Amaurosis fugax and carotid artery disease: indications for angiography.

A prospective study of 80 patients presenting with amaurosis fugax was performed in an attempt to relate clinical features to angiographic findings in the internal carotid artery. Carotid bruit, transient cerebral ischaemic attacks, hypertension, and claudication were associated with a high prevalence of angiographic abnormality. Every patient who showed all these features had an operable lesion, as did 88% of those who had three features. In patients over 50 years of age carotid stenosis and atheromatous ulceration were occasionally found in the absence of bruit and transient cerebral ischaemia, but only one patient aged under 50 had an operable lesion and no associated features. Clinical features were therefore valuable in predicting the outcome of angiography, but it seems prudent to restrict angiography to patients aged over 50, who are most likely to benefit from surgery on the carotid artery.     

Indications for angiography and surgery in carotid artery disease.

The results of angiographic investigation of 211 patients suffering from transient cerebral ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory have been reviewed. The greatest proportion of patients with carotid stenosis and who were referred for endarterectomy were those with a neck bruit ipsilateral to the affected hemisphere. Ocular involvement (amaurosis fugax) was associated with a still higher prevalence of angiographic abnormality, and carotid occlusion was commonest in this group. The implications for the management of patients with transient ischaemic attacks are discussed.     

Lacunar infarcts in polycythaemia with raised packed cell volumes.

Lacunar (small deep cerebral infarcts) infarction is described in association with raised packed cell volumes. Two patients had polycythaemia vera, one stress polycythaemia. They presented with transient ischaemic episodes and were shown by computed tomography to have lacunes deep in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Such lesions may be caused by small vessel occlusions related to increased viscosity and impaired oxygen consumption by adjacent tissues. Finding a raised packed cell volume in patients with lacunes and transient ischaemic attacks offers a further possibility of treatment.     

Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project.

The frequency of known causative factors of cerebral infarction was studied in 244 cases of first ever stroke due to cerebral infarction proved by computed tomography or at necropsy who were registered in the first two years of a prospective community based study. Risk factors for cerebral infarction were present in 196 (80%) cases; hypertension in 126 (52%); ischaemic heart disease in 92 (38%); peripheral vascular disease in 60 (25%); a cardiac lesion that was a major potential source of embolism to the brain in 50 (20%); transient ischaemic attacks in 35 (14%); cervical arterial bruit in 33 (14%); and diabetes mellitus in 24 (10%). Thirty one patients (13%) were in atrial fibrillation. Of the 48 patients who were free of risk factors or a major potential cardiac source of embolism at the time of the stroke, 18 were found to have hypertension after the stroke and 10 to have non-atheromatous non-embolic conditions (migrainous cerebral infarction (three), arteritis (two), inflammatory bowel disease (one), arterial trauma (one), autoimmune disease (one), carcinoma of the thyroid (one), and major operation (one). In 20 patients no causative factors could be identified. In this unselected series of patients with first ever stroke due to cerebral infarction most of the strokes were presumed to be due to either atheromatous arterial disease or embolism from the heart, and only 4% (95% confidence interval 2 to 7%) were probably due to non-atheromatous non-embolic causes. This has implications for research into strokes and allocation of public health expenditure.     

Prevalence and outcome of symptomatic carotid lesions in young adults. National Research Council Study Group.

OBJECTIVE--To estimate the prevalence and outcome of symptomatic internal carotid artery lesions in young adults. DESIGN--Multicentre hospital based observational study with five year follow up. SETTING--Seven neurological departments in northern and central Italy. SUBJECTS--240 patients (115 men) aged 15-44 with a recent transient ischaemic attack or stroke in the carotid territory. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--(a) Prevalence of symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion detected by continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography at entry; (b) incidence rates of cerebral, cardiac, and non-vascular death; non-fatal stroke; and non-fatal myocardial infarction. RESULTS--Carotid stenoses of 50-99% and occlusions were found in 38 patients (15.8%). Both conditions were significantly more frequent in patients aged over 35 and in those with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and stroke at entry. The standardised mortality ratio at five years was 10.5 (95% confidence interval 5.0 to 19.3). Survival of patients with stenoses of 0-49% and occlusions was significantly better than that of patients with stenoses of 50-99%. Carotid stenosis of 50-99% was an independent predictor of death (hazard ratio 7.9; 95% confidence interval 2.2 to 29) and non-fatal stroke (hazard ratio 7.4; 1.5 to 37.4). CONCLUSIONS--The prevalence of carotid stenosis or occlusion in young adults after a cerebrovascular event is low. Though patients with high grade symptomatic carotid stenosis are at risk of non-fetal and fetal events, patients with internal artery occlusion apparently have a benign prognosis.     

Clinical and angiographic predictors of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy: systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for operative stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy. DESIGN: Systematic review of all studies published since 1980 which related risk of stroke and death to various preoperative clinical and angiographic characteristics, including unpublished data on 1729 patients from the European carotid surgery trial. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Operative risk of stroke and death. RESULTS: Thirty six published studies fulfilled our criteria. The effect of 14 potential risk factors was examined. The odds of stroke and death were decreased in patients with ocular ischaemia alone (amaurosis fugax or retinal artery occlusion) compared with those with cerebral transient ischaemic attack or stroke (seven studies; odds ratio 0.49; 95% confidence interval 0.37 to 0.66; P < 0.00001). The odds were increased in women (seven studies; 1.44; 1.14 to 1.83; P < 0.005), subjects aged > or = 75 years (10 studies: 1.36; 1.09 to 1.71; P < 0.01), and with systolic blood pressure > 180 mm Hg (four studies; 1.82; 1.37 to 2.41; P < 0.0001), peripheral vascular disease (one study; 2.19; 1.40 to 3.60; P < 0.0005), occlusion of the contralateral internal carotid artery (14 studies; 1.91; 1.35 to 2.69; P < 0.0001), stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid siphon (five studies; 1.56; 1.03 to 2.36; P = 0.02), and stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery (one study; 1.61; 1.05 to 2.47; P = 0.03). Operative risk was not significantly related to presentation with cerebral transient ischaemic attack versus stroke, diabetes, angina, recent myocardial infarction, current cigarette smoking, or plaque surface irregularity at angiography. Multiple regression analysis of data from the European carotid surgery trial identified cerebral versus ocular events at presentation, female sex, systolic hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease as independent risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of stroke and death from carotid endarterectomy is related to several clinical and angiographic characteristics. These observations may help clinicians to estimate operative risks for individual patients and will also facilitate more meaningful comparison of the operative risks of different surgeons or at different institutions by allowing some adjustment for differences in case mix.     

Symptomatic carotid ischaemic events: safest and most cost effective way of selecting patients for angiography,before carotid endarterectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the safest, least costly, and most effective way to select patients with symptomatic carotid ischaemic events for carotid angiography before carotid endarterectomy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: University departments of clinical neurosciences and clinical neurology. PATIENTS: 485 Patients with carotid territory transient ischaemic attacks of the brain (n = 224) or eye (n = 162) or retinal infarction (n = 99) were referred to a single neurologist between 1976 and 1986. INTERVENTIONS: Clinical examination by auscultation over the precordium, supraclavicular fossae, and neck vessels (all patients). Cerebral angiography of patients suitable for carotid endarterectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Financial cost and number of disabling strokes after angiography. RESULTS: 296 Patients were investigated by cerebral angiography. Ischaemic symptoms had occurred in the distribution of 298 internal carotid arteries (symptomatic) that were imaged, two patients having bilateral symptoms. The presence or absence of a carotid bruit and the maximum percentage diameter stenosis of the origin of the symptomatic internal carotid artery were correlated. The prevalence of mild disease (diameter stenosis greater than or equal to 25%) of the symptomatic internal carotid artery was 57%, and if an ipsilateral carotid bruit was heard the probability of mild stenosis rose to 92%. The prevalence of moderate disease of the symptomatic internal carotid artery (stenosis greater than or equal to 50%) was 39%, and if a bruit was heard the probability doubled to 78%. The prevalence of severe internal carotid disease (stenosis greater than or equal to 75%) was 22%, and if a bruit was heard the probability was more than double, at 49%. The direct cost to both the NHS and the private health sector of investigating patients with symptomatic carotid ischaemia was estimated for several strategies of carotid artery imaging and expressed in terms of financial cost and number of strokes after angiography incurred in detecting all patients with diameter stenosis of the symptomatic internal carotid artery of greater than or equal to 25%, 50%, or 75%. To detect diameter stenosis of the internal carotid artery of greater than or equal to 25% it is most cost effective to proceed directly to cerebral angiography in patients with a carotid bruit over the symptomatic carotid bifurcation and to screen patients without a carotid bruit by duplex carotid ultrasonography; patients in whom duplex ultrasonography discloses stenosis of greater than or equal to 25% are then referred for cerebral angiography. To detect only more severe internal carotid disease (stenosis of greater than or equal to 50%) the same policy applies, unless the local duplex ultrasonographic service is particularly efficient and reliable, when it is probably most cost effective and safer to screen all patients by this method irrespective of the findings on cervical auscultation. To detect stenosis of 75% or greater it is most cost effective to screen all patients with duplex ultrasonography, whether a carotid bruit is present or not, because this approach reduces the number of angiograms required, is the least expensive, and results in the least number of strokes after angiography. CONCLUSIONS: Patients selection for cerebral angiography before carotid endarterectomy needs to be appropriate and cost effective. Sound clinical evaluation and duplex carotid ultrasound are required. The findings of this study should not be applied to other medical centres without first considering possible differences in the prevalence of carotid artery disease, the efficiency and reliability of duplex ultrasonography, the local complication rates of cerebral angiography, and the local costs of the imaging procedures.     

Relevance of duration of transient ischaemic attacks in carotid territory.

A retrospective review of the clinical and angiographic features of 116 patients who had had one or more transient ischaemic attacks in the carotid territory showed that stenosis of ther cervical portion of the internal carotid artery was significantly more prevalent among patients whose attacks had been brief, with full recovery in under one hour. This information may be helpful in selecting patients for angiography.     

Ten year cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in 68 year old men with asymptomatic carotid stenosis.

OBJECTIVE--To study the natural course of carotid artery stenosis detected by ultrasonography. DESIGN--Prospective cohort study. Baseline examination in 1982-3 included ultrasound examination of carotid arteries, measurement of ankle-brachial blood pressure index, and detection of atrial fibrillation by 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiography. SETTING--Malmö, a city in southern Sweden with 230,000 inhabitants. SUBJECTS--470 men aged 68 years randomly selected from the population. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Incidence of stroke and transient ischaemic attack and all cause mortality during 10 years of follow up in relation to carotid stenosis, leg artery disease (ankle-brachial blood pressure index below 0.9), and atrial fibrillation. RESULTS--Fifty men had a stroke; six of these were haemorrhagic. Another 11 had a transient ischaemic attack. Eighteen of the men with carotid stenosis (21.6 events/1000 person years) and 43 of the men with normal carotid arteries (14.8 events/1000 person years) had a stroke or transient ischaemic attack (P = 0.188). Men with atrial fibrillation had an increased rate of cerebrovascular events (36.7/1000 person years (P = 0.048). The highest rate was found in men with asymptomatic disease of the leg arteries (38.6/1000 person years) (P < 0.001). The increased risk of stroke or transient ischaemic attack in this group remained after multivariate analysis (relative risk 2.0; 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.7). CONCLUSIONS--In this cohort carotid stenosis was not associated with an increased risk of stroke. Part of this lack of association was explained by the high mortality from ischaemic heart disease in men with severe stenosis. Twenty seven of the 61 cerebrovascular events, however, occurred in men who had normal carotid arteries, normal ankle pressure, and no atrial fibrillation.     

颈动脉粥样硬化及主动脉瓣钙化与动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的关系

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化、主动脉瓣膜钙化(aortic valve calcification,AVC)与动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis,ARAS)的关系。方法:对我院162例行选择性冠脉造影合并肾动脉造影的患者进行颈动脉超声和超声心动图检查,测量颈动脉内中膜厚度(carotid artery intima-media thickness,CIMT)和主动脉瓣钙化的情况,根据患者是否患有ARAS进行分组,比较两组的性别、年龄、吸烟、病史、血脂水平、CIMT、颈动脉粥样硬化发生率和AVC发生率,计算颈动脉粥样硬化和AVC对ARAS的预测价值。结果:ARAS组高血压病史患者的构成比、胆固醇水平、CIMT、颈动脉粥样硬化发生率、AVC发生率均显著高于对照组,有明显的统计学差异(P0.05)。颈动脉粥样硬化预测ARAS的灵敏度较高,特异度偏低;AVC的灵敏度低,而特异度高;二者联合特异度明显增高。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化、AVC对ARAS的诊断有一定的参考价值,可用于排除诊断。     

Is Remodelling of Corticospinal Tract Terminations Originating in the Intact Hemisphere Associated with Recovery following Transient Ischaemic Stroke in the Rat?

Following large strokes that encompass the cerebral cortex, it has been suggested that the corticospinal tract originating from the non-ischaemic hemisphere reorganises its pattern of terminal arborisation within the spinal cord to compensate for loss of function. However many strokes in humans predominantly affect subcortical structures with minimal involvement of the cerebral cortex. The aim of the present study was to determine whether remodelling of corticospinal terminals arising from the non-ischaemic hemisphere was associated with spontaneous recovery in rats with subcortical infarcts. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery and 28 days later, when animals exhibited functional recovery, cholera toxin b subunit was injected into the contralesional, intact forelimb motor cortex in order to anterogradely label terminals within cervical spinal cord segments. Infarcts were limited to subcortical structures and resulted in partial loss of corticospinal tract axons from the ischaemic hemisphere. Quantitative analysis revealed there was no significant difference in the numbers of terminals on the contralesional side of the spinal grey matter between ischaemic and sham rats. The results indicate that significant remodelling of the corticospinal tract from the non-ischaemic hemisphere is not associated with functional recovery in animals with subcortical infarcts.     

Incidence of stroke in Oxfordshire: first year's experience of a community stroke register.

The Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project is a prospective study of all new cases of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in a defined population of about 103 000 patients registered with 49 general practitioners; every case is assessed by a neurologist and most patients undergo a CT scan or are examined post mortem, or both, to ensure accurate diagnosis. Out of 404 cases registered in the first year, 168 patients had suffered a first stroke, 52 a recurrent stroke, and 41 a transient ischaemic attack; 143 were excluded. Of the 168 patients with their first stroke, 153 (91%) were seen by a neurologist and 149 (89%) had a CT scan or came to necropsy. The pathological diagnosis was cerebral infarction in 127 cases (76%), intracranial haemorrhage in 22 (13%), and unknown in 19 (11%). The estimated yearly incidence of first stroke was 1.95/1000 population (age adjusted to 1981 population of England and Wales).     

颈动脉斑块LRNC特征可诊断2型糖尿病患者急性脑梗死的风险

2型糖尿病可能加重颈动脉斑块的易损性并增加缺血性中风的风险,关于2型糖尿病患者伴有颈动脉斑块特征的急性中风亚型鲜有研究报道。本研究旨在探讨2型糖尿病患者颈动脉斑块特征与MRI确定的急性脑梗死病变特征之间的关系。本研究以颈内动脉区急性脑血管病患者为研究对象,所有患者分为2型糖尿病组和非2型糖尿病组,分别行颈动脉和脑部MRI扫描,测定同侧颈动脉斑块的形态和特征,以及颅内和颅外颈动脉狭窄。基于中风亚型和急性脑梗塞病变模式对患者进行评估。研究结果表明,与非2型糖尿病患者相比,2型糖尿病患者颈动脉型IV-VI病变的患病率更高,斑块负荷更大,以及富脂质坏死核(LRNC)更大。在有症状的颈动脉LRNC患者中,与非2型糖尿病组相比,2型糖尿病组颈内动脉区出现较多的伴有大穿孔动脉梗塞形态和较大的急性脑梗塞。LRNC%>23.5%的颈动脉斑块是2型糖尿病患者存在颈动脉狭窄的急性脑梗塞病变的独立危险因素。颈动脉斑块特征的量化,尤其是MRI诊断的富脂质坏死核对中风风险具有潜在应用价值。     

急性脑梗死患者颈动脉斑块内新生血管超声造影评价及其与血清YKL-40蛋白及Lp-PLA2水平的相关性分析

目的:探讨急性脑梗死(ACI)患者颈动脉斑块内新生血管超声造影的评估价值,分析其分级与患者病情严重程度、预后以及血清甲壳质酶蛋白(YKL-40)和脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)水平的相关性。方法:选择2016年2月至2019年6月我院收治的102例ACI患者,进行颈动脉彩超、超声造影和血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2检测,采用美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)评价ACI患者病情严重程度,所有患者随访至发病后4周统计预后。结果:易损斑块组颈动脉斑块造影分级、血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2水平高于稳定斑块组和无斑块组(P0.05)。不同病情程度组、不同预后组颈动脉斑块内新生血管造影分级均具有统计学差异(P0.05)。血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2水平随着ACI病情程度的加重而升高(P0.05),预后不良组血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2水平高于预后良好组(P0.05)。Spearman秩相关结果显示,颈动脉斑块内新生血管造影分级与血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2水平均呈正相关(rs=0.751、0.694,P0.05)。结论:ACI患者的颈动脉易损斑块内新生血管超声造影分级高,其分级与病情严重程度、预后以及血清YKL-40、Lp-PLA2水平均存在密切关系,颈动脉超声造影可为ACI病情危险分层、预后判断提供有效依据。     

Value of computed tomography in patients with stroke: Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project.

The usefulness of computed tomography (CT) was assessed in 325 consecutive patients with a "clinically definite first stroke" from a community stroke register. CT detected five "non-stroke" lesions (two cerebral gliomas, one cerebral metastasis, and two subdural haematomas), a frequency of 1.5%. Five patients were identified with cerebellar haemorrhage, but only one survived long enough to have a CT scan. CT was useful in excluding intracranial haemorrhage as the cause of the stroke in four patients receiving anticoagulants and seven receiving antiplatelet treatment; it showed intracranial haemorrhage in one patient taking aspirin. Forty six patients were in atrial fibrillation at the time of their stroke; four had intracranial haemorrhages and three had haemorrhagic cerebral infarcts. Nineteen patients with presumed ischaemic minor stroke were considered suitable for carotid endarterectomy; CT showed small haemorrhages in two. The CT scan provides very useful information in a minority (up to 28%) of patients with first stroke, who can be selected on quite simple criteria: (a) doubt (usually because of an inadequate history) whether the patient has stroke or a treatable intracranial lesion; (b) the possibility of cerebellar haemorrhage or infarction; (c) the exclusion of intracranial haemorrhage in patients who either are already taking or likely to need antihaemostatic drugs or are being considered for carotid endarterectomy; (d) if the patient deteriorates in a fashion atypical of stroke.     

颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生的危险因素及与脑梗死的关系

目的:研究颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生的危险因素及与脑梗死的关系。方法:选取2013年7月到2014年7月我院收治的脑梗死患者120例(研究组),另选取非脑梗死患者或者健康体检者120例(对照组),对所有入选者实施颈部血管超声检查,并检测其血糖、血浆纤维蛋白原和血脂,比较两组颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的数目、部位、颈动脉内径并分析脑梗死危险因素。结果:研究组斑块检出率和斑块数显著高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);颈总动脉内径显著小于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);斑块存在于颈总动脉者最多,且与脑梗死部位存在同侧相关性(P0.05);研究组年龄、高血压、糖尿病和血脂、纤维蛋白原(FIB)也显著高于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生和脑梗死存在密切关系,年龄、糖尿病、高血压、FIB和血脂均是其危险因素。     

Fatal ischaemic brain oedema after early thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute stroke.

Two patients with acute major, disabling cerebral infarction with presumed middle cerebral artery occlusion were treated with the clot specific thrombolytic agent tissue plasminogen activator roughly three and a half hours after the onset of symptoms. Both patients had a normal computed tomography (CT) scan before treatment. No appreciable systemic bleeding complications occurred, apart from bruising. One patient had bleeding into the subarachnoid space from a microscopic angioma, which was found at necropsy. Haematological monitoring of the two patients showed pronounced fibrinogenolysis and alpha 2 antiplasmin consumption in one. One patient showed transient improvement during the infusion. In both cases extensive infarction, partly haemorrhagic in one, with massive concomitant oedema was found on repeated CT. Both patients deteriorated and eventually died as a consequence of transtentorial herniation. In the one patient who came to necropsy a moderate, probably pre-existing smooth stenosis of the ipsilateral carotid artery was found, all cerebral vessels being patent. It is concluded that thrombolytic treatment with a clot specific agent such as tissue plasminogen activator started three to four hours after a major ischaemic stroke may be hazardous, not because of haemorrhagic transformation of the original ischaemia but because early reperfusion may promote massive, potentially fatal cerebral oedema.     

早期颈内动脉支架置入对动脉粥样硬化脑梗患者血清Lp-PLA2和Hcy水平的影响

摘要 目的：探讨早期颈内动脉支架置入（carotid artery stenting,CAS）对动脉粥样硬化脑梗死患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶2（lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2,LP-PLA2）和同型半胱氨酸（Homocysteine,Hcy）水平的影响。方法：选择2018年8月到2021年4月在在西安交通大学第一附属医院诊治的颈动脉重度狭窄性脑梗死患者86例作为研究对象,根据治疗方法将患者分为早期CAS组与对照组各43例,对照组给予药物保守治疗,2周后脑梗死稳定后再给予手术,CAS组在对照组基础上治疗3~5 d后给予颈内动脉支架置入治疗,检测两组患者血清Lp-PLA2和Hcy水平变化情况。结果：CAS组治疗后7 d的总有效率为97.7 %,高于对照组的86.0 %（P<0.05）。CAS组治疗后7 d的高灌注综合征、脑出血、低血压、心动过缓等并发症发生率为4.7 %,对照组无出现高灌注综合征、脑出血、低血压、心动过缓等并发症,对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组治疗后7 d的颈内动脉相对脑血流量与脑血容量高于治疗前(P<0.05),CAS组高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组治疗后7 d的血清Lp-PLA2、Hcy含量低于治疗前（P<0.05）,CAS组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：早期颈内动脉支架置入在动脉粥样硬化脑梗死患者的应用能抑制Lp-PLA2、Hcy的表达,改善患者的血流动力学变化,从而促进提高治疗效果,在临床上的应用具有很好的安全性。     

Ultrasound evaluation of extracranial carotid artery lesions in Parkinsonian patients

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the atherosclerotic changes in patients with vascular parkinsonism and in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, in order to evaluate the possible influence of the extracranial pathology of carotid arteries in developing lacunar cerebral infarcts. Degree of stenosis and plaque morphology of the extracranial part of carotids in both group of patients were evaluated by color Doppler flow imaging ultrasound investigation and the results were compared. We selected two matched groups of patients with parkinsonism: 22 patients with vascular parkinsonism, and 28 with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.The atherosclerotic changes found in patients with Parkinson's disease showed mild carotid lesions with mostly stable calcified plaques and lesser risk for embolic cerebral intravascular events contrary to the higher degree of carotid stenosis found in patients with vascular parkinsonism with mostly mixed plaques prone to embolization. Therefore, we suggest performing ultrasonographic examination of the extracranial part of carotid arteries in all patients with parkinsonism to assess risk of vascular accidents originating from carotid lesions. That would enable adequate treatment of parkinsonism and prevent further occurrence of intracranial vascular changes.     

脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的相关因素分析

目的:探讨脑梗死患者颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素。方法:选取148例脑梗死患者作为实验组和同期住院的80例非脑梗死疾病患者为对照组,检测并比较各组年龄、吸烟、血压、饮酒、糖尿病、血脂、同型半胱氨酸和磷脂酶A2等指标,然后进行卡方检验、相关性和Logistic回归分析。结果:实验组颈动脉粥样硬化检出率为82.43%,对照组为12.5%,其差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。高龄、吸烟、高血压、高血脂、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)血症是经动脉粥样硬化的危险因素,且血浆同型半胱氨酸水平、LP-PLA2水平、血压与颈动脉斑块稳定性有关(P0.05)。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化是脑梗死的病理基础,与高龄、吸烟、高血压、高血脂、高同型半胱氨酸血症、高磷脂酶A2(LP-PLA2)血症有关,对高同型半胱氨酸血症、LP-PLA2和高血压患者要关注其斑块的稳定性。