary metabolites at the industrial levels. In the present review we summarize the progress made in recent past in the area of adventitious root cultures for the production of secondary metabolites.     

Adventitious Roots and Secondary Metabolism

Plants are a rich source of valuable secondary metabolites and in the recent years plant cell, tissue and organ cultures have been developed as an important alternative sources for the production of these compounds. Adventitious roots have been successfully induced in many plant species and cultured for the production of high- value secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and industrial importance. Adoption of elicitation methods have shown improved synthesis of secondary metabolites in adventitious root cultures. Development of large-scale culture methods using bioreactors has opened up feasibilities of production of secondary metabolites at the industrial levels. In the present review we summarize the progress made in recent past in the area of adventitious root cultures for the production of secondary metabolites.     

NO和NADPH-黄递酶在绿豆下胚轴不定根发生和发育过程中的变化

研究了一氧化氮(NO)供体普钠(SNP)、一氧化氮清除剂C-PTIO和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制L-NAME对绿豆(Vigna radiataL.)下胚轴插条生根的影响.并对不定根生期间手条基部NO 和NADPH-黄递酶的时空变化进行了检测.所试浓度SNP均明显促进下胚轴不根发生.分别插条切取后24h和36h于其基部维管束之间检测到NADPH-黄递酶(NOS标记酶)阳性反应和NO荧光,根原基也于48h在相同位置出现,并于60h进一步伸长.48~60h期间,NADPH、黄递的阳性反应及NO荧光有增强趋势,并主要分布在不定根分生组织中.L-NAME既减弱NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应和NO荧光,也延缓不不定根发生;而c-PTIO对NO荧光及不定根生均有抑制作用.上述结果证明:NO在不定根发生及发育过程中有重要作用,而且此过程中的NO很可能由类似的NOS催化产生.     

NO和NADPH-黄递酶在绿豆下胚轴不定根发生和发育过程中的变化(英文)

研究了一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)、一氧化氮清除剂c-PTIO和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)抑制剂L-NAME对绿豆(Vigna radiata L.)下胚轴插条生根的影响,并对不定根发生期间插条基部NO和NADPH-黄递酶的时空变化进行了检测。所试浓度SNP均明显促进下胚轴不定根发生。分别在插条切取后24 h和36 h于其基部维管束之间检测到NADPH-黄递酶(NOS标记酶)阳性反应和NO荧光,根原基也于48 h在相同位置出现,并于60 h进一步伸长。48-60h期间,NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应及NO荧光有增强趋势,并主要分布在不定根分生组织中。L-NAME既减弱NADPH-黄递酶的阳性反应和NO荧光,也延缓不定根发生;而c-PTIO对NO荧光及不定根发生均有抑制作用。上述结果证明:NO在不定根发生及发育过程中有重要作用,而且此过程中的NO很可能由类似的NOS催化产生。     

The Micronutrient Boron Causes the Development of Adventitious Roots in Sunflower Cuttings

Three-day-old light-grown sunflower seedlings were de-rootedand incubated in nutrient solutions that either contained orlacked boric acid (B). In the absence of B, in the majorityof the seedlings, no adventitious roots were formed. The micronutrientB caused the development of numerous roots in the lower partof the hypocotyl. The effect of B occurred without the supplyof any phytohormones. A dose-response curve of B-induced rootingyielded an optimum concentration of 0.1 mM boric acid. Histologicalstudies revealed that cell divisions occurred in the controlbut no root primordia developed. In cuttings that were incubatedin B (0.1 m M) root primordia were observed that rapidly developedinto well-differentiated adventitious roots. Sunflower cuttingsthat were planted with their cut end in vermiculite that wasmoistened with nutrient solutions without B degenerated afterseveral weeks. In the presence of B the cuttings formed numerousadventitious roots that entirely replaced the tap root systemof intact seedlings. The rooted cuttings developed into sturdyadult sunflower plants. Our results are discussed with respectto the possible role of B in the evolution of vascular fromprevascular plants.Copyright 1999 Annals of Botany Company Adventitious roots, boron, cuttings, organogenesis, sunflower seedlings.     

蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根的形成

对蕨藻红素影响大豆下胚轴插条不定根形成的研究表明：蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根的形成,其最适浓度为0.5μmol·L^-1,最适处理时间为2d。0.5μmol·L^-1蕨藻红素处理大豆插条后,不定根诱导阶段（0～24h）的POD、CAT、IAAox活性较低;而不定根形成生长阶段（24～72h）的CAT和IAAox活性较高,POD活性低于未作处理的。试验推测蕨藻红素促进大豆插条不定根形成的生理基础可能与其影响POD、CAT和IAAox活性有关。     

北柴胡不定根培养及茉莉酸甲酯处理对柴胡皂苷含量的影响

目的:建立北柴胡不定根培养体系,明确茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对北柴胡不定根中柴胡皂苷含量积累的影响。方法:利用固体和液体相结合的组织培养技术培养北柴胡不定根;分别以不同浓度的MeJA处理不定根不同时间,利用HPLC测定处理后不定根中柴胡皂苷含量的积累变化。结果:培养了北柴胡不定根;MeJA处理对北柴胡不定根中柴胡皂苷含量的积累有明显促进作用,当MeJA浓度为200μmol/L时,柴胡皂苷含量最高,为0.45%;以200μmol/L MeJA处理北柴胡不定根26 d时,柴胡皂苷含量最高,为0.51%。结论:北柴胡不定根培养结合MeJA诱导,可做为柴胡皂苷次生代谢合成途径及其积累规律研究的有效技术体系。     

培养因子对艾西丝南瓜芽增殖及不定根形成的影响

以艾西丝南瓜带芽茎段为外植体 ,研究了基本培养基、激素、糖、光照、培养基支持物等因子对芽增殖及不定根形成的影响。结果表明 :艾西丝南瓜芽增殖的最佳培养条件为 :MS BA 0 .5～ 1 .0mg/L IAA 0 .1～ 0 .5mg/L 食用白糖 30g/L ,芽的月增殖系数稳定在 1 0左右 ;不定根诱导的适宜条件是 :1 /2MS 食用白糖 2 0g/L ,生根率达 86% ;且自然散射光条件 ( 1 0 0 0～ 50 0 0Lx)优于灯光 ( 1 0 0 0～2 0 0 0Lx) ;以脱脂棉作生根培养基支持物效果优于琼脂 ,其芽增殖系数和生根率分别提高 2 6%和 7%。     

Architectural Tradeoffs between Adventitious and Basal Roots for Phosphorus Acquisition

Adventitious rooting contributes to efficient phosphorus acquisition by enhancing topsoil foraging. However, metabolic investment in adventitious roots may retard the development of other root classes such as basal roots, which are also important for phosphorus acquisition. In this study we quantitatively assessed the potential effects of adventitious rooting on basal root growth and whole plant phosphorus acquisition in young bean plants. The geometric simulation model SimRoot was used to dynamically model root systems with varying architecture and C availability growing for 21 days at 3 planting depths in 3 soil types with contrasting nutrient mobility. Simulated root architectures, tradeoffs between adventitious and basal root growth, and phosphorus acquisition were validated with empirical measurements. Phosphorus acquisition and phosphorus acquisition efficiency (defined as mol phosphorus acquired per mol C allocated to roots) were estimated for plants growing in soil in which phosphorus availability was uniform with depth or was greatest in the topsoil, as occurs in most natural soils. Phosphorus acquisition and acquisition efficiency increased with increasing allocation to adventitious roots in stratified soil, due to increased phosphorus depletion of surface soil. In uniform soil, increased adventitious rooting decreased phosphorus acquisition by reducing the growth of lateral roots arising from the tap root and basal roots. The benefit of adventitious roots for phosphorus acquisition was dependent on the specific respiration rate of adventitious roots as well as on whether overall C allocation to root growth was increased, as occurs in plants under phosphorus stress, or was lower, as observed in unstressed plants. In stratified soil, adventitious rooting reduced the growth of tap and basal lateral roots, yet phosphorus acquisition increased by up to 10% when total C allocation to roots was high and adventitious root respiration was similar to that in basal roots. With C allocation to roots decreased by 38%, adventitious roots still increased phosphorus acquisition by 5%. Allocation to adventitious roots enhanced phosphorus acquisition and efficiency as long as the specific respiration of adventitious roots was similar to that of basal roots and less than twice that of tap roots. When adventitious roots were assigned greater specific respiration rates, increased adventitious rooting reduced phosphorus acquisition and efficiency by diverting carbohydrate from other root types. Varying the phosphorus diffusion coefficient to reflect varying mobilities in different soil types had little effect on the value of adventitious rooting for phosphorus acquisition. Adventitious roots benefited plants regardless of basal root growth angle. Seed planting depth only affected phosphorus uptake and efficiency when seed was planted below the high phosphorus surface stratum. Our results confirm the importance of root respiration in nutrient foraging strategies, and demonstrate functional tradeoffs among distinct components of the root system. These results will be useful in developing ideotypes for more nutrient efficient crops.     

多氯联苯促进毛白杨不定根分化的效应

多氯联苯是一种典型的持久性有机污染物。研究表明多氯联苯具有毒物兴奋效应, 但其影响植物生长发育的机制尚不清楚。以毛白杨(Populous tomentosa)组培苗为材料, 探讨3 mg·L^-1 Aroclor1254对不定根分化、植物激素水平、与生长素相关的P009g125900、P006g142600和P002g222700基因表达、与细胞分裂素相关的P005g2489和P005g2376基因表达的影响。结果显示, Aroclor1254可促进毛白杨组培苗不定根分化, 缩短不定根初根时间与分化率达100%的时间, 提高不定根数目; 在不定根诱导期, 用Aroclor1254单独诱导, IAA/(ZR+dhZR)比值与阳性对照无显著差异, P006g142600、P002g222700、P009g125900、P005g2489和P005g2376基因表达变化趋势与IBA单独诱导下各基因表达变化趋势一致。为验证Aroclor1254是否具有生长素效应, 以玉米(Zea mays)和转生长素报告基因DR5::GUS的拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)为材料, 观察Aroclor1254对胚芽鞘生长及DR5::GUS基因表达的影响。结果显示, 一定浓度的Aroclor1254对胚芽鞘的生长无显著影响, 但可诱导生长素报告基因表达。以上结果表明, 多氯联苯类化合物Aroclor1254虽不属于植物生长调节剂, 但具有毒物兴奋效应, 在一定浓度下具有类似生长素的生物学活性。