Antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms isolated from urine of pediatric ward patients

The study was an analysis of the frequency of urine bacterial isolation in hospitalized children as well as an evaluation of their susceptibility to antibiotics used in urinary tract infections (UTI). The analysis focused on microbiological urine tests carried out between January 2006 and December 2008. Altogether, 311 strains were obtained, of which E. coli (50.8%) and E. faecalis (13.5%) were the most frequently isolates. The highest percentage of Enterobacteriaceae were sensitive to ceftazidime (92%); to a lesser degree to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (85%), to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (84%), to nitrofurantoin (82%), to cefuroxime (81%), to cefalotin (66%) whereas only 24% were sensitive to ampicillin. ESBLs were produced by 8% of all Enterobacteriaceae strains. P. aeruginosa strains were totally sensitive to ceftazidime; over 90% - to piperacillin and aminoglycosides, and 77% to carbenicillin. Staphylococci manifested 100% sensitivity to nitrofurantoin. Only 20% of S. aureus were sensitive to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and to trimethoprim; in the case of S. epidermidis: 83% and 67% respectively. No resistant strains were found among S. agalactiae and E. faecalis. E. faecium strains, in turn, were resistant to ampicillin and often to nitrofurantoin (64%), to vancomycin (VanB; 45%) and to high aminoglycoside concentrations (HLAR; 45%).     

沙井地区384例支原体药敏试验结果及分析

目的:了解本地区社区感染支原体的药物敏感情况。方法:对门诊标本培养出的384例支原体进行药敏试验(微量肉汤法)。结果:Uu对交沙霉素、克拉霉素及罗红霉素敏感性高,敏感率分别为98%、94%及93%;对环丙沙星、大观霉素耐药性高,敏感率分别为8%及11%。Mh对交沙霉素敏感率为89%、对大现霉素、多西环素、美满霉素的敏感率均为78%;对罗红霉素、红霉素耐药性高,敏感率分别为0%及11%。Uu合并Mh对交沙霉素、多西环素、美满霉素敏感性高,敏感率分别为85%、73%及69%,对红霉素、克拉霉素、大观霉素的敏感性均为0%,对罗红霉素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星的敏感率均为4%。结论:支原体的敏感性存在时空差异,且不同类型的支原体对抗菌素的敏感性是不同的,应采用实验室结果而非经验指导用药。     

长江流域棉区棉花新品种抗病虫性研究

2003年,对长江流域棉区15份新材料进行了抗红铃虫鉴定,结果有8份材料高抗红铃虫,占鉴定材料的53.33%;4份材料抗红铃虫,占26.67%;3份材料中抗红铃虫,占20.00%.对55份新材料进行抗枯萎病鉴定,结果有27份材料抗枯萎病,占鉴定材料的49.09%;26份材料耐枯萎病,占47.27%;2份感枯萎病,占3.64%.对59份材料进行抗黄萎病鉴定,结果有8份材料抗黄萎病,占鉴定材料的13.56%;43份材料耐黄萎病,占72.88%;8份材料感黄萎病,占13.56%.     

106例宫颈炎患者支原体检测及抗生素敏感性分析

目的：对本地区宫颈炎患者解脲脲原体（Uu）和人型支原体（Mh）进行监测,分析抗生素敏感情况,为临床诊疗提供实验依据。方法：无菌采集宫颈炎患者宫颈分泌物,用支原体培养、鉴定、药敏试剂盒进行培养和药敏试验。结果：支原体总检出率为71.70%。Uu检出率为52.83%,Uu合并Mh检出率16.04%,Mh检出率为2.83%。56例单纯Uu株体外抗生素敏感性显示：对四环素族多西环素100%、美满霉素98.21%高度敏感;对大环内酯类敏感性不一：克拉霉素96.43%,阿奇霉素91.07%,交沙霉素76.79%,红霉素67.86%,罗红霉素32.14%;对喹诺酮类如加替沙星83.93%较敏感,而对左氧氟沙星,司帕沙星敏感性差;对克林霉素和甲砜霉素不敏感;17例Uu合并Mh的抗生素敏感性为：美满霉素100%,多西环素100%,交沙霉素88.23%,加替沙星64.7%,对左氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、红霉素、阿奇霉素、克拉霉素,罗红霉素、甲砜霉素、克林霉素均不敏感。3株单纯Mh例数少未做统计。结论：宫颈炎患者中支原体检出率较高,其中单纯Uu检出率较Uu、Mh混合阳性率高,对四环素类、大环内酯类族中的多数抗生素敏感,治疗选择余地大。Uu、Mh混合敏感性抗生素种类少,应优先选择四环素类抗生素治疗。     

猪瘟病毒石门株与兔化弱毒株E0糖蛋白基因的克隆及序列分析

参考已发表的猪瘟病毒序列,设计并合成了一对引物,应用ＲＴＰＣＲ 技术,扩增了猪瘟兔化弱毒（Ｈｏｇ ｃｈｏｌｅｒａ ｖｉｒｕｓ ｌａｐｉｎｉｚｅｄ Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ ｓｔｒａｉｎ , ＨＣＬＶ） 和石门强毒株的Ｅ０ 糖蛋白基因,并将其克隆到ｐＧＥＭＴ 载体中,测定了其核苷酸序列,并推导了其氨基酸序列。结果表明我国这两株强弱不同毒株Ｅ０ 糖蛋白核苷酸序列同源性和推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为９５－０ ％ 和９４－３ ％ ,有１３ 个氨基酸的差异,ＨＣＬＶ 比石门株多了一个潜在的Ｎ糖基化位点。将我国这两株病毒与国外已报导的ＨＣＶ 毒株Ｅ０ 基因序列进行了比较,发现石门株与日本的两株毒株ＡＬＤ 和ＧＰＥ－ 同源性较高,核苷酸序列同源性分别为９７－４ ％ 和９６－５ ％ ,氨基酸同源性分别为９７－４ ％ 和９６－０ ％ ,而与欧洲Ｂｒｅｓｃｉａ 株和Ａｌｆｏｒｔ 株同源性较低,核苷酸同源性分别为９２－２ ％ 和８６－５ ％ ,氨基酸同源性为９５－２ ％ 和９２－５ ％ , ＨＣＬＶ 与ＡＬＤ、ＧＰＥ－ 、Ｂｒｅｓｃｉａ、Ａｌｆｏｒｔ 株核苷酸同源性分别为９５－６ ％ 、９４－９ ％ 、９１－３ ％ 、８５－５ ％ …     

Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of respiratory isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in a Turkish university hospital

A total of 391 respiratory isolates of Staphylococcus aureus in Sivas (Turkey) were studied between January 1999-2002. The organisms were cultured from the following specimens: throat (43%), sputum (28%), transtracheal/endotracheal aspirates (27%), and bronchial lavage (2%). The isolates were tested against 11 different antibiotics by a disk diffusion method or standardized microdilution technique. Methicillin-resistant isolates constituted 76.9% of all isolates. Most of the methicillin-resistant isolates (95.1%) were isolated from inpatients. The rate of methicillin-resistant isolates in throat, sputum, and tracheal aspirates was 17.2%, 60.1%, and 68.9%, respectively. The resistance of methicillin-resistant isolates in throat to teicoplanin was 3.4%. The methicillin-sensitive isolates were susceptible to most agents tested, while most methicillin-resistant isolates were resistant to these agents. Overall resistance to erythromycin was 61.9%, tetracycline 56.6%, gentamicin 50.7%, ofloxacin 42.0%, rifampin 40.8%, clindamycin 38.9%, chloramphenicol 19.0%, co-trimoxazole 10.2%, and vancomycin 0%.     

Salinity tolerance of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters

Experiments were conducted to determine the adaptability of the guppy to various salt concentrations. The guppy, Poecilia reticulata , (total length 11–40 mm) were subjected to abrupt and gradual changes from fresh water (salinity=0.1%) to various salinities (%). No mortality occurred when the fish were transferred from fresh water to 50% sea water (19.5%). Through gradual adaptation from 50% sea water to 80% of the fish were able to tolerate 100% (39%) sea water for 7 days. After a 7 day stay in sea water, fish were readapted to fresh water during a 3 h period. Through gradual adaptation fish were also able to tolerate salinities ranging from 39.0% (100% sea water) to 58.5%. After a 30 day stay in 150% sea water (58.5%), fish were readapted to fresh water over a 5 h period. The results indicate that they were well able to tolerate the abrupt change from 100 or 150% sea water to fresh water. Females that stayed in 150% sea water (58.5%) for 30 days had embryos in their gonads.     

深圳市儿童社区获得性肺炎细菌病原学及其耐药性

目的研究儿童社区获得性肺炎细菌病原学及其耐药性特征,指导临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法对2006年2月至2007年3月1年期间住院的5岁及5岁以下社区获得性肺炎病人,进行深部呼吸道吸引物细菌培养,并且检测分离菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果1441例病人中,722例检出细菌共761株,分离阳性率为50．1％,分离菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌170株（22．3％）、大肠埃希菌130株（17．1％）、肺炎链球菌89株（11．7％）、金黄色葡萄球菌63株（8．3％）及流感和副流感嗜血杆菌60株（7．9％）。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）检出率为15．9％;对青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌（包括PISP和PRSP）检出率为84．3％;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、粘质沙雷菌和阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs的检出率分别为31．2％、46．2％、94．8％和16．8％;流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率为36％和40％;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼复合不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为10．7％和13．2％。结论在深圳儿童社区获得性肺炎的分离菌中,革兰阴性菌明显多于革兰阳性菌,分离菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌及流感和副流感嗜血杆菌。分离细菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性较为严重。     

中国广东汉族人群核苷酸修复基因hMTH1 遗传多态性研究

为研究中国南方汉族人群核苷酸修复基因hMTH1遗传多态性,应用聚合酶链反应-单链构象多态性技术检测172名健康人外周血白细胞hMTH1基因启动子及全部5个外显子多态性,并进行DNA测序。结果发现hMTH1基因启动子及外显子1序列保守,未见突变;外显子2第73位碱基存在T→C杂合型突变,基因型TT和TC频率分别为93.02%、6.98%,等位基因T和C频率分别为96.51%、3.49％;外显子3第45位遗传密码存在T→C杂合型突变,基因型TT和TC频率分别为95.35%、4.65%,等位基因T和C频率分别为97.67%、2.33%,该多态性为首次发现;外显子4第83位遗传密码存在G→A杂合型突变,基因型GG和GA频率分别为89.53%、10.47%,等位基因G和A频率分别为94.77%、5.23％;外显子5第119位氨基酸遗传密码存在C→T杂合型突变,基因型CC和CT频率分别为95.93%、4.07%,等位基因C和T频率分别为97.97%、2.03％。Abstract: In order to study the genetic polymorphisms of nucleotide repair gene hMTH1 in southern Chinese Han population, the polymorphisms of the gene’s promoter and its five exons among peripheral blood lymphocytes of 172 Chinese Han people were analyzed with polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing. The sequences of the promoter and exon 1 of hMTH1 gene were conserved. A T to C polymorphism was detected at the 73th base in exon2. The genotype frequencies of TT and TC were 93.02% and 6.98%, respectively. The allelic frequencies of T and C were 96.51% and 3.49％, respectively. A T to C polymorphism was detected at codon 45 in exon3, which was first reported. The genotype frequencies of TT and TC were 95.35% and 4.65%, respectively. The allelic frequencies of T and C were 97.67% and 2.33%, respectively. A G to A polymorphism was detected at codon 83 in exon4. The genotype frequencies of GG and GA were 89.53% and 10.47%, respectively. The allelic frequencies of G and A were 94.77% and 5.23％, respectively. A C to T polymorphism was detected at codon 119 in exon5. The genotype frequencies of CC and CT were 95.93% and 4.07%, respectively. The allelic frequencies of C and T were 97.97% and 2.03％, respectively.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli O157 isolated from humans, cattle, swine, and food

A total of 361 Escherichia coli O157 isolates, recovered from humans, cattle, swine, and food during the years 1985 to 2000, were examined to better understand the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among these organisms. Based on broth microdilution results, 220 (61%) of the isolates were susceptible to all 13 antimicrobials tested. Ninety-nine (27%) of the isolates, however, were resistant to tetracycline, 93 (26%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 61 (17%) were resistant to cephalothin, and 48 (13%) were resistant to ampicillin. Highest frequencies of resistance occurred among swine isolates (n = 70), where 52 (74%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 50 (71%) were resistant to tetracycline, 38 (54%) were resistant to cephalothin, and 17 (24%) were resistant to ampicillin. Based on the presence of Shiga toxin genes as determined by PCR, 210 (58%) of the isolates were identified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among these, resistance was generally low, yet 21 (10%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and 19 (9%) were resistant to tetracycline. Based on latex agglutination, 189 (52%) of the isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7, among which 19 (10%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and 16 (8%) were resistant to tetracycline. The data suggest that selection pressure imposed by the use of tetracycline derivatives, sulfa drugs, cephalosporins, and penicillins, whether therapeutically in human and veterinary medicine or as prophylaxis in the animal production environment, is a key driving force in the selection of antimicrobial resistance in STEC and non-STEC O157.     

Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli O157 Isolated from Humans, Cattle, Swine, and Food

A total of 361 Escherichia coli O157 isolates, recovered from humans, cattle, swine, and food during the years 1985 to 2000, were examined to better understand the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among these organisms. Based on broth microdilution results, 220 (61%) of the isolates were susceptible to all 13 antimicrobials tested. Ninety-nine (27%) of the isolates, however, were resistant to tetracycline, 93 (26%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 61 (17%) were resistant to cephalothin, and 48 (13%) were resistant to ampicillin. Highest frequencies of resistance occurred among swine isolates (n = 70), where 52 (74%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, 50 (71%) were resistant to tetracycline, 38 (54%) were resistant to cephalothin, and 17 (24%) were resistant to ampicillin. Based on the presence of Shiga toxin genes as determined by PCR, 210 (58%) of the isolates were identified as Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). Among these, resistance was generally low, yet 21 (10%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and 19 (9%) were resistant to tetracycline. Based on latex agglutination, 189 (52%) of the isolates were identified as E. coli O157:H7, among which 19 (10%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and 16 (8%) were resistant to tetracycline. The data suggest that selection pressure imposed by the use of tetracycline derivatives, sulfa drugs, cephalosporins, and penicillins, whether therapeutically in human and veterinary medicine or as prophylaxis in the animal production environment, is a key driving force in the selection of antimicrobial resistance in STEC and non-STEC O157.     

MHT和mCIM试验检测肠杆菌科金属碳青霉烯酶效能的评价

目的 探讨改良Hodge试验（MHT）及改良碳青霉烯灭活试验（mCIM）检测肠杆菌科细菌金属碳青霉烯酶的应用价值。方法 VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏系统进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,筛选2015-2017年非重复临床分离的碳青霉烯类耐药的肠杆菌科细菌,MHT及mCIM进行产碳青霉烯酶表型确证试验,PCR检测常见的金属碳青霉烯酶IMP-4、IMP-8、VIM-1、VIM-2、NDM基因。比较MHT及mCIM对肠杆菌科金属碳青霉烯酶的检测效能。结果 本实验共收集40株临床分离菌株,MHT阳性36株,阳性率90.0%。mCIM阳性39株,阳性率为97.5%。PCR产物测序Blast比对证实4株为产IMP酶菌株,5株产NDM型菌株,未检测到VIM基因。MHT试验检测IMP酶的灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为100.0%、11.1%、11.1%、100.0%,MHT检测NDM酶分别为40.0%、2.9%、5.6%、25.0%。mCIM检测IMP酶的灵敏度、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别100.0%、2.8%、10.3%、100.0%,mCIM检测NDM型分别为100.0%、2.9%、12.8%、100.0%。结论 MHT及mCIM检测肠杆菌科细菌产金属碳青霉烯酶具有良好的灵敏度,但特异性偏低,应结合分子生物学方法进行检测,为感染控制提供保障。     

血流感染患者表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的分布与耐药性分析

目的比较血流感染患者表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性差异,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法对贵州医科大学第三附属医院2011年6月至2014年11月血流感染标本中分离出的表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌共140株进行比较分析,按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行微生物鉴定,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,药敏结果按美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)的标准判断,数据采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析。结果血流感染标本共分离出表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌140株,其中表皮葡萄球菌分离出88株,占62.86%;金黄色葡萄球菌分离出52株,占37.14%。血流感染表皮葡萄球菌与金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、克林霉素、红霉素、阿奇霉素、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、利福平、呋喃妥因、头孢噻吩、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、麦迪霉素、复方新诺明等耐药率分别为81.82%,45.15%;35.23%,15.38%;20.45%,5.77%;47.73%,26.92%;76.14%,51.92%;69.32%,50.00%;64.77%,9.62%;54.55%,28.85%;14.77%,0.00%;10.23%,0.00%;39.77%,3.85%;11.36%,0.00%;54.55%,28.85%;67.05%,5.77%;79.55%,32.69%;表皮葡萄球菌耐药率明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌,差异有性统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血流感染中表皮葡萄球菌的感染率与耐药率不断上升,耐药率明显高于金黄色葡萄球菌,应引起重视。     

Microbiological Contamination of Hospital Air: II. Qualitative Studies

Over 10,000 airborne microorganisms, isolated from various areas of two hospitals, were characterized according to colonial and microscopic morphology and certain physiological reactions, including penicillin resistance and hemolysis. On the basis of all isolates examined during a 15-month period, 42.6% were gram-positive cocci, 19.2% were gram-positive rods, 14.0% were gram-negative rods, 17.1% were molds, 2.2% were actinomycetes, 1.2% were yeasts, and the remainder were assorted diphtheroids and coccobacillary types. The distribution of types varied according to hospital area, locations within a given area, and level of gross airborne contamination, but did not vary significantly with season of the year. There appeared to be some relationship between contaminant particle size and type of organism associated with the particle. Distribution of penicillin-resistant types differed markedly in different hospital areas, with proportions ranging from 21.4% in surgery areas to 4.3% in incinerator rooms. Of all gram-positive cocci isolated, 34.9% were hemolytic, and 16.4% were penicillin-resistant.     

Losses of mammals (Mammalia) and birds (Aves) on roads in the Slovak part of the Danube Basin

Mortality of mammals and birds due to traffic accidents was monitored in the Slovak part of the Danube Basin from September 2000 to December 2002. Monitored road length was 32 km. The route was inspected by vehicle or on foot 709 times (total of 22,677 km inspected). A total of 3,009 animal carcasses were found. Of these, 45.5% were mammals and 54.5% were birds. Mammals included hamsters (35.7% of killed mammals), mice (14%), brown hares (13.2%), hedgehogs (8.7%), voles (8.5%), Norway rats (6.1%), domestic cats (4.4%) red foxes (3%), polecats (1.9%), weasels (1.2%), and less than 1% other species. Of the bird carcasses, 42.4% were sparrows, 7.6% pheasants, 5.6% swallows, 5.4% long-eared owls, 4.6% martins, 4.4% collared turtle doves, 4.1% domestic pigeons, and 3.2% fieldfares. On average, 3.6 animal carcasses were found per 1 km of monitored route per month. Seasonal mortality differed both in absolute numbers and with respect to the number of species involved. Losses were highest in summer and lowest in winter. Losses in brown hares reached on average 15.5% (maximum 75%), in roe deer 18.8% (maximum 80%) and in pheasants 3.5% (maximum 22%) of the annual bag. Annual financial losses in the study area with regard to game species were 1.9 million Slovakian crowns. In the district of Galanta, to which the study area belongs, on average 21.4 traffic accidents with game occurred annually; most of these were caused by roe deer. Damage to property amounted to 880,000 Slovakian crowns per year.     

Diversity of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States

The prevalence and diversity of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains associated with cattle at harvest in the United States were examined. Hides and carcasses of cattle were sampled at processing plants (n = 6) located in four geographically distant regions from July 2005 to April 2006. The mean prevalences of Salmonella on hides, preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal), and postintervention carcasses (in the chiller and after the full complement of interventions) were 89.6%, 50.2%, and 0.8%, respectively. The values for MDR Salmonella enterica strains (defined as those resistant to two or more antimicrobials) as percentages of Salmonella prevalence were 16.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.3 to 25.1%; median percent prevalence, 6.9%), 11.7% (95% CI, 4.4 to 19.0%; median, 4.8%), and 0.33% (95% CI, -0.3 to 0.70%; median, 0%), respectively. In this study, 16,218 Salmonella hide and carcass isolates were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Of these, 978 (6.0%) unique MDR S. enterica isolates were identified and serotyped and their XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles determined. The predominant MDR S. enterica serotypes observed were Newport (53.1%), Typhimurium (16.6%), and Uganda (10.9%). Differences in MDR S. enterica prevalence were detected, and PFGE analysis revealed both epidemic clusters (profiles found in plants in multiple regions/seasons) and endemic clusters (profiles observed in plants in limited regions/seasons) within several of the MDR serotypes examined. Despite these differences, multiple-hurdle processing interventions employed at all plants were found to be quite effective and decreased Salmonella carcass contamination by 98.4% (95% CI, 97.6 to 99.7%).     

Ethanol tolerances of Drosophila melanogaster populations selected on different concentrations of ethanol supplemented media

Summary Eight recently collected Australasian populations of D. melanogaster were each divided into eight selection lines. Two of these lines from each population were maintained on one of four types of selection media: standard food supplemented with 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% ethanol. After 30 generations the selection lines were tested for tolerance to 9% ethanol medium and after another 20 generations adults were tested for tolerance to concentrated ethanol fumes. Significant differences in tolerance were found among lines selected on different media which were consistent across the eight populations. On the 9% test media, the 6% and 9% selection lines, as compared with the control lines selected on 0% ethanol, were more likely to survive as pre-adults or adults, faster to develop as preadults, and heavier and more productive as adults. However, the tolerance of the 3% lines to the 9% test media was less than that of the 0% control lines in preadult and adult survival, intermediate between that of the 0% and the 6% and 9% lines in productivities, and apparently superior to the 6% and 9% lines in development times and adult weights. The 3%, 6% and 9% lines showed similar tolerances to the ethanol vapour. Previous work showed that 3% ethanol can be a metabolic benefit to D. melanogaster but 6% and 9% are metabolic costs. The present results suggest that the phenotype selected on 3% to obtain a metabolic benefit differs in many respects from that selected on 6% and 9% to minimise their detrimental effects.     

东北虎中五个Sox基因的保守区序列分析(英文)

在哺乳动物中,Y染色体决定着雄性性别,这是由于在其短臂上存在一个编码睾丸决定因子 (TDF) 的基因。1990年,人们克隆了睾丸决定因子基因并命名为SRY。序列分析表明SRY基因中存在一个保守区,与染色体高迁移率组 (HMG) 蛋白质上的DNA结合结构域具有一定的相似性。基于HMG基序的保守性人们发现了一个新的基因家族Sox基因家族。凡是在HMG区域与SRY基因具有50%以上相似性的基因被称为Sox基因。Sox基因在早期胚胎发育过程中参与多种发育途径,具有重要的作用。参与诸如性别决定、骨组织的发育、血细胞生成过程、神经系统的发育、晶状体的发育等多种早期胚胎发育过程。 虎(Panthera tigris)作为世界上最濒危的兽类之一,东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica Temminck)是其中的一个亚种,被列为一类珍稀动物。本文对其发育基因家族—SOX基因进行了研究。 利用肌肉组织为材料制备基因组DNA, 应用特异于HMG-box区域的兼并引物, 扩增了东北虎的SOX基因。在扩增产物中发现一条220bp的扩增带。经过克隆与序列测定和同源性检索,发现5个基因片段(Fig.1&2)。其与人SRY基因的相似性分别为75%、56%、51%、67% 和48%;与小鼠Sry基因的相似性分别为73%、54%、57%、66% 和 48% (Table 1)。因此这5个DNA片段为东北虎的5个Sox基因片     

重症监护室耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性分析

目的探讨温州医学院附属第一医院重症监护室（ICU）耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药特性。方法对2006年1月至2007年12月ICU分离的菌株采用常规方法进行菌株分离,经革兰染色、氧化酶试验等初筛,再经VITEK-32型全自动微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果共检测到98株鲍曼不动杆菌,其中耐亚胺培南的鲍曼不动杆菌为50株（占51.0%）,标本来源大部分为痰液（占94.9%）。耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对常用16种抗菌药物耐药率〉50%的有15种,耐药率〉90%有3种,分别为氨苄西林（98.0%）、头孢唑林（99.0%）和呋喃妥因（99.0%）,对抗菌药物耐药率最低仅为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（10.2%）,另外检测到对所用抗菌素泛耐为4株（8.0%）;而对亚胺培南敏感的鲍曼不动杆菌对常用16种抗菌药物耐药率〉50%的仅为4种,耐药率〉90%同样为氨苄西林（100%）、头孢唑林（97.9%）和呋喃妥因（97.9%）,耐药率比较低的为美罗培南（10.4%）、妥布霉素（16.7%）和环丙沙星（16.7%）,耐药率最低也为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦（6.3%）。结论 ICU分离耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药性严重,出现了泛耐菌株;临床可根据药敏试验选用抗菌药物,一般条件下耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌建议选用头孢哌酮／舒巴坦。     

社区感染金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株耐药谱研究

目的研究社区获得性金黄色葡萄球菌耐药情况。方法采用常规方法分离金黄色葡萄球菌,用全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药敏试验,采用苯唑西林纸片扩散法检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)。结果社区感染的金黄色葡萄球菌主要分离自精液和尿液,MRSA的分离率为22.0%。MRSA对青霉素和环丙沙星的耐药率均为100%。所有的分离株对呋喃妥因和万古霉素均敏感。MRSA对红霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、复方新诺明、氯霉素和头孢克罗的耐药率分别为92.6%、33.3%、67.7%、92.6%、82.1%和75.1%。MSSA对上述药物的耐药率为75.6%、32.3%、50.5%、7.1%、25.3%和4.5%。结论社区感染的金黄色葡萄球菌主要为甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌,社区感染的MRSA的耐药性较为严重,而MSSA除青霉素和红霉素外耐药率较低。万古霉素对MRSA的体外抗菌活性非常强。