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1.
In vitro plant regeneration from callus of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) cv. Sahyadri 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Callus formation was achieved with root, hypocotyl, and cotyledon explants of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) cultivar Sahyadri on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg l–1
β-indoleacetic acid + 1.5 mg l–1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Hypocotyl and cotyledon-derived calli when transferred onto a medium with 0.5 mg l–1 BAP produced an average of 12–32 shoots/ callus culture. The callus retained its potential for shoot regeneration for more
than 19 months. The shoots formed an extensive root system and were transferred to pots kept in a greenhouse, where the survival
rate was 98%. The plantlets flowered in vitro if transfer to fresh medium or to soil was delayed by 40–50 days. All regenerants
were diploid with 2n=30.
Received: 13 March 1997 / Revision received: 17 May 1997 / Accepted: 5 July 1997 相似文献
2.
To characterize the urbanization pattern quantitatively, a study on the mechanisms of the landscape pattern formation could
facilitate the understanding on urban landscape patterns and processes, the ecological and socioeconomic consequences of urbanization,
as well as the establishment of more effective strategies for landscape management. In this study, we integrated a Geographic
Information System (GIS)-based analysis on landscape pattern with an artificial neural network (ANN) to quantitatively characterize
the urbanization pattern of the metropolitan area of Shanghai, China, and to establish an ANN model that could preferably
simulate the responses of urban landscape pattern to the natural and socioeconomic factors such as residence area, road density,
population density, urban development history and the Huangpu River as an element of economic change. Our results showed that
the ANN model seems appropriate for studying the nonlinear relationship among the forcing factors of urbanization and the
urban landscape patterns, which provided an effective and practical approach for further understanding the mechanisms of the
landscape formation pattern and the reciprocal relationship between landscape spatial pattern and ecological process.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(5): 958–964 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(5): 958–964] 相似文献
3.
Cortical actin filaments in guard cells respond differently to abscisic acid in wild-type and abi1-1 mutant Arabidopsis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cortical actin filaments in guard cells of Commelina communis L. show signal-specific organization during stomatal movements [S.-O. Eun and Y. Lee (1997) Plant Physiol 115: 1491–1498;
S.-O. Eun and Y. Lee (2000) Planta 210: 1014–1017]. To study the roles of actin in signal transduction, it is advantageous
to use Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., an excellent model plant with numerous well-characterized mutants. Using an immunolocalization technique, we
found that actin deployments in guard cells of A. thaliana were basically identical to those in C. communis: actin proteins were assembled into radial filaments under illumination, and were disassembled by ABA. In addition, we examined
actin organization in an ABA-insensitive mutant (abi1-1) to test the involvement of protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) in the control of actin structure. A clear difference was observed
after ABA treatment, namely, neither stomatal closing nor depolymerization of actin filaments was observed in guard cells
of the mutant. Our results indicate that PP2C participates in ABA-induced actin changes in guard cells.
Received: 23 June 2000 / Accepted: 20 October 2000 相似文献
4.
In this study an attempt was made to prepare mucoadhesive microcapsules of gliclazide using various mucoadhesive polymers
designed for oral controlled release. Gliclazide microcapsules were prepared using sodium alginate and mucoadhesive polymer
such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (sodium CMC), carbopol 934P or hydroxy propylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) by orifice-ionic
gelation method. The microcapsules were evaluated for surface morphology and particle shape by scanning electron microscope.
Microcapsules were also evaluated for their microencapsulation efficiency, in vitro wash-off mucoadhesion test, in vitro drug release and in vivo study. The microcapsules were discrete, spherical and free flowing. The microencapsulation efficiency was in the range of
65–80% and microcapsules exhibited good mucoadhesive property in the in vitro wash off test. The percentage of microcapsules adhering to tissue at pH 7.4 after 6 h varied from 12–32%, whereas the percentage
of microcapsules adhering to tissue at pH 1.2 after 6 h varied from 35–68%. The drug release was also found to be slow and
extended for more than 16 h. In vivo testing of the mucoadhesive microcapsules in diabetic albino rats demonstrated significant antidiabetic effect of gliclazide.
The hypoglycemic effect obtained by mucoadhesive microcapsules was for more than 16 h whereas gliclazide produced an antidiabetic
effect for only 10 h suggesting that mucoadhesive microcapsules are a valuable system for the long term delivery of gliclazide. 相似文献
5.
The relationship of stomach cancer susceptibility and the presence of E-cadherin (CDH1) promoter −160 C/A polymorphism had been reported with conflicting results. To further explore the association of this polymorphism
with stomach cancer susceptibility, we performed an extensive search of relevant studies and carried out a meta-analysis to
obtain a more precise estimate. A total of 16 studies including 2,611 cases and 3,788 controls were involved in this meta-analysis.
When all studies involved, the meta-analysis results suggest no statistically significant association between CDH1 −160 C/A polymorphism and stomach cancer risk (CA vs. CC: OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.85–1.19; AA vs. CC: OR = 1.05, 95% CI: 0.75–1.46;
dominant model: OR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.86–1.20; recessive model: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.76–1.41). When subgroup analyses were
performed by ethnicity, the A-allele carriers conferred a decreased stomach cancer risk in Asians (AA vs. CC: OR = 0.67, 95%
CI: 0.47–0.96; dominant model: OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72–0.99), but no statistically significant association was found in Caucasians.
In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that CDH1 −160 A-allele may play a protective role of stomach cancer development in Asians but not in Caucasians. 相似文献
6.
We present necessary and sufficient conditions on the stability matrix of a general n(≥2)-dimensional reaction-diffusion system which guarantee that its uniform steady state can undergo a Turing bifurcation.
The necessary (kinetic) condition, requiring that the system be composed of an unstable (or activator) and a stable (or inhibitor)
subsystem, and the sufficient condition of sufficiently rapid inhibitor diffusion relative to the activator subsystem are
established in three theorems which form the core of our results. Given the possibility that the unstable (activator) subsystem
involves several species (dimensions), we present a classification of the analytically deduced Turing bifurcations into p (1 ≤p≤ (n− 1)) different classes. For n = 3 dimensions we illustrate numerically that two types of steady Turing pattern arise in one spatial dimension in a generic
reaction-diffusion system. The results confirm the validity of an earlier conjecture [12] and they also characterise the class
of so-called strongly stable matrices for which only necessary conditions have been known before [23, 24]. One of the main consequences of the present
work is that biological morphogens, which have so far been expected to be single chemical species [1–9], may instead be composed
of two or more interacting species forming an unstable subsystem.
Received: 21 September 1999 / Revised version: 21 June 2000 / Published online: 24 November 2000 相似文献
7.
Hematopoietic progenitor colony assays were used to establish the effects of the vinca alkaloid vinorelbine (VRB) on murine
bone marrow. The in vitro growth of colony-forming units–granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM), burst forming units–erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming
units–mix (CFU-mix) was dose-dependently inhibited by VRB. The highest dose assayed (0.02 μg/ml) suppressed all of the different
progenitor cells by 100%. A comparison of the dose–response curves showed that CFU-GM, BFU-E, and CFU-mix exhibited similar
patterns of sensitivity to the cytotoxic action of VRB. Long-term bone marrow cultures have provided a valuable in vitro model for studying the role of the microenvironment of bone marrow. Cellularity of stromal layers was reduced with increasing
doses of VRB. The appearence of these layers was altered minimally with the lowest dose used; a gradual loss of cellularity
was seen in cultures exposed to 0.05 and 0.075 μg/ml; and a marked loss at the dose of 0.1 μg/ml. Our results show that VRB
has an important effect on hematopoietic progenitors at the highest dose tested, while the stromal cells were not affected
at a similar dose (0.025 μg/ml), suggesting that the stroma is more resistant to this drug.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
We consider an integro-differential equation for the evolution of a function f on the circle, describing an orientational aggregation process. In the first part we analyze generic bifurcations of steady-state
solutions when a single eigenvalue changes sign. Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction leads to the bifurcation equation which is solved
explicitly by formal power series. We prove that these series have positive radius of convergence. Two examples exhibit forward
and backward bifurcations, respectively. In the second part we assume that the first and second eigenvalues become positive.
Again we use Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction to arrive at the reduced bifurcation system from which we get the bifurcating branches
as power series. We calculate the two most important parameters of the reduced system for two examples; one of them has interesting
mode interactions which lead to various kinds of time-periodic solutions.
Received: 23 April 2001 / Revised version: 29 October 2002 /
Published online: 28 February 2003
Key words or phrases: Actin – Cytoskeleton – Orientational Aggregation – Bifurcation Analysis – Mode Interaction – Power Series Expansion 相似文献
9.
Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 14 first and second-line antituberculous drugs against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant
clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (including the multiple drug-resistant or MDR-TB isolates), as well as the type strain H37Rv, were determined radiometrically
by the Bactec 460-TB methodols. MICs (μg/ml) of all the fourteen drugs were within an extremely narrow range in case of susceptible
strains; isoniazid (0.02–0.04), rifampin (0.2–0.4), ethambutol and streptomycin (0.5–2.0), ethionamide (0.25–0.5), D-cycloserine
(25–75), capreomycin (1–2), kanamycin (2–4), amikacin (0.5–1.0), clofazimine (0.1–0.4), ofloxacin (0.5–1.0), ciprofloxacin
(0.25–1.0), and sparfloxacin (0.1–0.4). The activity of second-line drugs remained unaltered against MDR-TB isolates resistant
to routine first-line drugs. With peak serum level concentrations (Cmax), the intracellular killing of the virulent H37Rv
strain was studied in detail in cultured human macrophages. Based on an decreasing order of bactericidal activity, our results
showed the following spectrum of intracellular drug action: among the first-line drugs, rifampin > ethionamide = isoniazid
> ethambutol > streptomycin > D-cycloserine; among second-line drugs, clofazimine = amikacin > kanamycin = capreomycin; among
fluoroquinolones, sparfloxacin > ofloxacin > ciprofloxacin. On the other hand, contrary to atypical mycobacteria, the macrolide
drug clarithromycin was inactive against both extracellular and intracellular M. tuberculosis.
Received: 23 January 1996 / Accepted: 5 April 1996 相似文献
10.
Martina Schnölzer Paul Alewood Alun Jones Dianne Alewood Stephen B. H. Kent 《International journal of peptide research and therapeutics》2007,13(1-2):31-44
Simple, effective protocols have been developed for manual and machine-assisted Boc-chemistry solid phase peptide synthesis
on polystyrene resins. These use in situ neutralization [i.e. neutralization simultaneous with coupling], high concentrations (>0.2 m) of Boc-amino acid-OBt esters plus base for rapid coupling, 100% TFA for rapid Boc group removal, and a single short (30 s)
DMF flow wash between deprotection/coupling and between coupling/deprotection. Single 10 min coupling times were used throughout.
Overall cycle times were 15 min for manual and 19 min for machine-assisted synthesis (75 residues per day). No racemization
was detected in the .base-catalyzed coupling step. Several side reactions were studied, and eliminated. These included: pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid
formation from Gln in hot TFA-DMF; chain-termination by reaction with excess HBTU; and, chain termination by acetylation (from
HOAc in commercial Boc-amino acids). The in situ neutralization protocols gave a significant increase in the efficiency of chain assembly, especially for “difficult” sequences
arising from sequence-dependent peptide chain aggregation in standard (neutralization prior to coupling) Boc-chemistry SPPS
protocols or in Fmoc-chemistry SPPS. Reported syntheses include HIV-1 protease(1–50,Cys.amide), HIV-1 protease(53–99), and
the full length HIV-l protease(1–99).
Republished with the permission of Blackwell Publishing from International Journal of Peptide Protein Research, volume 40,
pp. 180–193, 1992.
A preliminary account of this work was presented at the 12th American Peptide Symposium, Cambridge, MA, July 16–21, 1991 (ref.
43).
Dedicated to Professor Bruce Merrifield on the occasion of his 70th birthday. 相似文献
11.
Despite the availability of many mutants for signal transduction, Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells have so far not been used in electrophysiological research. Problems with the isolation of epidermal strips and
the small size of A. thaliana guard cells were often prohibiting. In the present study these difficulties were overcome and guard cells were impaled with
double-barreled microelectrodes. Membrane-potential recordings were often stable for over half an hour and voltage-clamp measurements
could be conducted. The guard cells were found to exhibit two states. The majority of the guard cells had depolarized membrane
potentials, which were largely dependent on external K+ concentrations. Other cells displayed spontaneous transitions to a more hyperpolarized state, at which the free-running membrane
potential (Em) was not sensitive to the external K+ concentration. Two outward-rectifying conductances were identified in cells in the depolarized state. A slow outward-rectifying
channel (s-ORC) had properties resembling the K+-selective ORC of Vicia faba guard cells (Blatt, 1988, J Membr Biol 102: 235–246). The activation and inactivation times and the activation potential,
all depended on the reversal potential (Erev) of the s-ORC conductance. The s-ORC was blocked by Ba2+ (K1/2 = 0.3–1.3mM) and verapamil (K1/2 = 15–20 μM). A second rapid outward-rectifying conductance (r-ORC) activated instantaneously upon stepping the voltage to
positive values and was stimulated by Ba2+. Inward-rectifying channels (IRC) were only observed in cells in the hyperpolarized state. The activation time and activation
potential of this channel were not sensitive to the external K+ concentration. The slow activation of the IRC (t1/2 ≈ 0.5 s) and its negative activation potential (Vthreshold = −155 mV) resemble the values found for the KAT1 channel expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Bertl et al., 1995, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2701–2705). The results indicate that A. thaliana guard cells provide an excellent system for the study of signal transduction processes.
Received: 28 March 1996 / Accepted: 11 November 1996 相似文献
12.
Our previous results demonstrated that endogenous cytokinins are involved in the shooty potential of tumors initiated on
Eucalyptus globulus plantlets inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain 82.139 [A. Azmi et al. (1997a) Plant Sci 127: 81–90]. In order to investigate whether or not these hormones are distributed
homogeneously in the tumors prior to the onset of bud regeneration, decapitated hypocotyls were inoculated with the strain
C58pMP90/T139 GUS-INT harboring the wild transferred DNA (T-DNA) of strain 82.139 tagged with the β-glucuronidase (gus)-reporter gene. In situ immunolocalization of zeatin, dihydrozeatin and isopentenyladenine was performed in the developing
tumors and combined with the histo-enzymological β-glucuronidase assay. It was found that the expression of the T-DNA was
restricted to only some small areas located deeply in the tumors. These sites were also provided with a high cytokinin signal
while the untransformed parts of the tumors displayed a weaker signal, except in the early differentiating tracheary elements.
The regenerated buds were untransformed and originated from superficial parts of the tumors provided with a moderate signal
for cytokinins. The method of co-localization of both cytokinins and gus expression developed here might be helpful for further studies concerning the role of these hormones in controlling gene
expression at cell and tissue levels.
Received: 24 May 2000 / Accepted: 12 October 2000 相似文献
13.
14.
Miguel Arredondo Héctor Núñez Guadalupe López Fernando Pizarro Mariana Ayala Magdalena Araya 《Biological trace element research》2010,134(3):252-264
Classic copper indicators are not sensitive and specific for detecting excess copper exposure when this is higher than customary
but not markedly elevated. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin (Cp) are the most commonly used indicators to assess nutritional
status of copper. The objective of this paper was to study the influence of estrogens on these indicators and others used
to assess early effects of excess copper exposure in humans and the expression of a set of copper related proteins in a hepatic
cellular model. For the studies in humans, 107 healthy participants (18–50 years) were allocated as follows: group 1 (n = 39), women assessed on day 7 of their hormonal cycle; group 2 (n = 34), women assessed on day 21 of their hormonal cycle, and group 3 (n = 34, comparison group), healthy men. Participants received 8 mg Cu/day (as copper sulfate) during 6 months. Serum Cp and
Cu, Cu–Zn–superoxide dismutase activity, liver function indicators [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase
(ALT), and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT)], and serum Fe and Zn concentrations were measured monthly. In addition, the influence
of estradiol on intracellular total copper content, hctr1, dmt1 and shbg mRNA abundance and hCTR1, and DMT1 expression was
measured in HepG2 cells. Serum Cu, Fe, and Zn and liver aminotransferases but not Cu–Zn–superoxide dismutase varied depending
on sex. Fe nutrition indicators, GGT, and ALT activities showed significant differences between the hormonal phases. Cellular
experiments showed that estradiol increased cellular Cu concentration and hCTR1 and DMT1 mRNA expression and changed these
proteins expression patterns. Estradiols significantly influence the responses to copper at the whole body and the cellular
levels, suggesting that they help maintaining copper availability for metabolic needs. 相似文献
15.
Modelling the process of recombination leads to a large coupled nonlinear dynamical system. Here, we consider a particular
case of recombination in discrete time, allowing only for single crossovers. While the analogous dynamics in continuous time admits a closed solution (Baake and Baake in Can J Math 55:3–41, 2003), this no longer works for discrete time. A more
general model (i.e. without the restriction to single crossovers) has been studied before (Bennett in Ann Hum Genet 18:311–317,
1954; Dawson in Theor Popul Biol 58:1–20, 2000; Linear Algebra Appl 348:115–137, 2002) and was solved algorithmically by means
of Haldane linearisation. Using the special formalism introduced by Baake and Baake (Can J Math 55:3–41, 2003), we obtain
further insight into the single-crossover dynamics and the particular difficulties that arise in discrete time. We then transform
the equations to a solvable system in a two-step procedure: linearisation followed by diagonalisation. Still, the coefficients
of the second step must be determined in a recursive manner, but once this is done for a given system, they allow for an explicit
solution valid for all times. 相似文献
16.
This contribution is aimed to give support to ‘bottom-up’ approaches to the minimal or early cell research project. Even if,
from this perspective, the most simple living cell still seems very far away, the analysis of less complex, infrabiological
cellular systems (some of which could be relatively soon implemented in the lab) probably holds the key, or one of the fundamental
keys, to the problem of origins of life. On these lines, we propose a simulation model to study the transition from proto-metabolic
‘lipid’ cells to ‘lipid-peptide’ cells, as a critical step in which self-reproducing vesicles could develop into more functionalized supramolecular systems
Presented at: International School of Complexity – 4th Course: Basic Questions on the Origins of Life; “Ettore Majorana” Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy, 1–6 October 2006. 相似文献
17.
Karsten Debel Walter D. Sierralta Hans- Peter Braun Udo Klaus Schmitz Klaus Kloppstech 《Planta》1997,201(3):326-333
The 23-kDa nuclear-encoded heat-shock protein (HSP) of Chenopodium rubrum L. is regulated by light at the posttranslational level. Higher light intensities are more effective in inducing the accumulation
of the mature protein under heat-shock conditions. Based on this and other properties the protein was considered to belong
to the group of small chloroplastic HSPs. However, we have now obtained the following evidence that this 23-kDa HSP is localized
in the mitochondria: (i) Immunogold-labelled protein was almost exclusively restricted to the mitochondria in electron microscope
thin sections. (ii) Using purified, isolated mitochondria from potato tubers the in-vitro-synthesized translation product
of 31 kDa was readily transported into mitochondria where it was processed to the 23-kDa product. (iii) The protein could
be detected by Western blotting in a preparation of washed mitochondria of Chenopodium, while under the same conditions no signal could be obtained in a preparation of isolated chloroplasts. (iv) Finally, sequence
comparison with the published sequences of mitochondrial proteins by Lenne et␣al. (1995, Biochem J 311:805–813) and LaFayette
et␣al. (1996, Plant Mol Biol 30:159–169) showed clearly that the 23-kDa protein is considerably more similar to these two
proteins than to the group of plastid small HSPs. From these data we infer that mitochondria are involved in the response
of the plants to high light stress under heat-shock conditions.
Received: 11 July 1996 / Accepted: 24 August 1996 相似文献
18.
We have fused the epidermal growth factor (EGF) to the amino terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) to create a cytotoxic agent, designated EGF-PE, which preferentially kills EGF-receptor-bearing cells. In
this study, we analyzed the effect of the Ia domain, the binding domain, of PE on the cytotoxicity of EGF-PE towards EGF-receptor-bearing
cells and tried to develop a more potent EGF-receptor-targeting toxin. EGF-PE molecules with sequential deletions at the amino
terminus of PE were constructed and expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3). The cytotoxicity of these chimeric toxins was then examined. Our results show that the amino-terminal and
carboxy-terminal regions of the Ia domain of PE are important for the cytotoxicity of a PE-based targeting toxin. To design
a more potent PE-based EGF-receptor-targeting toxin, a chimeric toxin, named EGF-PE(Δ34–220), which had most of the Ia domain
deleted but retained amino acid residues 1–33 and 221–252 of this domain, was constructed. EGF-PE(Δ34–220) has EGF-receptor-binding
activity but does not show PE-receptor-binding activity and is mildly cytotoxic to EGF-receptor-deficient NR6 cells. As expected,
EGF-PE(Δ34–220) is a more potent cytotoxic agent towards EGF-receptor-bearing cells than EGF-PE(Δ1–252), where the entire
Ia domain of PE was deleted. In addition, EGF-PE(Δ34–220) was shown to be extremely cytotoxic to EGF-receptor-bearing cancer
cells, such as A431, CE81T/VGH, and KB-3-1 cells. We also found that EGF-PE(Δ34–220) was highly expressed in BL21(DE3) and
could be easily purified by urea extraction. Thus, EGF-PE(Δ34–220) can be a useful cytotoxic agent towards EGF-receptor-bearing
cells.
Received : 20 May 1994 / Received last revision : 9 September 1994 / Accepted : 28 September 1994 相似文献
19.
A genetic linkage map of bovine Chromosome (Chr) 7 was generated with a Bos taurus×Bos gaurus interspecific hybrid backcross panel. This study included six previously mapped microsatellites and five unmapped expressed
genes that were identified by PCR-based restriction fragment length variants (RFLVs). The gene order (from centromere to telomere)
and the map distances (in centimorgans) are as follows: cen–BM2607–11.2–LDLR–3.6–AMH,CSF2–11.2–BP41–19–BM6117–19–SPARC–14.4–FGFA–15.5–BM1853–11.2–RASA–18.8–ILSTS006. Previous comparative synteny mapping demonstrated that bovine Chr 7 shares homologous regions with both HSA5q and HSA19p.
A break or fusion between AMH and CSF2 in an ancestral chromosome is suggested to account for the current arrangement of these homologous segments in the human
and bovine genomes. In this study, we demonstrate that a short proximal portion of BTA7 is homologous with HSA19p, while a
larger distal portion of BTA7 is homologous with human Chr 5q. The orientation of these conserved human segments on BTA7 is
also demonstrated. Our data show that the linear order of genes has not been conserved within the homologous region of HSA5
and BTA7, and one chromosomal translocation or inversion is proposed to account for this difference.
Received: 11 June 1996 / Accepted: 9 November 1996 相似文献
20.
Toni Mingozzi Giampiero Masciari Giuseppe Paolillo Brunella Pisani Manuela Russo Alessandro Massolo 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(12):3519-3541
Loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta nesting in Italy had been reported to be limited to the Pelagian Islands and only sporadically elsewhere. As presence of
loggerhead turtle nests had occasionally been reported (1988–1999) along about 200 km of the Ionian coast of Calabria, we
carried out a project to assess the actual state of the nesting population between 2000 and 2004. We divided the coastline
in two sectors (A: 52 km, and B: 146 km) that were monitored from mid-June to end of July for a total of n = 174 monitoring days and 1,813.6 km patrolled on foot with different intensities (extensive versus intensive). In sector
B, through extensive monitoring we did not find any emergence tracks, but in sector A by intensive survey (2002–2004: one
survey/3.64 days) we detected 3–8 nests/year. In total, 25 nests (both observed and reported), were recorded in our study
area, and an assessment of a total of 15–16 nests/year was suggested. These figures, within the national scenario depicted
from the review of known nesting events in the last 40 years (88 records concerning more than 143–144 nests), show that loggerhead
turtle nesting has been underestimated in Italy, due to inadequate monitoring protocols, and that nesting is more frequent
than expected (at least 30–40 nests/year). Conservation strategies in Italy should then focus not only on the reduction of
mortality at sea, but also include large-scale actions to preserve scattered (but regular) nesting events. 相似文献