紫苏溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶基因的克隆与功能分析

紫苏(Perilla frutescens)是一种重要食药同源油料作物,种子含油量高达46%−58%,其中α-亚麻酸(C18:3)含量占60%以上。溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase,LPAT)是植物种子三酰基甘油组装过程中的一类关键限速酶。本研究从紫苏发育种子中克隆了其编码基因(PfLPAT2),并利用qRT-PCR技术检测PfLPAT2基因在紫苏不同组织及不同发育时期种子的表达特性。构建PfLPAT2/GFP融合表达载体并通过农杆菌介导瞬时侵染本氏烟草叶片,检测PfLPAT2蛋白的亚细胞定位。构建大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)表达载体、酵母表达载体和组成型植物过表达载体,分别转化大肠杆菌突变株SM2-1、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)野生型菌株INVSc1和普通烟草(Nicotiana tabacum),分析PfLPAT2蛋白的酶活性及生物学功能。结果表明,紫苏PfLPAT2基因ORF为1 155 bp,编码384个氨基酸。功能结构域预测显示PfLPAT2蛋白具有溶血磷脂酸酰基转移酶典型的保守区。PfLPAT2基因在紫苏根、茎、叶、花和开花后10、20、30、40 d的种子中均有表达,且在开花后20 d的种子中高表达。亚细胞定位结果显示PfLPAT2蛋白定位于细胞质。大肠杆菌功能互补测试表明,PfLPAT2可恢复SM2-1细胞膜脂生物合成,具有LPAT酶活性。与非转基因对照相比,转PfLPAT2基因酵母的总油脂含量显著提高,且脂肪酸各组分的含量发生改变,油酸(C18:1)含量增加明显,预示PfLPAT2对C18:1具有较高的底物偏好性。转基因烟草叶片总脂肪酸含量比对照组提高了约0.42倍,C18:1含量增加了约1倍。转基因株系总脂提高和脂肪酸组分的改变表明PfLPAT2异源表达可以促进宿主油脂合成和健康有益型脂肪酸(C18:1和C18:3)的积累。本研究为深入解析紫苏油脂特别是不饱和脂肪酸合成的分子调控机制和改良油料作物油脂品质提供理论依据和基因元件。     

花生LEC1基因的克隆及表达研究

通过构建花生未成熟种子cDNA文库,结合大规模EST测序,从花生中克隆了LEC1基因2个成员的全长cDNA序列.序列分析表明,花生中LEC1的2个成员的序列在B结构域高度保守,属于LEC1型HAP3亚基.不同植物中LEC1基因在B结构域以外的序列差异很大.利用花生cDNA芯片和半定量RT-PCR对花生LEC1进行表达研究表明,LEC1在种子中高水平表达,在种子发育的不同时期表达有差异.     

温度和紫外照射对紫苏FAD7基因表达的影响

植物ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶(ω-3FAD)基因是催化亚油酸转化为α-亚麻酸(ALA)的关键酶基因,通过调节该基因的表达,可以提高植物ALA的含量。为了研究温度和紫外照射对紫苏PfFAD7的影响,通过RTPCR方法分析了紫苏地上组织的特异性表达和温度、紫外胁迫下紫苏叶片和茎中PfFAD7基因的积累情况。分析表明,PfFAD7基因在紫苏全植株中均有表达,但在叶片中表达量最高,温度和紫外照射均影响PfFAD7基因的表达,低温可诱导PfFAD7基因的表达,而高温则抑制PfFAD7基因的表达;UV-B照射下,PfFAD7基因在叶片和茎中表达量均表现为先升高再降低。本试验对于紫苏ω-3脂肪酸脱氢酶的研究有利于高水平ALA的积累,更有利于紫苏资源的开发和利用,同时对于进一步了解不饱和脂肪酸的积累和代谢过程以及关键基因PfFAD7在此过程中的功能提供了依据。     

紫苏Pfgpat9基因的鉴定与功能分析

甘油三磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)是三酰甘油(TAG)合成过程中的关键酶。本研究从油料作物紫苏中筛选鉴定得到甘油三磷酸酰基转移酶基因Pfgpat9,并揭示其编码蛋白特征及基因功能。从紫苏转录组数据库中筛选获得gpat9基因片段,以优选品种‘晋紫苏1号’为材料,通过RT-PCR技术克隆获得该基因的开放阅读框(ORF)全长序列,命名为Pfgpat9;利用实时荧光定量PCR方法分析Pfgpat9基因在紫苏根、茎、叶、花及不同发育时期种子(开花后10、20、30、40 d)中的组织表达特性;通过双酶切将紫苏Pfgpat9基因完整的ORF序列连接到酵母表达载体pYES2.0上,将重组质粒转化至野生型酵母菌株INVSc1和缺陷型酵母gat1,并验证该基因的功能。结果显示:紫苏Pfgpat9基因ORF为1 116 bp,共编码371个氨基酸,理论等电点pI为8.96,不稳定系数为46.67,亲水性系数为-0.108,是一种亲水性不稳定蛋白。紫苏Pfgpat9基因具有典型的GPAT9功能结构域,包含3个典型的跨膜螺旋区;多序列比对分析表明,紫苏PfGPAT9蛋白与油橄榄、茶树和向日葵GPAT9蛋白的亲缘关系较近;qRT-PCR分析显示,Pfgpat9基因在紫苏不同组织中均表达,在种子发育不同时期表达量呈先升高后降低趋势,在开花后20 d表达量达到最高;酵母转化结果表明,转Pfgpat9基因野生型酵母和转Pfgpat9基因缺陷型酵母总脂含量均提高,且C16∶0、C16∶1含量均有所提高。研究表明,Pfgpat9基因在紫苏种子油脂合成积累过程中发挥重要作用,这为进一步通过基因工程及转基因技术改良紫苏品质提供了新的方向。     

紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢研究进展

紫苏是一种新型油料作物,种子含油量为35%左右,紫苏籽油脂肪酸组成丰富,含有棕榈酸(16:0)、硬脂酸(18:0)、油酸(18:1)、亚油酸(18:2)和α-亚麻酸(18:3)等,其中α-亚麻酸(ALA)含量高达60%,广泛用于功能性保健食品、药物及油脂化工业.介绍紫苏种子脂肪酸组成及合成代谢基本途径,对近年来脂肪酸合成代谢基因工程研究进行概述与展望.     

高山被孢霉Δ~6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因在红冬孢酵母中的表达

以绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP)作为报告基因,将质粒pRH2304转化红冬孢酵母YM25235进行表达分析,荧光显微观察结果表明GFP在YM25235获得表达,建立了红冬孢酵母YM25235遗传转化方法。在此基础上,以高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因取代pRH2304中的GFP基因,构建重组质粒pRH2304MAD6,将其转化红冬孢酵母YM25235进行表达分析。PCR结果表明,高山被孢霉Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因已经整合到YM25235基因组中,进一步的脂肪酸气相色谱分析结果表明,该基因编码产物催化n-6途径中的亚油酸转化成γ-亚麻酸,占细胞总脂肪酸的4.35%,但没有检测到催化n-3途径中的α-亚麻酸转化成十八碳四烯酸。     

紫苏WRI1转录因子的鉴定、表达分析及低温胁迫响应

紫苏[Perilla frutescens(L.)Britt.]是一种新型油料经济作物。转录因子WRI1(WRINKLED1)参与调控植物油脂合成积累。为探究紫苏PfWRI1在油脂合成积累及胁迫响应过程中的分子调控机制,通过分子克隆技术分离得到PfWRI1的完整编码区,利用生物信息学分析工具和半定量PCR(sqRT-PCR)及实时荧光定量PCR(qRTPCR)技术对序列特征及表达水平等进行分析。结果显示：PfWRI1转录因子属于AP2(APETALA2)超家族,包含2个AP2保守结构域;亚细胞定位预测分析显示,PfWRI1转录因子定位于细胞核;无规则卷曲和α-螺旋是PfWRI1蛋白二级结构中的主要结构元件;系统进化分析表明,PfWRI1与芝麻和油梨WRI1的亲缘关系最近;互作蛋白预测表明,PfWRI1蛋白可能与LEC1(LEAFYCOTYLEDON1)、FATA(fatty acyl-acyl carrier protien thioesterase)、FATB和PDAT(phospholipids:diacylglycerol acyltransferase)等存在互作关系;PfWR...     

紫苏硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶基因家族鉴定及表达分析北大核心CSCD

硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶(SAD)催化硬脂酸脱氢生成油酸,是形成不饱和脂肪酸的关键酶。该研究从紫苏转录组数据库中筛选鉴定紫苏硬脂酰-ACP脱氢酶(PfSAD)家族基因,并进行生物信息学分析及保守功能域分析,用qRT-PCR技术检测PfSADs各成员在不同组织中的表达特性,以探讨PfSAD家族基因在调控种子脂肪酸组分中的作用,为紫苏脂肪酸组分的遗传改良提供基因元件。结果显示:(1)从该课题组前期自测的紫苏转录组数据库中共检测出6个PfSAD家族基因,其编码蛋白的氨基酸长度介于367~396 aa之间,均具有SAD的保守结构域和二铁中心,预测其基因编码蛋白均定位于叶绿体。(2)多序列比对结果显示,紫苏PfSADs蛋白序列与拟南芥、蓖麻及可可等植物的SAD蛋白序列相似性均在50%以上;系统进化分析显示,6个紫苏SAD蛋白被分为3个亚组,其中第一个亚组包含PfSAD1,第二亚组包含PfSAD2、PfSAD3,第三亚组包含PfSAD4、PfSAD5和PfSAD6。(3)实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,PfSADs各成员在‘晋紫苏1号’不同组织中的表达量差异显著,其中PfSAD1主要在叶中表达,PfSAD2、PfSAD3、PfSAD4和PfSAD5在种子中表达量较高,PfSAD6在花中具有显著表达优势。研究表明,PfSADs具有典型的保守基序及催化SAD的活性中心,其各成员在不同的组织中高表达,推测这6个基因均参与了硬脂酰ACP(C18∶0-ACP)脱氢生成油酰基ACP(Δ9C18∶1-ACP)的过程,在紫苏油脂合成代谢过程中发挥重要作用。     

草莓蔗糖非发酵-1-相关蛋白激酶1(SnRK1)α亚基编码基因的克隆及表达分析

植物的蔗糖非发酵-1-相关蛋白激酶1(Sn RK1)与酵母蔗糖非发酵蛋白激酶1(SNF1)以及哺乳动物AMP激活的蛋白激酶(AMPK)同源,都是异源三聚复合体结构,含有α催化亚基和β、γ两个调节亚基来维持蛋白结构的稳定和激酶活性。本试验以‘妙香7号’草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)为材料,通过反转录PCR克隆得到一个Sn RK1的α催化亚基编码基因,命名为Fa Sn RK1α。序列分析显示该基因全长1 557 bp,共编码518个氨基酸,预测Fa SnRK1α蛋白分子质量为59.159 k Da,理论等电点为8.54,定位于细胞质和细胞核。生物信息学分析发现Fa SnRK1α的氨基酸序列与其他植物Sn RK1α蛋白具有较高同源性,含有KD(kinase domain)、UBA(ubiquitin associated domain)和β-SID(β-submit interaction domain)三个保守结构域。组织特异性分析表明Fa Sn RK1α在草莓根、茎、叶、花和果实中均有表达,在果实发育进程中Fa Sn RK1α的表达水平呈上升趋势。荧光定量PCR分析表明,果实中Fa Sn RK1α受脱落酸(ABA)诱导,表明该基因可能与ABA诱导的果实发育和成熟有关。     

油葵HaGPAT1基因的克隆及表达分析

该研究利用RT-PCR技术,从油葵(Helianthus annuus L.)种子中克隆了甘油-3-磷酸酰基转移酶(GPAT)基因(HaGPAT1),对其进行生物信息学分析,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术(qRT-PCR)检测该基因在不同组织、种子不同发育时期以及不同胁迫条件下的表达特征。结果表明:HaGPAT1基因全长为1 656bp,编码551个氨基酸,相对分子量为62.132kD,等电点为8.84。系统进化树分析表明,HaGPAT1蛋白与高等植物莴苣的GPAT1亲缘关系最近。qRT-PCR分析表明,HaGPAT1基因在油葵花蕊中的表达水平最高,开花后17d的种子中次之;在干旱和盐胁迫条件下,HaGPAT1基因的表达水平均显著上调。研究推测,HaGAT1基因可能在油葵花器官发育中发挥重要作用,并且参与了油葵对干旱和高盐的抗性调节。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Effects of MULTIFOLIATE-PINNA, AFILA, TENDRIL-LESS and UNIFOLIATA genes on leafblade architecture in Pisum sativum

In order to dissect the genetic regulation of leafblade morphogenesis, 16 genotypes of pea, constructed by combining the wild-type and mutant alleles of MFP, AF, TL and UNI genes, were quantitatively phenotyped. The morphological features of the three domains of leafblades of four genotypes, unknown earlier, were described. All the genotypes were found to differ in leafblade morphology. It was evident that MFP and TL functions acted as repressor of pinna ramification, in the distal domain. These functions, with and without interaction with UNI, also repressed the ramification of proximal pinnae in the absence of AF function. The expression of MFP and TL required UNI function. AF function was found to control leafblade architecture multifariously. The earlier identified role of AF as a repressor of UNI in the proximal domain was confirmed. Negative control of AF on the UNI-dependent pinna ramification in the distal domain was revealed. It was found that AF establishes a boundary between proximal and distal domains and activates formation of leaflet pinnae in the proximal domain.     

The role of the genesnrf EFG andccmFH in cytochromec biosynthesis inEscherichia coli

It has been suggested that two groups ofEscherichia coli genes, theccm genes located in the 47-min region and thenrfEFG genes in the 92-min region of the chromosome, are involved in cytochromec biosynthesis during anaerobic growth. The involvement of the products of these genes in cytochromec synthesis, assembly and secretion has now been investigated. Despite their similarity to other bacterial cytochromec assembly proteins, NrfE, F and G were found not to be required for the biosynthesis of any of thec-type cytochromes inE. coli. Furthermore, these proteins were not required for the secretion of the periplasmic cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₀ and cytochromec ₅₅₂, or for the correct targeting of the NapC and NrfB cytochromes to the cytoplasmic membrane. NrfE and NrfG are required for formate-dependent nitrite reduction (the Nrf pathway), which involves at least twoc-type cytochromes, cytochromec ₅₅₂ and NrfB, but NrfF is not essential for this pathway. Genes similar tonrfE, nrfF andnrfG are present in theE. coli nap-ccm locus at minute 47. CcmF is similar to NrfE, the N-terminal region of CcmH is similar to NrfF and the C-terminal portion of CcmH is similar to NrfG. In contrast to NrfF, the N-terminal, NrfF-like portion of CcmH is essential for the synthesis of allc-type cytochromes. Conversely, the NrfG-like C-terminal region of CcmH is not essential for cytochromec biosynthesis. The data are consistent with proposals from this and other laboratories that CcmF and CcmH form part of a haem lyase complex required to attach haemc to C-X-X-C-H haem-binding domains. In contrast, NrfE and NrfG are proposed to fulfill a more specialised role in the assembly of the formate-dependent nitrite reductase.