人工染色体

着丝粒、端粒和复制起点是保持染色体在有丝分裂时稳定性的重要组分,利用酵母染色体的这些组分,1983年人们首次成功地构建了酵母人工染色体（YAC）.此后,生物学家对于构建以人类为代表的哺乳动物的人工染色体产生了极大的兴趣,并于1997年成功地构建了第一条人类人工染色体（HAC）.人工染色体具有极其重要的理论和实际意义,不仅可以作为研究必需组分的基础,还为基因治疗开辟了一条新的途径.目前,人们正致力于人工染色体的实际应用的研究,并期望在包括绿色植物的更多物种中构建人工染色体,前景十分广阔.     

BAC-FISH在植物基因组研究中的应用

细菌人工染色体荧光原位杂交(BAC-FISH)是将包含不同特性的BAC克隆直接定位到染色体上的技术,其在植物基因组学和分子细胞遗传学研究中具有不可替代的作用。综述其在各种植物染色体鉴定和核型分析、图谱构建、植物起源与进化分析、基因定位以及FISH的分辨率等植物基因组学研究的应用进展。     

人工染色体研究进展

人工染色体是人工构建的含有天然染色体基本功能单位的载体系统总称。人工染色体是非常优良的载体,具有超大的接受外源片段能力。由于不用整合到宿主基因组中,因此不会引起宿主基因的插入失活,及抑制转基因表达的位置效应。人工染色体已经从最初的酵母人工染色体(Yeast artificial chromosome,YAC)发展到细菌人工染色体(Bacterial artificial chromosome,BAC),再扩展到人类人工染色体(Human artificial chromosome,HAC)和植物人工染色体(Plant artificial chromosome,PAC)。文章就这4种人工染色体,尤其是植物人工染色体的研究进展和应用局限进行综述。目前,YAC和BAC已经广泛应用于基因组图谱制作、序列测定和基因克隆;HAC和PAC在基因治疗、外源医用蛋白的生产、新型优质高产高抗转基因作物构建中显现出广阔的应用前景。随着合成生物学的高速发展,美国科学家报道合成了一个"人造生命"。但是,和人工染色体一样,所谓的"人造生命",都是应用最新的基因工程技术,将不同的生命基础元件拼接组装而成,脱离了细胞环境并不能够自由存在。     

BAC克隆及复杂基因组文库技术

BAC（细菌人工染色体）克隆技术是复杂基因组研究中不可缺少的工具,有关基因组研究的许多技术都是由BAC为基础发展起来的,包括大片段基因组文库的构建、重叠群的构建、全基因测序及图位基因克隆等,后又产生植物转基因的BAC克隆载体,这在人类、动物、植物等基因组研究中已广泛应用,取得令人瞩目的成就,该文将就这些研究技术及进展作一综述。     

基因组细菌人工染色体文库(BAC)的构建及应用

细菌人工染色体 (BAC)是一种承载DNA大片段的克隆载体系统 ,用于人、动物和植物基因组文库构建。BAC具有插入片断大、嵌合率低、遗传稳定性好、易于操作等优点。BAC文库的构建是基因组较大的真核生物基因组学研究的重要基础 ,可用于真核生物重要基因及全基因组物理作图、重要性状基因的图位克隆、基因结构及功能分析。本文主要综述了细菌人工染色体的构建与其鉴定 ,及其在物理图谱构建、图位克隆、转基因技术等研究上的应用。     

BAC及其转基因研究进展

本文综述了细菌人工染色体(BacterialArtificialChromsomes,BAC)的构建、物理图谱制作方法及其靶位精细操作策略的研究进展。同时,简要介绍了BAC转基因在基因功能以及基因表达与调控研究中的应用 。     

细菌人工染色体文库的构建方法分析

细菌人工染色体是一种承载大片段DNA的新型载体系统,它具有插入片断大、嵌合率低、遗传稳定性好、易于操作等优点.在高等生物基因组文库的构建和基因功能的分析等方面有广泛应用.BAC文库的构建是基因组较大的真核生物基因组学研究的重要基础.介绍了近年来细菌人工染色体文库构建方法上的研究进展,对其中载体的制备和高分子量DNA的制备这两个关键环节作了较深入的探讨.     

BAC及其转基因研究进展

本文综述了细菌人工染色体（Bacterial Artificial Chromsomes,BAC)的构建、物理图谱制作方法及其靶位精细操作策略的研究进展。同时,简要介绍了BAC转基因在基因功能以及基因表达与调控研究中的应用。     

细菌人工染色体的修饰及其转基因应用研究

细菌人工染色体(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome,BAC)是一种新发展起来的DNA载体系统,它具有容量大、遗传特性稳定、易于操作等优点.广泛的应用于基因组文库构建、基因功能分析等方面.随着基因组测序工程的实施与完成,如何对包含完整基因信息的特定细菌人工染色体进行有目的修饰已成为功能基因组学研究的一个重要环节.BAC载体转基因技术可能成为避开基因打靶获得高效表达的转基因生物的另一途径.本文介绍了BAC作为转基因载体的几种修饰方法及其在转基因研究上的应用.     

人类人工染色体作为转基因载体的应用前景

自1997年首次成功构建人类人工染色体(human artificial chromosome,HAC)以来,对其理论、方法学问题的研究一直就是人们关注的焦点,并引起了科学家们的极大兴趣,目前已能采用不同的方法获得多种类型的HAC。与酵母人工染色体（YAC）、细菌人工染色体（BAC）等相比,HAC不整合到细胞的基因组中,以一个独立的功能性染色体单位而存在,并在细胞中进行正常的有丝分裂和减数分裂。迄今的研究表明：HAC可以携带大片段基因组DNA,是研究人类基因表达和调控、染色体功能基本单元的重要工具,也是建立HAC动物模型的重要手段。在未来的基因治疗方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

Meiotic Recombination on Artificial Chromosomes in Yeast

We have examined the meiotic recombination characteristics of artificial chromosomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our experiments were carried out using minichromosome derivatives of yeast chromosome III and yeast artificial chromosomes composed primarily of bacteriophage lambda DNA. Tetrad analysis revealed that the artificial chromosomes exhibit very low levels of meiotic recombination. However, when a 12.5-kbp fragment from yeast chromosome VIII was inserted into the right arm of the artificial chromosome, recombination within that arm mimicked the recombination characteristics of the fragment in its natural context including the ability of crossovers to ensure meiotic disjunction. Both crossing over and gene conversion (within the ARG4 gene contained within the fragment) were measured in the experiments. Similarly, a 55-kbp region from chromosome III carried on a minichromosome showed crossover behavior indistinguishable from that seen when it is carried on chromosome III. We discuss the notion that, in yeast, meiotic recombination behavior is determined locally by small chromosomal regions that function free of the influence of the chromosome as a whole.     

Characterization of a cluster of human high/ultrahigh sulfur keratin-associated protein genes embedded in the type I keratin gene domain on chromosome 17q12-21

Low stringency screening of a human P1 artificial chromosome library using a human hair keratin-associated protein (hKAP1.1A) gene probe resulted in the isolation of six P1 artificial chromosome clones. End sequencing and EMBO/GenBank(TM) data base analysis showed these clones to be contained in four previously sequenced human bacterial artificial chromosome clones present on chromosome 17q12-21 and arrayed into two large contigs of 290 and 225 kilobase pairs (kb) in size. A fifth, partially sequenced human bacterial artificial chromosome clone data base sequence overlapped and closed both of these contigs. One end of this 600-kb cluster harbored six gene loci for previously described human type I hair keratin genes. The other end of this cluster contained the human type I cytokeratin K20 and K12 gene loci. The center of the cluster, starting 35 kb downstream of the hHa3-I hair keratin gene, contained 37 genes for high/ultrahigh sulfur hair keratin-associated proteins (KAPs), which could be divided into a total of 7 KAP multigene families based on amino acid homology comparisons with previously identified sheep, mouse, and rabbit KAPs. To date, 26 human KAP cDNA clones have been isolated through screening of an arrayed human scalp cDNA library by means of specific 3'-noncoding region polymerase chain reaction probes derived from the identified KAP gene sequences. This screening also yielded four additional cDNA sequences whose genes were not present on this gene cluster but belonged to specific KAP gene families present on this contig. Hair follicle in situ hybridization data for single members of five different KAP multigene families all showed localization of the respective mRNAs to the upper cortex of the hair shaft.     

Construction of a 1.2-Mb BAC/PAC contig of the porcine gene RYR1 region on SSC 6q1.2 and comparative analysis with HSA 19q13.13

We screened a porcine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) and a P1 derived artificial chromosome (PAC) library to construct a sequence-ready approximately 1.2-Mb BAC/PAC contig of the ryanodine receptor-1 gene (RYR1) region on porcine chromosome (SSC) 6q1.2. This genomic segment is of special interest because it harbors the locus for stress susceptibility in pigs and a putative quantitative trait locus for muscle growth. Detailed physical mapping of this gene-rich region allowed us to assign to this contig 17 porcine genes orthologous to known human chromosome 19 genes. Apart from the relatively well-characterized porcine gene RYR1, the other 16 genes represent novel chromosomal assignments and 14 genes have been cloned for the first time in pig. Comparative analysis of the porcine BAC/PAC contig with the human chromosome (HSA) 19q13.13 map revealed a completely conserved gene order of this segment between pig and human. A detailed porcine-human-mouse comparative map of this region was constructed.     

Exploiting the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the study of the organization and evolution of complex genomes

Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) cloning systems have advanced the analysis of complex genomes considerably. They permit the cloning of larger fragments than do bacterial artificial chromosome systems, and the cloned material is more easily modified. We recently developed a novel YAC cloning system called transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning. Using in vivo recombination in yeast, TAR cloning selectively isolates, as circular YACs, desired chromosome segments or entire genes from complex genomes. The ability to do that without constructing a representative genomic library of random clones greatly facilitates analysis of gene function and its role in disease. In this review, we summarize how recombinational cloning techniques have advanced the study of complex genome organization, gene expression, and comparative genomics.     

Artificial and engineered chromosomes: developments and prospects for gene therapy

At the gene therapy session of the ICCXV Chromosome Conference (2004), recent advances in the construction of engineered chromosomes and de novo human artificial chromosomes were presented. The long-term aims of these studies are to develop vectors as tools for studying genome and chromosome function and for delivering genes into cells for therapeutic applications. There are two primary advantages of chromosome-based vector systems over most conventional vectors for gene delivery. First, the transferred DNA can be stably maintained without the risks associated with insertion, and second, large DNA segments encompassing genes and their regulatory elements can be introduced, leading to more reliable transgene expression. There is clearly a need for safe and effective gene transfer vectors to correct genetic defects. Among the topics discussed at the gene therapy session and the main focus of this review are requirements for de novo human artificial chromosome formation, assembly of chromatin on de novo human artificial chromosomes, advances in vector construction, and chromosome transfer to cells and animals.     

Expression of a reporter gene after microinjection of mammalian artificial chromosomes into pronuclei of bovine zygotes.

The introduction of mammalian artificial chromosomes (ACs) into zygotes represents an alternative, more predictive technology for the production of recombinant proteins in transgenic animals. The aim of these experiments was to examine the effects of artificial chromosome microinjection into bovine pronuclei on embryo development and reporter gene expression. Bovine oocytes aspirated from 2-5 mm size follicles were matured in vitro for 22 hr. Mature oocytes were fertilized in vitro with frozen- thawed bull spermatozoa. Artificial chromosome carrying either beta-galactosidase (Lac-Z) gene or green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene were isolated by flow cytometry. A single chromosome was microinjected into one of the two pronuclei of bovine zygotes. Sham injected zygotes served as controls. Injected zygotes were cultured in G 1.2 medium for 7 days. Hatched blastocysts were cultured on blocked STO cell feeder layer for attachment and outgrowth of ICM and trophectoderm cells. The results showed a high zygote survival rate following LacZ-ACs microinjection (74%). However, the blastocyst development rate after 7 days of culture was significantly lower than that of sham injected zygotes (7.5 vs. 22%). Embryonic cells positive for Lac-Z gene were detected by PCR in three of nine outgrowth colonies. In addition, GFP gene expression was observed in 15 out of 85 (18%) embryos at the arrested 2-cell stage to blastocyst stage. Six blastocysts successfully outgrew, three outgrowths were GFP positive for up to 3 weeks in culture. We conclude that the methodology for artificial chromosome delivery into bovine zygotes could lead to viable blastocyst development, and reporter gene expression could be sustained during pre-implantation development.     

野生一粒小麦BAC文库的构建和鉴定

以细菌人工染色体pECBAC1为载体,构建了野生一粒小麦(Triticum boeoticum B oiss)的基因组BAC文库.该文库共包含约17万个克隆,平均插入片段长度为104 kb,按野生一粒小麦基因组为5 600 Mb计算,文库覆盖了约3倍的该物种基因组.用大麦叶绿体psb A基因和玉米线粒体atp6基因作混合探针,检测发现该文库中含细胞器基因组同源序列的克隆数小于1% .该文库的建成,为小麦基因的克隆及基因组学研究提供了技术平台.     

A physical and transcript map based upon refinement of the critical interval for PPH1, a gene for familial primary pulmonary hypertension. The International PPH Consortium

Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH), an often fatal disorder, is characterized by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressure of unknown cause. In its familial form (FPPH), the disorder segregates as an autosomal dominant and displays markedly reduced penetrance. A gene for FPPH was previously localized to a 25-cM interval on the long arm of chromosome 2 (2q31-q33). We now report a complete yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)/P1 artificial chromosome contig (PAC), assembled by STS content mapping, across a newly identified minimum nonrecombinant interval containing the gene designated PPH1. The physical map has served to establish polymorphic marker order unequivocally, enabling the establishment of detailed haplotypes for the region. Together with the identification of novel recombination events in affected individuals from six newly ascertained kindreds, these data have allowed the significant reduction of the minimum PPH1 critical interval to a 4.8-cM region. The region, flanked by the polymorphic markers D2S115 (centromeric) and D2S1384 (telomeric), corresponds to a minimum physical distance of 5.8 Mb at 2q33. Numerous expressed sequence tags and known genes were placed on the YAC/BAC contig spanning the PPH1 gene critical region.