崇明东滩湿地自然植被演替过程中储碳及固碳功能变化

采用实地调查与实验室测定相结合的方法,研究了崇明东滩湿地植被演替过程中储碳、固碳功能的变化.结果表明：不同演替阶段的湿地植被的现存碳储量及其分配格局特征存在较大差异.先锋物种海三棱藨草的现存碳储量仅占芦苇现存碳储量的13%;地下根茎为芦苇现存碳储量的主要场所,而地上部分是海三棱藨草碳储量的主要场所.处于潮滩湿地演替中后期的芦苇群落比处在生态演替早期的海三棱藨草群落具有更强的固碳能力,芦苇群落和海三棱藨草群落的年固碳能力分别为(1.63±0.39) kg·m^-2和(0.63±0.28) kg·m^-2,说明随着海三棱藨草群落向芦苇群落演替,其固碳能力不断增强.     

陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替

以陕西省丹汉江流域退耕地南坡和北坡不同退耕年限的自然恢复植物群落为研究对象,开展群落物种组成调查,并进行物种多样性特征分析和群落极点排序,对该区退耕地恢复过程中的植被演替规律进行研究.结果表明： 研究区退耕地植被演替的阶段依次为：一年生草本群落→多年生草本群落→灌草群落→乔灌草群落.形成多年生草本群落需2～5 a,形成灌草群落需7～10 a,形成乔灌草群落需30 a以上.南坡和北坡不同类型退耕地的植被演替阶段相同,物种多样性指数略有差异.随着退耕年限的增加,南坡物种多样性指数总体呈先降后升的趋势;而北坡物种多样性指数呈先波动上升,而后在退耕30 a时略有下降.     

Bacterial diversity in relation to secondary production and succession on surfaces of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea

Kelp forests worldwide are known as hotspots for macroscopic biodiversity and primary production, yet very little is known about the biodiversity and roles of microorganisms in these ecosystems. Secondary production by heterotrophic bacteria associated to kelp is important in the food web as a link between kelp primary production and kelp forest consumers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between bacterial diversity and two important processes in this ecosystem; bacterial secondary production and primary succession on kelp surfaces. To address this, kelp, Laminaria hyperborea, from southwestern Norway was sampled at different geographical locations and during an annual cycle. Pyrosequencing (454-sequencing) of amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria was used to study bacterial diversity. Incorporation of tritiated thymidine was used as a measure of bacterial production. Our data show that bacterial diversity (richness and evenness) increases with the age of the kelp surface, which corresponds to the primary succession of its bacterial communities. Higher evenness of bacterial operational taxonomical units (OTUs) is linked to higher bacterial production. Owing to the dominance of a few abundant OTUs, kelp surface biofilm communities may be characterized as low-diversity habitats. This is the first detailed study of kelp-associated bacterial communities using high-throughput sequencing and it extends current knowledge on microbial community assembly and dynamics on living surfaces.     

Effectiveness of melatonin and controlled internal drug release device treatment on reproductive performance of buffalo heifers during out-of-breeding season under tropical conditions

Sixteen Murrah buffalo heifers, divided into control and treatment groups of eight animals each, were used to study the effect of melatonin and controlled internal drug release (CIDR) device treatment on the resumption of ovarian activity during out-of-breeding season (summer solstice). Treated group was implanted with melatonin (18 mg of melatonin per 50 kg of body weight) for 45 days and then heifers of both groups received CIDR for 9 days. All heifers received intramuscular 500 IU eCG on the day before CIDR removal and 10 μg GnRH on the day after CIDR withdrawal. All animals were subjected to estrus detection daily. Blood sampling in conjunction with transrectal ultrasonography were performed twice weekly to determine serum concentrations of melatonin, progesterone, LH, and antioxidant enzyme activities, as well as to monitor the ovarian follicular activity. Melatonin treatment resulted in an increase (P < 0.01) in serum melatonin and a decrease (P < 0.01) in serum progesterone and LH. In addition, melatonin had no significant effect on the frequency of LH pulses. Furthermore, melatonin treatment increased (P < 0.01) the diameter of the largest follicle and the number of large follicles between Days 0 and 35 of melatonin treatment. However, melatonin exhibited superior ability to maintain CL at 21 days after artificial insemenation (AI) and increased the percentage of conception to threefold higher than control. In conclusion, melatonin implantation successfully improved the diameter of largest follicles and the ability to maintain CL at 21 days after AI in buffalo heifers during out-of-breeding season under tropical conditions.     

Effects of melatonin supplementation prior to Ovsynch protocol on ovarian activity and conception rates in anestrous Murrah buffalo heifers during out of breeding season

Buffalo heifers have tendency to show anestrus during summer season. Melatonin has been used for correcting summer dependent anestrous via inducing resumption of ovarian activity. Therefore, the investigation was conducted to compare efficacy of melatonin for induction of estrus and conception rate with Ovsynch protocol in summer anestrous Murrah buffalo heifers. Thirty, summer anestrous Murrah buffalo heifers were selected and divided into two groups- treatment (n?=?20; 12 melatonin implants) and control (n?=?10; no treatment). On day 28 post-implant insertion, animals of both the groups were subjected to Ovsynch protocol. Blood sampling and ovarian ultrasonography were conducted to measure plasma melatonin, progesterone concentration and ovarian dynamics, respectively. No animal in either group showed estrus during first 28?days post-implant insertion. However, estrus induction rate was 100% after Ovsynch protocol in both groups. As compared to controls, treatment group exhibited higher (p?<?0.05) plasma melatonin on days 1, 4, 8, 15, 22 and 28 post-melatonin, with highest concentration on day 4. The progesterone concentration increased (p?<?0.05) on days 15 and 22 post-melatonin treatment. The treatment group had larger (p?<?0.05) preovulatory follicle on day of AI, subsequently developed larger (p?<?0.05) corpus luteum and higher plasma progesterone concentrations by day 12 post-AI as compared to the control group. The overall conception rate was 50 and 20% in treatment and control groups, respectively. In conclusion, melatonin treatment along with Ovsynch protocol improved the luteal profiles as well as the conception rate in buffalo heifers when compared with animals treated with Ovsynch protocol alone during summer season.     

豫西丘陵坡地弃耕农田植被演替对土壤碳、氮库的影响

在豫西丘陵坡地弃耕农田中,设置一个时间梯度为1,3,8,15,25 a的弃耕演替系列,调查其群落数量特征、物种组成、植被与土壤的碳、氮储量,分析群落的自然次生演替过程,并探讨土壤碳库与氮库对植物群落演替的响应机制。结果表明,弃耕农田群落演替缓慢,阶段性不明显,大致可划分为一、二年生草本→多年生草本+灌木两个阶段。定植物种的多样性变化与附近的原生植被有关。在25 a的演替进程中,草本植物始终占据优势,旱生植物数量约是中生植物的4倍,C3植物数量逐渐增多;群落α多样性指数呈先增大后减小趋势,Margalef丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数与Shannon-Wiener综合多样性指数最大值分别为1.53、0.95、2.18,表明弃耕农田的自然演替促使群落结构更加复杂并趋向稳定。群落植物的碳、氮储量随着生物量的增加而增加,在25 a时分别达到313.14 g/m~2和11.69 g/m~2。土壤碳储量与氮储量的变化相反,在演替后期(25 a)土壤碳储量增加到960.98 g/m~2,而氮储量则降低至27.08 g/m~2,表明豫西弃耕农田土壤具有"固碳放氮"的生态现象。RDA分析表明,群落盖度、密度和生物量是影响土壤碳、氮储量的主要因子。从群落的生态功能变化分析,按照弃耕演替时间推进,土壤碳储量逐渐增大,有利于生态系统碳固定;而土壤氮库的缩减则不利于群落的稳定,建议增加群落中豆科植物的丰富度,从而促进土壤氮素固定,缓解氮素流失。     

Isolation and characterization of heparin and gelatin binding buffalo seminal plasma proteins and their effect on cauda epididymal spermatozoa

Seventy semen ejaculates were obtained from 14 Murrah buffalo bulls and were subjected to plasma separation immediately after collection by centrifugation at 2000 rpm for 20 min and stored in liquid nitrogen until analysis. In the seminal plasma the total protein concentration were estimated and the heparin and gelatin binding (HB and GB) proteins were isolated using heparin and gelatin affinity column chromatography. The molecular weight of individual isolated HB and GB protein was determined by SDS–PAGE analysis. Buffalo bull spermatozoa was collected from cauda epididymis under aseptic conditions and was used for the in vitro fertility tests (i.e. bovine cervical mucus penetration test (BCMPT) and hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST)). The heparin and gelatin binding buffalo seminal plasma proteins were used in six concentrations i.e. 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 μg/ml to test their effect on in vitro fertility assessment of cauda epididymal spermatozoa. The overall mean values of total protein, HB and GB proteins were recorded as 29 ± 2.7, 2.61 and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. Eighteen total protein bands were observed in the range of 12–127 kDa. Eight major HB proteins were isolated in the range of 13–71 kDa. Seven major GB proteins were isolated in the range of 13–61 kDa in the buffalo seminal plasma. The mean penetration distance (mm) travelled by the buffalo cauda spermatozoa was maximum in HB proteins (26.9 ± 0.6) followed by GB proteins (25.4 ± 0.6) and control (21.2 ± 1.4). The difference in BCMPT values between protein treated and control group was significant (P < 0.05). Almost similar trend in the effect of protein on values of HOST percentage in both HB and GB proteins treated semen samples were recorded (66.4 ± 0.65 and 66.1 ± 0.6, respectively). The difference in HOST values between proteins treated and control group (50.4 ± 2.0) was significant (P < 0.05). The present results indicate that among the isolated proteins, 4 proteins were commonly seen in both the heparin and gelatin–sepharose affinity column chromatography, and the addition of buffalo seminal plasma proteins improved the in vitro sperm functions (40 μg/ml gave best results) of buffalo cauda spermatozoa.     

Effects of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on nutrient digestibility,rumen fermentation,ruminal enzyme activities and growth performance of buffalo calves

This study was conducted to investigate the impact of dietary inclusion of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MLM) as a substitution for soybean meal on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen enzyme activity, blood metabolites, growth-related hormones, and growth performance of buffalo calves. Thirty buffalo calves eight to nine months of age with an average body weight of approximately 153.7 ± 0.97 kg were randomly distributed through three dietary treatments (ten calves/treatment). MLM inclusion rates were 15% (M15) and 20% (M20), replacing soybean meal by 50 and 75% in the concentrate mixture, respectively. The results indicated that, digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), and crude fiber (CF) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with MLM inclusion, while the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) reduced significantly (p < 0.05) with MLM addition. Dietary supplementation with MLM significantly affected (p < 0.001) rumen fermentation by reducing ruminal enzymes, ruminal ammonia-N, total protozoa, and acetate/propionate ratio and increasing acetic, propionic, and butyric acids and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dietary inclusion of 15% MLM significantly improved (p < 0.001) final body weight, dry matter intake of feed, daily weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, blood metabolites, and plasma insulin growth factor-I (IGF-I). It can be concluded that MLM is a multi-purpose protein supplement that provides some nutritional and therapeutic advantages when replacing 50% of soybean meal. Dietary supplementation of 15% MLM improved rumen fermentation, growth performance, blood metabolites, plasma IGF-I and mitigated ammonia and methane without any adverse effects in growing buffalo calves.     

石漠化强度对喀斯特植被演替过程土壤真菌组成及多样性的影响

喀斯特是我国南方广泛分布的地貌类型,土壤真菌对喀斯特植被演替恢复具有重要调节功能,不同石漠化程度的喀斯特区植被演替受到土壤微生物影响,因此研究不同石漠化区域植被演替阶段的土壤真菌组成及多样性,探索土壤真菌在喀斯特植被演替过程中的作用机制具有重要意义。本文采用时空替代法采集了不同石漠化程度（潜在、中度和强度）的喀斯特区植被演替乔木、灌木和草本演替阶段土壤样品,通过Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序分析了土壤真菌组成及多样性。结果表明,试验共获得3 871个OTUs,分属4门17纲116科174属;潜在和中度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌优势门均为担子菌门,强度石漠化区各演替阶段土壤真菌无相同优势门;土壤真菌组成及多样性在潜在石漠化区表现为乔木>草本>灌木,中度石漠化区为灌木>乔木>草本,强度石漠化区为灌木>草本>乔木,且石漠化程度对真菌组成及多样性的影响大于植被演替的影响;土壤理化性质随石漠化程度及演替阶段发生变化,且显著影响真菌多样性指数,以碱解氮为主导因子显著影响土壤真菌群落。     

Carbon and nitrogen cycling during old-field succession: Constraints on plant and microbial biomass

Soil C and N dynamics were studied in a sequence of old fields of increasing age to determine how these biogeochemical cycles change during secondary succession. In addition, three different late-successional forests were studied to represent possible "steady state" conditions. Surface soil samples collected from the fields and forests were analyzed for total C, H₂O-soluble C, total N, potential net N mineralization, potential net nitrification, and microbial biomass. Above-and belowground plant biomass was estimated within each of the old field sites.Temporal changes in soil organic C, total N and total plant biomass were best described by a gamma function [y =at ^b e ^ctd +f] whereas a simple exponential model [y =a(l – e^–bt ) + c] provided the best fit to changes in H₂O-soluble C, C:N ratio, microbial C, and microbial N. Potential N mineralization and nitrification linearly increased with field age; however, rates were variable among the fields. Microbial biomass was highly correlated to soil C and N pools and well correlated to the standing crop of plant biomass. In turn, plant biomass was highly correlated to pools and rates of N cycling.Patterns of C and N cycling within the old field sites were different from those in a northern hardwood forest and a xeric oak forest; however, nutrient dynamics within an oak savanna were similar to those found in a 60-yr old field. Results suggest that patterns in C and N cycling within the old-field chronosequence were predictable and highly correlated to the accrual of plant and microbial biomass.     

Vegetation and environmental factors during primary succession on glacier forelands: Some outlines from the Italian Alps

ABSTRACT

Relationships between plant communities and the physical environment during primary succession on recently deglaciated glacier forelands were studied in 3 areas of the Italian Alps. The aim of the research was to relate traditional phytosociological data with environmental variables. Twenty-eight phytosociological relevés were performed, each associated with twenty-six environmental variables; quantitative parameters of richness and diversity were also calculated. Species/relevés, environmental variables/relevés and species/environmental variables matrices were analyzed by cluster analysis, PCA and Spearman correlation coefficient. Three main stages of succession were identified by floristic composition and confirmed by environmental parameter evaluation. A complex of environmental variables seems to be closely correlated with terrain age and richness/diversity parameters, even though diversity decreases in late successional stages. The phytosociological significance of species is in accordance with their position in the context of succession.     

沙质草原沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状和展望

在综述了我国半干旱地区沙质草地沙漠化过程中植被演替研究现状,提出了目前沙地植被演替研究中存在的主要问题和今后的研究工作。指出,①沙地植被演替的最大特点就是沙质地表基质的流动性和风沙活动伴随着植被演替的各阶段,研究中应考虑近地表风沙流的影响;②在干扰对生态系统影响越来越大的今天,沙地植被的演替序列往往出现一些随机性和不规则性,应加强对沙地植被演替序列的非线性和演替顶极的多元性、多样性的研究;③应继续从生理生态、种群生态、群落生态以及生态系统生态等不同水平层面上深入研究演替过程中植物种的替代机制,还应加强沙地土壤种子库与地上植被动态耦合、种子岛效应等的研究,以及沙地植被演替趋势和速率等的预测。     

A comparative study on lipid peroxidation, activities of antioxidant enzymes and viability of cattle and buffalo bull spermatozoa during storage at refrigeration temperature

A comparative study was conducted to monitor the activities of some antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and viability of cattle and buffalo bull spermatozoa during storage of semen at refrigeration temperature over a period of 72 h. Semen samples, collected from six cross bred cattle bulls (group I) and six Murrah buffalo bulls (group II), were diluted in egg-yolk-citrate and the spermatozoa were separated from seminal plasma by centrifugation at 4 degrees C in a refrigerated centrifuge. The malondialdehyde (MDA) production in group I increased from 1.17+/-0.29 at 0 h to 7.50+/-0.52 nmol/10(8)spermatozoa after 72 h of storage while in group II it increased from 1.99+/-0.26 to 8.70+/-0.10 nmol/10(8)spermatozoa in the same period. However, buffalo bull spermatozoa had a significantly higher (p<0.05) lipid peroxidation at 0 h as well as at 12, 24 and 48 h (p<0.01) periods. The activities of antioxidant enzymes viz. SOD, GPx and G6PD in both the groups showed a similar pattern of change i.e. the activities declined successively in spermatozoa and increased in the seminal plasma. However, the activities of these three enzymes remained significantly higher in the cattle bull spermatozoa than that in buffalo bull spermatozoa. Amount of MDA produced in spermatozoa of both the groups was negatively correlated while SOD, GPx and G6PD activities in spermatozoa were positively correlated to the motility and viability of spermatozoa. Sperm motility as well as viability was significantly less (p<0.05) in group II than that in group I. SOD, GPx and G6PD activities in spermatozoa of both the groups were negatively correlated to lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa cell membrane. The results showed that the less activities of antioxidant enzymes in buffalo bull spermatozoa was due to higher lipid peroxidation that indicated that they were more prone to oxidative stress as compared to cattle bull spermatozoa when stored at refrigeration temperature.     

荒漠草原区弃耕地植被演替过程中植物群落生物量及土壤养分变化

采用空间变化代替时间变化的方法,以荒漠草原区不同年限(1、4、9、12和20年)弃耕地为对象,研究弃耕演替过程中植物群落生物量与土壤养分的变化特征.结果表明： 随弃耕年限的增加,弃耕地植物群落地上生物量呈先减少后增加的趋势,0～60 cm土层的土壤全氮、全磷和有机碳含量及碳密度均呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势,4年和20年弃耕地的土壤全氮、全磷含量达到峰值.弃耕演替过程中土壤全氮和有机碳含量对植物群落生物量的影响大于土壤容重和土壤全磷.     

黄土高原次生林演替对团聚体有机碳含量及化学稳定性的影响

次生林演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳的积累机制和化学稳定性研究较少。为探明次生林演替对土壤团聚体有机碳含量及其化学组成稳定性的影响,选取黄土高原次生白桦林(演替初期),山杨辽东栎混交林(演替中期)和辽东栎林(演替后期)为研究对象,分析演替过程中不同粒径土壤团聚体有机碳含量变化特征。采用傅里叶红外光谱技术(FTRI)测定活性(AC)和非活性(IC)有机碳化学组成,以(IC/AC)作为有机碳化学组成稳定性指标,并分析其影响因素。结果表明:次生林演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳含量表现出逐渐增加的趋势且各群落间差异显著(P<0.05),以演替后期的中等粒径团聚体为最高(37.63 g/kg)。土壤团聚体AC中多糖体有机碳含量最高(55.87%),而IC中芳香族有机碳含量最高(94.45%),演替过程中IC与AC总体变化趋势均呈现先降后增。IC/AC随着演替的进行呈先降低后升高的趋势,其中演替后期微团聚体有机碳化学组成稳定性最强达到了3.95。微团聚体含量(WM)与土壤全氮、全磷、全钾一起,显著促进了团聚体有机碳化学组成稳定性(P<0.05)。综上,次生林演替有利于促进土壤团聚体有机碳的积累以及有机碳化学稳定,其中微团聚体起到了关键性作用。