视网膜静脉阻塞与颈动脉狭窄的相关性研究

目的:探究视网膜静脉阻塞与颈动脉狭窄的相关性研究,并为其临床检测、治疗与预后提供参考。方法:选择我院55例视网膜静脉阻塞患者(55只眼)为研究组,对其裸眼视力、矫正视力、眼压、眼底血管荧光造影(FFA)等检查资料进行分析,并进行多普勒彩超检查,记录其颈动脉狭窄情况,并对两种疾病之间的关系进行分析。同时选取55例健康人作为对照组。结果:研究组55例患者确诊为视网膜静脉阻塞(RVO),多普勒结果显示患者患侧与健侧劲动脉血流动力学各项差异不明显(P0.05);其IMT值较之对照组显著增高(P0.05);其PSV与EDV值有所降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:视网膜静脉阻塞患者大多存在颈动脉狭窄,因此检测颈动脉血流动力学对于诊断与预防视网膜静脉阻塞有着重要作用。     

抗VEGF药物联合532 激光治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞的疗效分析

目的:探讨抗VEGF药物联合532激光治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞的疗效。方法:选取60例患视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者,年龄38-65岁,研究组(31例)采用抗VEGF药物联合532激光治疗,对照组(29例)单纯给予激光治疗。监测患者治疗前,治疗后3个月的视力,黄斑中心凹厚度(Central macular thickness,CMT)以及治疗后3个月的治疗结果,对联合治疗与单纯激光方式的疗效进行对比。结果:治疗后3个月,研究组有效率明显高于对照组(P0.05)。与治疗前相比,研究组治疗后3个月,视力改善情况较明显(P0.05),且改善幅度大于对照组(P0.05)。对照组治疗后3个月,视力有了小幅度改善,然而与治疗前相比,差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗前,两组CMT相比,差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后3个月,两组CMT均有明显改善,且研究组改变情况优于对照组(P0.05)。所有患者在治疗后3个月内均未严重并发症。结论:抗VEGF药物联合532激光治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞,可以显著提高患者视力和治疗有效率,降低黄斑水肿,新生血管等并发症发生率,并且不会引起其他并发症。     

雷珠单抗联合视网膜激光光凝术对BRVO继发黄斑水肿患者视网膜电图P1波及生活质量的影响

目的:探讨雷珠单抗联合视网膜激光光凝术对视网膜分支静脉阻塞(BRVO)继发黄斑水肿患者视网膜电图P1波及生活质量的影响.方法:选取2017年1月～2019年8月期间我院收治的BRVO继发黄斑水肿患者60例,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=30)和研究组(n=30),对照组患者予以雷珠单抗治疗,研究组则在对照组的基础上联...     

Anti-VEGF in treatment of central retinal vein occlusion

Macular edema along with macular ischemia is responsible for decreased visual acuity in central retinal vein occlusion. Bevacizumab (Avastin, Genentech) blocks vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced hyperpermeability of blood vessels. In this prospective case series we investigated the efficacy of anti-VEGF treatment in reduction of central retinal thickness (CRT) and improvement in visual acuity (VA). 25 patients were followed up for 12 months and treated monthly with intravitreal bevacizumab. VA and CRT were measured at each visit. Treatment was discontinued as the peak improvement of either parameter was reached and reinstituted in case of deterioration/recurrence of edema. Study endpoints included: VA using ETDRS charts, CRT and number of injections at 12 months. Mean VA from all 25 patients increased by 3.1 logMAR lines (p < 0.05 compared to baseline). The improvement of VA after bevacizumab injection was in correlation with a decrease in CRT In subgroup analyses, patients receiving bevacizumab injection within the first 3 months after CRVO showed an average VA gain of 4.2 logMAR lines. Mean of 4.5 injections was needed to control the disease during the follow-up period. Bevacizumab treatment was effective in VA and reducing CRT. It appears from subgroup analysis that initiation of treatment early in the course of disease produced better functional outcome. Several injections were needed to control the disease. Regular OCT examinations and retreatment are advised in order to maintain initially reached VA.     

康柏西普联合视网膜激光光凝对缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者球结膜微循环指标和血管内皮功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨康柏西普联合视网膜激光光凝对缺血型视网膜中央静脉阻塞患者球结膜微循环指标和血管内皮功能的影响。方法：选取2016年8月到2019年9月我院收治的缺血型CRVO患者90例,按信封抽签法分为对照组（n=45,视网膜激光光凝治疗）和研究组（n=45,视网膜激光光凝联合康柏西普治疗）,比较两组患者黄斑中心视网膜厚度(CMT)、球结膜微循环指标、最佳矫正视力(BCVA)、疗效、血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、内皮素-1（ET-1）、一氧化氮（NO）水平以及不良反应。结果：治疗后6个月研究组临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后6个月,研究组的BCVA升高程度以及细动脉管径、细静脉管径扩大程度均大于对照组（P<0.05）,CMT以及红细胞聚集积分降低程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后3 d,研究组的VEGF、ET-1降低程度大于对照组（P<0.05）,NO升高程度大于对照组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率对比未见差异（P>0.05）。结论：康柏西普联合视网膜激光光凝治疗缺血型CRVO疗效较好,可有效改善患者视力及球结膜微循环,同时还可改善血管内皮功能,安全可靠。     

Prostaglandin E1 infusion therapy in dry age-related macular degeneration

OBJECTIVE: The pilot study is intended to show whether prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) infusions are able to stop the gradual vision loss in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and, further, to stabilize or improve visual acuity. METHODS: With PGE1 infusions 11 patients with different forms of dry AMD were treated and compared with a control group of 10 untreated patients with dry AMD. The target parameter was the visual acuity, as determined with the ETDRS logMAR charts. Other examinations performed during the study were tests of contrast vision, colour vision and central visual fields, as well as autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography and multifocal electroretinography. RESULTS: On termination of the infusions, six patients showed an increase in visual acuity by at least one line, an improvement that was seen in eight patients 2 months after the end of the infusion therapy. After 6 months, one patient exhibited an improvement of visual acuity by three lines and three patients an improvement by one line. Five patients were found to show no change of their baseline acuity values after 6 months, while two patients exhibited an impairment by one line. The visual acuity in the dry AMD control group without PGE1 treatment had decreased by 0.8 lines on the average after 6 months. Contrast vision, central visual fields and the multifocal electroretinogram showed improvements on the termination of infusions and up to 2 months later; no substantial change of these parameters, as compared with the baseline findings, was seen 6 months after the termination of infusions. SUMMARY: This pilot study suggests that PGE1 infusions have a stabilizing or improving effect on the visual acuity of patients with dry AMD. Owing to the limitations of a pilot study, these results should, however, be validated in a larger, randomized and blinded study.     

间接眼底镜下外路手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离对患者视力与黄斑水肿的影响

摘要 目的：探讨间接眼底镜下外路手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离对患者视力与黄斑水肿的影响。方法：选择2018年8月到2021年9月在本院诊治的孔源性视网膜脱离患者84例作为研究对象,根据1:1随机数字表法把患者分为眼底镜组与对照组各42例,对照组采用巩膜扣带术治疗,眼底镜组给予间接眼底镜下外路手术治疗,测定患者视力与黄斑水肿情况。结果：两组术后3个月的最佳矫正视力好于术前1 d,眼底镜组好于对照组（P<0.05）。眼底镜组术后3个月的总有效率为97.6 %,高于对照组的76.2 %（P<0.05）。眼底镜组术后3个月的眼内出血、视网膜坏死、眼内炎、高眼压等并发症发生率为4.8 %,低于对照组的23.8 %（P<0.05）。两组术后3个月的视网膜下液高度低于术前1 d,眼底镜组低于对照组（P<0.05）。眼底镜组术后3个月的自理等生活质量评分较对照组高（P<0.05）。结论：间接眼底镜下外路手术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离能改善黄斑水肿提高,促进恢复患者的视力,提高总体治疗效果,减少并发症,有利于患者视网膜下液高度降低,从而提高生活质量。     

康柏西普与雷珠单抗治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性的临床研究

目的:探讨康柏西普联合雷珠单抗治疗年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的临床疗效。方法:选择2015年6月到2016年10月我院收治的60例AMD患者,按随机数字表法分为对照组和治疗组。对照组患者给予康柏西普治疗,治疗组患者给予康柏西普联合雷珠单抗治疗,两组患者均治疗3个月。评价并比较两组患者临床疗效。统计并比较两组患者治疗后的视网膜渗漏总改善率。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后最佳矫正视力和黄斑视网膜厚度。结果:治疗后,治疗组患者的视力提高率为80.00%,明显高于对照组的55.00%,差异具有统计学意义(X~2=4.104,P=0.043)。治疗后,治疗组患者的视网膜渗漏总改善率为92.50%,明显高于对照组的70.00%,差异具有统计学意义(X~2=5.294,P=0.021)。治疗前,两组患者最佳矫正视力、黄斑视网膜厚度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,两组患者最佳矫正视力均明显大于治疗前,黄斑视网膜厚度均明显小于治疗前,并且治疗组均明显优于对照组,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:康柏西普联合雷珠单抗治疗AMD的临床疗效显著,能够明显提高视力,减轻视网膜渗漏,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Treatmenf of optic neuritis by retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone.

In a single-blind controlled clinical trial patients with optic neuritis caused by demyelination were given a single retrobulbar injection of triamcinolone. Though the treated group showed a trend towards more rapid recovery of vision than the controls, there was no significant difference in visual acuity, colour vision, or visual fields during the first six months after treatment. We conclude that routine use of corticosteroids is not justified in unilateral optic neuritis when vision in the other eye is good. Shortening the period of visual disability in bilateral disease or unilateral disease when vision in the other eye is poor, however, may be justifiable.     

曲伏前列素滴眼液治疗开角型青光眼的疗效及对血流动力学的影响

目的:探讨曲伏前列素滴眼液治疗开角型青光眼的疗效及对血流动力学的影响。方法:选择2013年3月~2015年12月在我院接受治疗的164例开角型青光眼患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和试验组,每组82例,对照组给予马来酸噻吗洛尔滴眼,试验组给予曲伏前列素滴眼,12周后观察两组患者的降眼压效果和视力改变情况,彩色多普勒超声检测眼动脉(OA)、睫状后短动脉(SPCA)及视网膜中央动脉(CRA)的收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)和阻力指数(RI),并观察其不良反应。结果:两组患者治疗前和治疗后2周的眼压和视力比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的眼压与治疗前比较均降低,视力与治疗前比较均提升,且试验组眼压降低及视力提升更显著,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗6周和12周后,试验组患者的眼压低于对照组,视力高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗12周后试验组患者OA、SPCA及CRA的EDV、PSV均高于对照组,而RI均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者的不良反应主要为轻度异物感、轻度结膜充血、虹膜色素加深等,两组患者的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:曲伏前列素滴眼液治疗开角型青光眼可降低眼压,提高视力,改善眼部血流动力学指标,且安全性较好,值得临床推广应用。     

左旋多巴联合综合疗法治疗屈光不正性弱视患儿的临床效果

目的:探究左旋多巴联合综合疗法治疗屈光不正性弱视患儿的临床效果。方法:选取2013年4月至2016年3月在我院接受治疗的屈光不正性弱视青少年103例(180眼),随机分为对照组52例(90眼)和观察组51例(90眼)。对照组患儿给予常规的综合治疗,观察组在对照组之上给予左旋多巴治疗。治疗6个月后,观察比较两组患儿的治疗有效率、图形视觉诱发电位(P-VEP)、视觉对比敏感度和视功能等以及不良反应的发生情况。结果:观察组的视力治疗有效率为90.00%,显著高于对照组(68.89%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗6个月后,两组的振幅出现明显的升高,且观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05);两组的潜伏期发生明显降低,且观察组的显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患儿的100%、25%、10%及5%空间频率视觉对比敏感度均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。观察组患儿的矫正辐辏范围、矫正分开范围显著高于对照组,矫正近立体锐度显著低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗期间,两组不良反应发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:左旋多巴联合综合疗法可有效改善屈光不正患儿的视觉中枢神经元功能,明显提高视力水平及视觉敏感度。     

改良眼底激光光凝合康柏西普治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变的效果及对视力水平、黄斑区血流密度的影响

摘要 目的：探究改良眼底激光光凝联合康柏西普治疗增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）的效果及对视力水平、黄斑区血流密度的影响。方法：回顾性分析2019.06-2022.06于我院接受改良眼底激光光凝治疗的62例（124眼）PDR患者临床资料,纳入对照组,回顾性分析同期于我院接受改良眼底激光光凝联合康柏西普治疗的62例（124眼）PDR患者临床资料,纳入试验组。比较治疗前和治疗后3个月两组患者视力水平[最佳矫正视力（BCVA）、视野指数（VFI）、视野平均缺损（MD）]、视网膜中央动脉血流动力学[峰值血流速度（PSV）、平均血流速度（MV）、搏动指数（PI）、阻力指数（RI）]、黄斑区血流密度[浅层毛细血管丛（SCP）、深层毛细血管丛（DCP）]、生活质量[低视力者生存质量量表（CLVQOL）]差异,记录3个月内两组患者并发症（黄斑水肿、高眼压、视网膜出血）发生情况。结果：治疗后3个月,两组患者BCVA、PSV、MV、SCP、DCP、CLVQOL较治疗前升高,试验组高于对照组（P均<0.05）;而VFI、MD、PI、RI水平降低,试验组低于对照组（P均<0.05）;两组患者术后并发症无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论：改良眼底激光光凝治疗联合康柏西普治疗可增强PDR患者视力功能,改善患者视网膜中央动脉血流动力学及黄斑区血流密度,提高生活质量。     

康柏西普预防严重后巩膜裂伤玻璃体切除术后增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的临床疗效

摘要 目的：探讨玻璃体腔注射康柏西普对于严重后巩膜裂伤患者玻璃体切除术后增生性玻璃体视网膜病变发生的预防效果。方法：选取从2018年9月至2020年9月我院收治的40例（40眼）严重后巩膜裂伤患者进行研究,随机分为对照组20眼（行常规巩膜裂伤缝合术及经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术）和观察组20眼（行巩膜裂伤缝合术及经睫状体平坦部玻璃体切除术的同时联合玻璃体腔注射康柏西普治疗）。比较两组患者术前及术后的视力、眼压,以及术后增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的发生率、视网膜再脱离的发生率。结果：对照组及观察组术后的最佳矫正视力较术前均提高、术后眼压均正常,观察组术后的增生性玻璃体视网膜病变发生率（15.0 %）明显低于对照组（45.0 %, P<0.05）,观察组术后视网膜脱离复发率（5.0 %）低于对照组（30.0 %, P>0.05）。结论：严重后巩膜裂伤患者玻璃体切除术联合玻璃体注射康柏西普治疗能够有效降低增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的发生率和术后视网膜脱离的复发率,还可以改善患者的视力预后。     

Efficacy and Safety of Intravitreal Therapy in Macular Edema Due to Branch and Central Retinal Vein Occlusion: a Systematic Review

Background

Intravitreal agents have replaced observation in macular edema in central (CRVO) and grid laser photocoagulation in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). We conducted a systematic review to evaluate efficacy and safety outcomes of intravitreal therapies for macular edema in CRVO and BRVO.

Methods

And Findings: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for RCTs with no limitations of language and year of publication. 11 RCTs investigating anti-VEGF agents (ranibizumab, bevacizumab, aflibercept) and steroids (triamcinolone, dexamethasone implant) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were evaluated.

Efficacy: CRVO

Greatest gain in visual acuity after 12 months was observed both under aflibercept 2 mg: +16.2 letters (8.5 injections), and under bevacizumab 1.25 mg: +16.1 letters (8 injections). Ranibizumab 0.5 mg improved vision by +13.9 letters (8.8 injections). Triamcinolone 1 mg and 4 mg stabilized visual acuity at a lower injection frequency (-1.2 letters, 2 injections).

BRVO

Ranibizumab 0.5 mg resulted in a visual acuity gain of +18.3 letters (8.4 injections). The effect of dexamethasone implant was transient after 1.9 implants in both indications.

Safety

Serious ocular adverse events were rare, e.g., endophthalmitis occurred in 0.0-0.9%. Major differences were found in an indirect comparison between steroids and anti-VEGF agents for cataract progression (19.8-35.0% vs. 0.9-7.0%) and in required treatment of increased intraocular pressure (7.0-41.0% vs. none). No major differences were identified in systemic adverse events.

Conclusions

Anti-VEGF agents result in a promising gain of visual acuity, but require a high injection frequency. Dexamethasone implant might be an alternative, but comparison is impaired as the effect is temporary and it has not yet been tested in PRN regimen. The ocular risk profile seems to be favorable for anti-VEGF agents in comparison to steroids. Because comparative data from head-to-head trials are missing currently, clinicians and patients should carefully weigh the benefit-harm ratio.     

Comparison of different presbyopia treatments: refractive lens exchange with multifocal intraocular lens implantation versus LASIK monovision

There are several methods for presbyopia treatment. Refractive lens exchange (RLE) followed by multifocal intraocular lens (MFIOL) implantation enables high rate of spectacle independence but have some visual disturbances. Laser in Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) monovision gives patient ability to have good distant vision with dominant eye and good near vision with nondominant eye. In this prospective randomized study we wanted to compare clinical outcomes in patients who underwent either of the mentioned procedures. The first group included 50 patients (N = 100 eyes) who underwent RLE with MFIOL implantation and the second group included 50 patients (N = 100 eyes) who underwent LASIK monovision as presbyopia treatment. Uncorrected distant, near and intermediate visual acuity, patient's subjective satisfaction and visual disturbances were measured. Follow up was 6 months. Patients in RLE group had better near uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and patients in LASIK monovision group had better distant and intermediate vision. Patients in RLE group reported visual disturbances (halo, glare). Patients satisfaction and spectacle independence was high in both groups. Refractive lens exchange with multifocal intraocular lens implantation and LASIK monovision are effective methods for presbyopia treatment. LASIK monovision with -0.50D - 1.25D of residual dioptry at nondominant eye in patients under 50 years enables good vision at all distances without affecting stereovision. Patient selection and preoperative counseling are key to success.     

马来酸噻吗洛尔联合拉坦前列腺素治疗高眼压型开角型青光眼的效果

目的:探讨马来酸噻吗洛尔联合拉坦前列腺素治疗高眼压型开角型青光眼的临床效果。方法:选取高眼压型开角型青光眼患者210例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各105例。对照组患者给予马来酸噻吗洛尔治疗,治疗组患者给予马来酸噻吗洛尔联合拉坦前列腺素治疗。观察并比较两组患者治疗前后视力改善情况,眼压、视乳头杯盘比值变化情况,眼结膜充血、眼内干涩、角膜点状浸润以及一过性视觉模糊等不良反应的发生情况等。结果:治疗组患者视力改善率为85.7%,对照组为71.4%,治疗组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后两组患者眼压、视乳头杯盘比值均明显下降,且治疗组明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患者眼结膜充血、眼内干涩、角膜点状浸润以及一过性视觉模糊等不良反应明显低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:马来酸噻吗洛尔联合拉坦前列腺素治疗高眼压型开角型青光眼能够改善患者视力水平,值得临床推广应用。此外,我们分析其作用可能与降低视乳头杯盘比值有关。     

超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的临床疗效分析

摘要目的：探讨超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼的的临床疗效。方法：将2007年8月-2012年8月入住我院的100例经诊断为白内障合并青光眼患者随机地均分为对照组与观察组,各为50例。对照组仅给予超声乳化人工晶状体植入术,观察组在此基础上给予联合小梁切除术进行治疗,比较两组治疗前后的视力、眼压、中央房前深度、房角开放状态变化、视野及并发症发生率。结果：（1）对照组患者术后1周、1个月及3个月视力均要高于术前,且术后1个月与3个月视力较术前差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组患者术后1周、1个月及3个月均要明显高于术前,术后视力较术前均具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）,且与对照组术后相比,差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（2）两组手术前后眼压、房角开放状态变化、中央前房深度及视野差异均具有统计学意义（P〈O．05,P〈O．01）,且观察组术后较对照组术后差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）对照组并发症发生率为22．00％,明显高于观察组（8．00％）,二者差异具有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：超声乳化白内障吸除、人工晶状体植入联合小梁切除术治疗白内障合并青光眼,临床疗效显著,术后恢复快,并发症发生率低,应在临床上加以推广并应用。     

布林佐胺联合噻吗洛尔治疗开角型青光眼的临床效果观察及安全性评价

目的:探讨布林佐胺联合噻吗洛尔治疗开角型青光眼的临床效果及安全性。方法:选择2016年9月至2018年9月在我院接受治疗的150例开角型青光眼患者,采用抽签法分为观察组(n=76)和对照组(n=74)。对照组给予噻吗洛尔治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予布林佐胺治疗。比较两组患者的临床疗效、治疗前后眼压、视野平均光敏度、视野平均缺损、视网膜神经纤维层厚度(RNFLT)、视盘盘沿面积(NRA)、泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)及阻力系数(RI)水平的变化及并发症的发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组和对照组总有效率分别为96.72%,79.66%,观察组显著高于对照组(P0.05);观察组眼压、视野平均光敏度、视野平均缺损水平及RI均显著低于对照组(P0.05),PSV、EDV、BUT显著高于对照组(P0.05)。两组并发症总发生率分别为3.95%、9.46%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:布林佐胺联合噻吗洛尔用于开角型青光眼患者的效果显著,可有效改善患者眼压、视敏度,且安全性较高。     

Ecomorphology of eye shape and retinal topography in waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes: Anatidae) with different foraging modes

Despite the large body of literature on ecomorphological adaptations to foraging in waterfowl, little attention has been paid to their sensory systems, especially vision. Here, we compare eye shape and retinal topography across 12 species representing 4 different foraging modes. Eye shape was significantly different among foraging modes, with diving and pursuit-diving species having relatively smaller corneal diameters compared to non-diving species. This may be associated with differences in ambient light intensity while foraging or an ability to tightly constrict the pupil in divers in order to facilitate underwater vision. Retinal topography was similar across all species, consisting of an oblique visual streak, a central area of peak cell density, and no discernible fovea. Because the bill faces downwards when the head is held in the normal posture in waterfowl, the visual streak will be held horizontally, allowing the horizon to be sampled with higher visual acuity. Estimates of spatial resolving power were similar among species with only the Canada goose having a higher spatial resolution. Overall, we found no evidence of ecomorphological adaptations to different foraging modes in the retinal ganglion cell layer in waterfowl. Rather, retinal topography in these birds seems to reflect the ‘openness’ of their habitats.     

Idebenone Protects against Retinal Damage and Loss of Vision in a Mouse Model of Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in complex I of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The disease is characterized by loss of central vision due to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and optic nerve atrophy. Despite progress towards a better understanding of the disease, no therapeutic treatment is currently approved for this devastating disease. Idebenone, a short-chain benzoquinone, has shown promising evidence of efficacy in protecting vision loss and in accelerating recovery of visual acuity in patients with LHON. It was therefore of interest to study suitable LHON models in vitro and in vivo to identify anatomical correlates for this protective activity. At nanomolar concentrations, idebenone protected the rodent RGC cell line RGC-5 against complex I dysfunction in vitro. Consistent with the reported dosing and observed effects in LHON patients, we describe that in mice, idebenone penetrated into the eye at concentrations equivalent to those which protected RGC-5 cells from complex I dysfunction in vitro. Consequently, we next investigated the protective effect of idebenone in a mouse model of LHON, whereby mitochondrial complex I dysfunction was caused by exposure to rotenone. In this model, idebenone protected against the loss of retinal ganglion cells, reduction in retinal thickness and gliosis. Furthermore, consistent with this protection of retinal integrity, idebenone restored the functional loss of vision in this disease model. These results support the pharmacological activity of idebenone and indicate that idebenone holds potential as an effective treatment for vision loss in LHON patients.