Kinetics of D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport by Rhodotorula glutinis

The yeast Rhodotorula glutinis (Rhodosporidium toruloides) is capable of accumulative transport of a wide variety of monosaccharides. Initial velocity studies of the uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose were consistent with the presence of at least two carriers for this sugar in the Rhodotorula plasma membrane. Non-linear regression analysis of the data returned maximum velocities of 0.8 +/- 0.2 and 2.0 +/- 0.2 nmol/min per mg (wet weight) and Km values of 18 +/- 4 and 120 +/- 20 microM, respectively, for the two carriers. Kinetic studies of D-glucose transport also revealed two carriers with maximum velocities of 1.1 +/- 0.4 and 2.4 +/- 0.4 nmol/min per mg (wet weight) and Km values of 12 +/- 3 and 55 +/- 12 microM. As expected, 2-deoxy-D-glucose was a competitive inhibitor of D-glucose transport. Ki values for the inhibition were 16 +/- 8 and 110 +/- 40 microM. These Ki values were in good agreement with the Km values for 2-deoxy-D-glucose transport. D-Xylose, the 5-deoxymethyl analog of D-glucose, appears to utilize the D-glucose/2-deoxy-D-glucose carriers. This pentose was observed to be a competitive inhibitor of D-glucose (Ki values = 0.14 +/- 0.06 and 5.6 +/- 1.6 mM) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (Ki values = 0.15 +/- 0.07 and 4.6 +/- 1.2 mM) transport.     

Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. Chemical properties and binding of substrates.

Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity, and some chemical and physical properties were examined. The isoelectric point is 4.19. Amino acid analysis and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in presence of SDS indicate a subunit Mr of about 22,000, whereas gel filtration and electrophoresis of the native enzyme indicate an Mr of 45,000. Thus the enzyme is a dimer. Amino acid analysis showed cysteine, tyrosine, histidine and tryptophan to be present in low quantities, one, three, four and four residues per subunit respectively. The zinc content is not significant to activity. The enzyme is inactivated (greater than 99%) by reaction of 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) with the single thiol group; the inactivation rate depends hyperbolically on reagent concentration, indicating non-covalent binding of the reagent before covalent modification. The pH-dependence indicated a pKa greater than 10.5 for the thiol group. Coenzymes (NAD+ and NADH) at saturating concentrations protect completely against reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate), and substrates (mannitol 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate) protect strongly but not completely. These results suggest that the thiol group is near the catalytic site, and indicate that substrates as well as coenzymes bind to free enzyme. Dissociation constants were determined from these protective effects: 0.6 +/- 0.1 microM for NADH, 0.2 +/- 0.03 mM for NAD+, 9 +/- 3 microM for mannitol 1-phosphate, 0.06 +/- 0.03 mM for fructose 6-phosphate. The binding order for reaction thus may be random for mannitol 1-phosphate oxidation, though ordered for fructose 6-phosphate reduction. Coenzyme and substrate binding in the E X NADH-mannitol 1-phosphate complex is weaker than in the binary complexes, though in the E X NADH+-fructose 6-phosphate complex binding is stronger.     

Human glutamic-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Kinetic mechanism.

The kinetic mechanism of homogeneous human glutamic-gamma-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.12) with glutamic gamma-semialdehyde as substrate was determined by initial-velocity, product-inhibition and dead-end-inhibition studies to be compulsory ordered with rapid interconversion of the ternary complexes (Theorell-Chance). Product-inhibition studies with NADH gave a competitive pattern versus varied NAD+ concentrations and a non-competitive pattern versus varied glutamic gamma-semialdehyde concentrations, whereas those with glutamate gave a competitive pattern versus varied glutamic gamma-semialdehyde concentrations and a non-competitive pattern versus varied NAD+ concentrations. The order of substrate binding and release was determined by dead-end-inhibition studies with ADP-ribose and L-proline as the inhibitors and shown to be: NAD+ binds to the enzyme first, followed by glutamic gamma-semialdehyde, with glutamic acid being released before NADH. The Kia and Kib values were 15 +/- 7 microM and 12.5 microM respectively, and the Ka and Kb values were 374 +/- 40 microM and 316 +/- 36 microM respectively; the maximal velocity V was 70 +/- 5 mumol of NADH/min per mg of enzyme. Both NADH and glutamate were product inhibitors, with Ki values of 63 microM and 15,200 microM respectively. NADH release from the enzyme may be the rate-limiting step for the overall reaction.     

Isolation and properties of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase from human placenta

Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase (sn-glycerol 3-phosphate: NAD+ 2-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.8) from human placenta has been purified by chromatography on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenehexamethylenediamine-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and 5'-AMP-Sepharose 4B approximately 15800-fold with an overall yield of about 19%. The final purified material displayed a specific activity of about 88 mumol NADH min-1 mg protein-1 and a single protein band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The native molecular mass, determined by Ultrogel AcA 44 filtration, was 62000 +/- 2000 whereas the subunit molecular mass, established on polyacrylamide gel in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate, was 38000 +/- 500. The isoelectric point of the enzyme protein, determined by column isoelectric focusing, was found to be 5.29 +/- 0.09. The pH optimum of the placental enzyme was in the range 7.4-8.1 for dihydroxyacetone phosphate reduction and 8.7-9.2 for sn-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidation. The apparent Michaelis constants (Km) for dihydroxyacetone phosphate, NADH, sn-glycerol 3-phosphate and NAD+ were 26 microM, 5 microM, 143 microM and 36 microM respectively. The activity ratio of cytoplasmic glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase to mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in human placental tissue was 1:2. The consumption of oxygen by human placental mitochondria incubated with the purified glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase, NADH and dihydroxyacetone phosphate was similar to that observed in the presence of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. The possible physiological role of glycerol-3-phosphate oxidoreductase in placental metabolism is discussed.     

Inositol-1-phosphate synthase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus is a class II aldolase

A gene putatively identified as the Archaeoglobus fulgidus inositol-1-phosphate synthase (IPS) gene was overexpressed to high level (about 30-40% of total soluble cellular proteins) in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was purified to homogeneity by heat treatment followed by two column chromatographic steps. The native enzyme was a tetramer of 168 +/- 4 kDa (subunit molecular mass of 44 kDa). At 90 degrees C the K(m) values for glucose-6-phosphate and NAD(+) were estimated as 0.12 +/- 0.04 mM and 5.1 +/- 0.9 microM, respectively. Use of (D)-[5-(13)C]glucose-6-phosphate as a substrate confirmed that the stereochemistry of the product of the IPS reaction was L-myo-inositol-1-phosphate. This archaeal enzyme, with the highest activity at its optimum growth temperature among all IPS reported (k(cat) = 9.6 +/- 0.4 s(-1) with an estimated activation energy of 69 kJ/mol), was extremely heat stable. However, the most unique feature of A. fulgidus IPS was that it absolutely required divalent metal ions for activity. Zn(2+) and Mn(2+) were the best activators with K(D) approximately 1 microM, while NH(4)(+) (a critical activator for all the other characterized IPS enzymes) had no effect on the enzyme. These properties suggested that this archaeal IPS was a class II aldolase. In support of this, stoichiometric reduction of NAD(+) to NADH could be followed spectrophotometrically when EDTA was present along with glucose-6-phosphate.     

Kinetic properties of 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Kinetic properties of purified 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconate semialdehyde (CHMSA) dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.-) in the 4-hydroxyphenylacetate meta-cleavage pathway from Escherichia coli have been studied. The temperature--activity relationship for the enzyme from 27 to 45 degrees C showed an Arrhenius plot with an inflexion at 36 degrees C. When 5-carboxymethyl-2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and NAD were used as variable substrates, the double reciprocal plots were all linear and the lines intersected at one point below the horizontal axis, suggesting that a sequential mechanism is operating. From the replots of intercepts and slopes against reciprocal substrate concentrations were calculated Km (CHMSA) = 9.0 +/- 1.02 microM, Km (NAD) = 29.1 +/- 4.65 microM and the value for the dissociation constant of enzyme--NAD complex = 6.3 +/- 1.21 microM. ATP and the product of the reaction (NADH) acted as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme with respect to NAD. Apparent Ki values, estimated from Dixon plots, were 25.0 +/- 3.5 and 88.0 +/- 22.1 microM for NADH and ATP, respectively.     

Catalytic properties of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from pea leaves.

A homogeneous preparation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH, EC 1.1.1.49) with a specific activity of 3.88 U/mg protein was isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L.) leaves. The molecular mass of the G6PDH is 79 +/- 2 kD. According to SDS-PAGE, the molecular mass of the enzyme subunit is 40 +/- 3 kD. The Km values for glucose-6-phosphate and NADP are 2 and 0.5 mM, respectively. The enzyme has a pH optimum of 8.0. Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ activate the enzyme at concentrations above 1 mM. Galactose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate inhibit the G6PDH from pea leaves. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate and galactose-1-phosphate are enzyme activators. NADPH is a competitive inhibitor of the G6PDH with respect to glucose-6-phosphate (Ki = 0.027 mM). ATP, ADP, AMP, UTP, NAD, and NADH have no effect on the activity of the enzyme.     

A novel dehydrogenase reaction mechanism for hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase isolated from the teleost Fundulus heteroclitus

Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (refers to hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from any species in general) has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the teleost fish Fundulus heteroclitus. The enzyme was characterized for native (210 kDa) and subunit molecular mass (54 kDa), isoelectric point (6.65), amino acid composition, substrate specificity, and metal dependence. Glucose 6-phosphate, galactose 6-phosphate, 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-sulfate, glucosamine 6-phosphate, and glucose were found to be substrates in the reaction with NADP+, but only glucose was a substrate when NAD+ was used as coenzyme. A unique reaction mechanism for the forward direction was found for this enzyme when glucose 6-phosphate and NADP+ were used as substrates; ordered with glucose 6-phosphate binding first. NAD+ was found to be a competitive inhibitor toward NADP+ and an uncompetitive inhibitor with regard to glucose 6-phosphate in this reaction; Vmax = 7.56 mumol/min/mg, Km(NADP+) = 1.62 microM, Km(glucose 6-phosphate) = 7.29 microM, Kia(glucose 6-phosphate) = 8.66 microM, and Ki(NAD+) = 0.49 microM. The use of alternative substrates confirmed this result. This type of reaction mechanism has not been previously reported for a dehydrogenase.     

Further studies on the properties of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from the coccidium Eimeria stiedai (Protozoa).

1. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from Eimeria stiedai does not reduce NAD or any of its analogs tested. It does reduce NADP and its thionicotinamide and 3-acetylpyridine analogs. 2. It will accept D-glucose as substrate, but not 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucose 1-phosphate, or 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate. 3. Its response to a number of compounds that activate or inhibit the enzyme from other organisms has been determined. 4. The molecular weight is ca. 240,000 by gel chromatography, and only one isoenzyme could be detected by disc electrophoresis. 5. The enzyme resists conditions that commonly cause dissociation to lighter weight active forms.     

Kinetic studies on microsomal glucose dehydrogenase in rat liver.

Glucose dehydrogenase from rat liver microsomes was found to react not only with glucose as a substrate but also with glucose 6-phosphate, 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate and galactose 6-phosphate. The relative maximum activity of this enzyme was 29% for glucose 6-phosphate, 99% for 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, and 25% for galactose 6-phosphate, compared with 100% for glucose with NADP. The enzyme could utilize either NAD or NADP as a coenzyme. Using polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis, we were able to detect several enzymatically active bands by incubation of the gels in a tetrazolium assay mixture. Each band had different Km values for the substrates (3.0 x 10(-5)M glucose 6-phosphate with NADP to 2.4M glucose with NAD) and for coenzymes (1.3 x 10(-6)M NAD with galactose 6-phosphate to 5.9 x 10(-5)M NAD with glucose). Though glucose 6-phosphate and galactose 6-phosphate reacted with glucose dehydrogenase, they inhibited the reaction of this enzyme only when either glucose or 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate was used as a substrate. The Ki values for glucose 6-phosphate with glucose as substrate were 4.0 x 10(-6)M with NAD, and 8.4 x 10(-6)M with NADP; for galactose 6-phosphate they were 6.7 x10(-6)M with NAD and 6.0 x 10(-6)M with NADP. The Ki values for glucose 6-phosphate with 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate as substrate were 6.3 x 10(-6)M with NAD and 8.9 x 10(-6)M with NADP; and for galactose 6-phosphate, 8.0 x 10(-6)M with NAD and 3.5 x 10(-6)M with NADP. Both NADH and NADPH inhibited glucose dehydrogenase when the corresponding oxidized coenzymes were used (Ki values: 8.0 x 10(-5)M by NADH and 9.1 x 10(-5)M by NADPH), while only NADPH inhibited cytoplasmic glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Ki: 2.4 x 10(-5)M). The results indicate that glucose dehydrogenase cannot directly oxidize glucose in vivo, but it might play a similar role to glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The differences in the kinetics of glucose dehydrogenase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase show that glucose 6-phosphate and galactose 6-phosphate could be metabolized in quite different ways in the microsomes and cytoplasm of rat liver.     

Kinetic behaviour and properties of aldehyde dehydrogenase from rat testis mitochondria. Effect of Mg2+ ions.

1. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase is purified to near homogeneity by hydroxylapatite-, affinity- and hydrophobic interaction-chromatography. 2. The enzyme is an oligomeric protein and its molecular weight, as determined by gel-filtration, is 117,000 +/- 5000. 3. Active only in the presence of exogenous sulfhydryl compounds and NAD(+)-dependent, aldehyde dehydrogenase works optimally with linear-chain aliphatic aldehydes and is practically inactive with benzaldehyde. The pH-optimum is at about pH 8.5. 4. Km-Values for aliphatic aldehydes (C2-C6) range between 0.17 and 0.32 microM. The Km for NAD+ increases from 16 microM with acetaldehyde to 71 microM with capronaldehyde. 5. Millimolar concentrations of Mg2+ promote high increases of both V and Km for NAD+. At the same time, saturation curves with C4-C6 aldehydes can be simulated with a substrate inhibition model. 6. Inhibition by NADH is competitive: with capronaldehyde, the inhibition constant for NADH is 52 microM in the absence of Mg2+ and 14 microM in the presence of 4 mM Mg2+; with acetaldehyde, the inhibition constant is about three times higher (36 and 159 microM, respectively).     

Purification and characterization of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glycerol-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.1.8; G3P DHG) was purified 178-fold to homogeneity from Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain H44-3D by affinity- and ion-exchange chromatography. SDS-PAGE indicated that the enzyme had a molecular mass of approximately 42,000 (+/- 1,000) whereas a molecular mass of 68,000 was observed using gel filtration, implying that the enzyme may exist as a dimer. The pH optimum for the reduction of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) was 7.6 and the enzyme had a pI of 7.4. NADPH will not substitute for NADH as coenzyme in the reduction of DHAP. The oxidation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) occurs at 3% of the rate of DHAP reduction at pH 7.0. Apparent Km values obtained were 0.023 and 0.54 mM for NADH and DHAP, respectively. NAD, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP), ATP and ADP inhibited G3P DHG activity. Ki values obtained for NAD with NADH as variable substrate and FBP with DHAP as variable substrate were 0.93 and 4.8 mM, respectively.     

Subunit interactions in rabbit-muscle glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, as measured by NAD+ and NADH binding.

1. The binding parameters for NADH and NAD+ to rabbit-muscle glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase (phosphorylating), EC 1.2.1.12) have been measured by quenching of the flourescence of the protein and the NADH. 2. The fact that the degree of protein fluorescence quenching by bound NAD+ or NADH, excited at 285 nm and measured at 340 nm ('blue' tryptophans), is not linearly related to the saturation functions of these nucleotides, leads to a slight overestimation of the interaction energy and an underestimation of the concentration of sites, if linearity is assumed. 3. This is also the case for NADH, but not for NAD+, when the protein fluorescence is excited at 305 nm and measured at 390 nm ('red' tryptophans). 4. The binding of NAD+ can be described by a model in which the binding of NAD+, via negative interactions within the dimer, induces weaker binding sites, with the result that the microscopic dissociation constant is 0.08 microM at low saturation and 0.18 microM for the holoenzyme. 5. The binding of NADH can be described on the basis of the same model, the dissociation constant at low saturation being 0.5 microM and of the holoenzyme 1.0 microM. 6. The fluorescence of bound NADH is not sensitive to the conformational changes that cause the decrease in affinity of bound NAD+ or NADH. 7. The binding of NAD+ to the 3-phosphoglyceroyl enzyme can be described by a dissociation constant that is at least two orders of magnitude greater than the dissociation constants of the unacylated enzyme. The affinity of NAD+ to this form of the enzyme is in agreement with the Ki calculated from product inhibition by NAD+ of the reductive dephosphorylation of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate.     

Regulation of kinase reactions in pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

1. Pig heart pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is inactivated by phosphorylation (MgATP2-) of an alpha-chain of the decarboxylase component. Three serine residues may be phosphorylated, one of which (site 1) is the major inactivating site. 2. The relative rates of phosphorylation are site 1 greater than 2 greater than site 3. 3. The kinetics of the inactivating phosphorylation were investigated by measuring inactivation of the complex with MgATP2-. The apparent Km for the Mg complex of ATP was 25.5 microM; ADP was a competitive inhibitor (Ki 69.8 microM) and sodium pyruvate an uncompetitive inhibitor (Ki 2.8 microM). Inactivation was accelerated by increasing concentration ratios of NADH/NAD+ and of acetyl-CoA/CoA. 4. The kinetics of additional phosphorylations (predominantly site 2 under these conditions) were investigated by measurement of 32P incorporation into non-radioactive pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphate containing 3-6% of active complex, and assumed from parrallel experiments with 32P labelling to contain 91% of protein-bound phosphate in site 1 and 9% in site 2. 5. The apparent Km for the Mg complex of ATP was 10.1 microM; ADP was a competitive inhibitor (Ki 31.5 microM) and sodium pyruvate an uncompetitive inhibitor (Ki 1.1 mM). 6. Incorporation was accelerated by increasing concentration ratios of NADH/NAD+ and of acetyl-CoA/CoA, although it was less marked at the highest ratios.     

Characterization of recombinant Drosophila melanogaster myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase expressed in Escherichia coli

Cloned myo-inositol-1-phpsphate synthase (INOS) of Drosophila melanogaster was expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified using a His-affinity column. The purified INOS required NAD+ for the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to inositol-1-phosphate. The optimum pH for myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase is 7.5, and the maximum activity was measured at 40 degrees C. The molecular weight of the native enzyme, as determined by gel filtration, was approximately Mr 271,000 +/- 15,000. A single subunit of approximately Mr 62,000 +/- 5,000 was detected upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The Michaelis (Km) and dissociation constants for glucose-6-phosphate were 3.5 and 3.7 mM, whereas for the cofactor NAD+ these were 0.42 and 0.4 mM, respectively.     

Soybean nodule xanthine dehydrogenase: a kinetic study

Xanthine dehydrogenase was purified from soybean nodules and the kinetic properties were studied at pH 7.5. Km values of 5.0 +/- 0.6 and 12.5 +/- 2.5 microM were obtained for xanthine and NAD+, respectively. The pattern of substrate dependence suggested a Ping-Pong mechanism. Reaction with hypoxanthine gave Km's of 52 +/- 3 and 20 +/- 2.5 microM for hypoxanthine and NAD+, respectively. The Vmax for this reaction was twice that for the xanthine-dependent reaction. The pH dependence of Vmax gave a pKa of 7.6 +/- 0.1 for either xanthine or hypoxanthine oxidation. In addition the Km for xanthine had a pKa of 7.5 consistent with the protonated form of xanthine being the true substrate. Km for hypoxanthine varied only 2.5-fold between pH 6 and 10.7. Product inhibition studies were carried out with urate and NADH. Both products gave mixed inhibition with respect to both substrates. Xanthine dehydrogenase was able to use APAD+ as an electron acceptor for xanthine oxidation, with a Km at pH 7.5 of 21.2 +/- 2.5 microM and Vmax the same as that obtained with NAD+. Reduction of APAD+ by NADH was also catalyzed by xanthine dehydrogenase with a Km of 102 +/- 15 microM; Vmax was approximately 2.5 times that for the xanthine-dependent reaction, and was independent of pH between 6 and 9. Reaction with group-specific reagents indicated the possibility of an essential histidyl group. A thiol-modifying reagent did not cause inactivation of the enzyme. A role for the histidyl side chain in catalysis is proposed.     

Enzymatic properties, renaturation and metabolic role of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli

Enzymatic properties, renaturation and metabolic role of mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase was purified to homogeneity from Escherichia coli, and its physicochemical and enzymatic properties were investigated. The molecular weight of the polypeptide chain is 45,000 as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in denaturing conditions. High performance size exclusion chromatography gives an apparent molecular weight of 47,000 for the native enzyme, showing that D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is a monomeric NAD-dependent dehydrogenase. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is rapidly denatured by 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Non-superimposable transition curves for the loss of activity and the changes in fluorescence suggest the existence of a partially folded inactive intermediate. The protein can be fully renatured after complete unfolding, and the regain of both native fluorescence and activity occurs rapidly within a few seconds at pH 7.5 and 20 degrees C. Such a high rate of reactivation is unusual for a protein of this size. D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase is specific for mannitol-1-phosphate (or fructose-6-phosphate) as a substrate and NAD+ (or NADH) as a cofactor. Zinc is not required for the activity. The affinity of D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase for the reduced or oxidized form of its substrate or cofactor remains constant with pH. The affinity for NADH is 20-fold higher than for NAD+. The forward and reverse catalytic rate constants of the reaction: mannitol-1-phosphate + NAD+ in equilibrium fructose-6-phosphate + NADH have different pH dependences. The oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate has an optimum pH of 9.5, while the reduction of fructose-6-phosphate has its maximum rate at pH 7.0. At pH values around neutrality the maximum rate of reduction of fructose-6-phosphate is much higher than that of oxidation of mannitol-1-phosphate. The enzymatic properties of isolated D-mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase are discussed in relation to the role of this enzyme in the intracellular metabolism.     

Partial reactions of d-glucose 6-phosphate–1 l-myoinositol 1-phosphate cyclase

After removal of tightly bound NAD(+) by using charcoal, a preparation of d-glucose 6-phosphate-1 l-myoinositol 1-phosphate cyclase catalysed the reduction of 5-keto-d-glucitol 6-phosphate and 5-keto-d-glucose 6-phosphate by [4-(3)H]NADH to give [5-(3)H]-glucitol 6-phosphate and [5-(3)H]glucose 6-phosphate respectively. The position of the tritium atom in the latter was shown by degradation. Both enzyme-catalysed reductions were strongly inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose 6-phosphate, a powerful competitive inhibitor of inositol cyclase. The charcoal-treated enzyme preparation also converted 5-keto-d-glucose 6-phosphate into [(3)H]myoinositol 1-phosphate in the presence of [4-(3)H]NADH, but less effectively. These partial reactions of inositol cyclase are interpreted as providing strong evidence for the formation of 5-keto-d-glucose 6-phosphate as an enzyme-bound intermediate in the conversion of d-glucose 6-phosphate into 1 l-myoinositol 1-phosphate. The enzyme was partially inactivated by NaBH(4) in the presence of NAD(+). Glucose 6-phosphate did not increase the inactivation, and there was no inactivation in the absence of NAD(+). There was no evidence for Schiff base formation during the cyclization. d-Glucitol 6-phosphate (l-sorbitol 1-phosphate) was a good inhibitor of the overall reaction. It did not inactivate the enzyme. The apparent molecular weight of inositol cyclase as determined by Sephadex chromatography was 2.15x10(5).     

Transient-state and steady-state kinetic studies of the mechanism of NADH-dependent aldehyde reduction catalyzed by xylose reductase from the yeast Candida tenuis

Microbial xylose reductase, a representative aldo-keto reductase of primary sugar metabolism, catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of D-xylose with a turnover number approximately 100 times that of human aldose reductase for the same reaction. To determine the mechanistic basis for that physiologically relevant difference and pinpoint features that are unique to the microbial enzyme among other aldo/keto reductases, we carried out stopped-flow studies with wild-type xylose reductase from the yeast Candida tenuis. Analysis of transient kinetic data for binding of NAD(+) and NADH, and reduction of D-xylose and oxidation of xylitol at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C provided estimates of rate constants for the following mechanism: E + NADH right arrow over left arrow E.NADH right arrow over left arrow E.NADH + D-xylose right arrow over left arrow E.NADH.D-xylose right arrow over left arrow E.NAD(+).xylitol right arrow over left arrow E.NAD(+) right arrow over left arrow E.NAD(+) right arrow over left arrow E + NAD(+). The net rate constant of dissociation of NAD(+) is approximately 90% rate limiting for k(cat) of D-xylose reduction. It is controlled by the conformational change which precedes nucleotide release and whose rate constant of 40 s(-)(1) is 200 times that of completely rate-limiting E.NADP(+) --> E.NADP(+) step in aldehyde reduction catalyzed by human aldose reductase [Grimshaw, C. E., et al. (1995) Biochemistry 34, 14356-14365]. Hydride transfer from NADH occurs with a rate constant of approximately 170 s(-1). In reverse reaction, the E.NADH --> E.NADH step takes place with a rate constant of 15 s(-1), and the rate constant of ternary-complex interconversion (3.8 s(-1)) largely determines xylitol turnover (0.9 s(-1)). The bound-state equilibrium constant for C. tenuis xylose reductase is estimated to be approximately 45 (=170/3.8), thus greatly favoring aldehyde reduction. Formation of productive complexes, E.NAD(+) and E.NADH, leads to a 7- and 9-fold decrease of dissociation constants of initial binary complexes, respectively, demonstrating that 12-fold differential binding of NADH (K(i) = 16 microM) vs NAD(+) (K(i) = 195 microM) chiefly reflects difference in stabilities of E.NADH and E.NAD(+). Primary deuterium isotope effects on k(cat) and k(cat)/K(xylose) were, respectively, 1.55 +/- 0.09 and 2.09 +/- 0.31 in H(2)O, and 1.26 +/- 0.06 and 1.58 +/- 0.17 in D(2)O. No deuterium solvent isotope effect on k(cat)/K(xylose) was observed. When deuteration of coenzyme selectively slowed the hydride transfer step, (D)()2(O)(k(cat)/K(xylose)) was inverse (0.89 +/- 0.14). The isotope effect data suggest a chemical mechanism of carbonyl reduction by xylose reductase in which transfer of hydride ion is a partially rate-limiting step and precedes the proton-transfer step.     

Purification and properties of tauropine dehydrogenase from the shell adductor muscle of the ormer, Haliotis lamellosa

Tauropine dehydrogenase (tauropine:NAD oxidoreductase) was purified from the shell adductor muscle of the ormer, Haliotis lamellosa. The enzyme was found to utilize stoichiometrically NADH as co-enzyme and pyruvate and taurine as substrates producing tauropine [rhodoic acid; N-(D-1-carboxyethyl)-taurine]. The enzyme was purified to a specific activity of 463 units/mg protein using a combination of ammonium sulphate fractionation, ion-exchange and affinity chromatography. The relative molecular mass was 38,000 +/- 1000 when assessed by gel filtration on Ultrogel AcA 54 and 42,000 +/- 150 by electrophoresis on 5-10% polyacrylamide gels in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulphate; the data suggest a monomeric structure. Tauropine and pyruvate were found to be the preferred substrates. Among the amino acids tested for activity with the enzyme, only alanine is used as an alternative substrate, but with a rate less than 6% of the enzyme activity with taurine. Of the oxo acids tested, 2-oxobutyrate and 2-oxovalerate were also found to be substrates. Apparent Km values for the substrates NADH, pyruvate and taurine are 0.022 +/- 0.003 mM, 0.64 +/- 0.07 mM and 64.7 +/- 5.4 mM, respectively, at pH 7.0 and for the products, NAD+ and tauropine, are 0.29 +/- 0.01 mM and 9.04 +/- 1.27 mM, respectively, at pH 8.3. Apparent Km values for both pyruvate and taurine decrease with increasing co-substrate (taurine or pyruvate) concentration. NAD+ and tauropine were found to be product inhibitors of the forward reaction. NAD+ was a competitive inhibitor of NADH, whereas tauropine gave a mixed type of inhibition with respect to pyruvate and taurine. Succinate was found to inhibit non-competitively with respect to taurine and pyruvate with an apparent Ki value in the physiological range of this anaerobic end product. The inhibition by L-lactate, not an end product in the ormer, was competitive with respect to pyruvate. The physiological role or tauropine dehydrogenase during anaerobiosis is discussed.