不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种基因组文库的构建

以不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种为材料,提取的总基因组DNA经Sau3 AI不完全酶切。回收20-30kbDNA酶切片段,与经Hpal和BamHI酶切的粘粒载体pKC505进行连接,将连接产物用噬菌体包装蛋白包装。侵染大肠埃希菌DH5α。在舍有安普霉素的LB平板上培养,所得转化子数为12000个,构建成不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种的基因组文库。以不吸水链霉菌染色体基因组大小为7Mb计算,概括了不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种约99％的基因组,达到了建库要求的理论值。未扩增文库的滴度为1．2×10^8pfu／L,扩增文库的滴度为4．8×10^11pfu／L,包装效率为每微克DNA1．2×10^5个转化子。随机挑取菌落,提取重组质粒进行酶切电泳分析,均有外源片段插入。基因文库的构建为进一步深入研究梧宁霉素生物合成基因结构及功能奠定基础。     

不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种基因文库的构建

以不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种为材料,提取的总基因组经Sau3AI不完全酶切,回收3~9 kb DNA酶切片段,用T4连接酶将回收片段按一定比例与经BamHI酶切、南极热敏磷酸酶去磷酸化处理后的pUC18质粒载体连接,热激法转化受体菌E.coliDH5α,在含有IPTG/X-gal和Amp 的LB平板上筛选重组子,所得克隆数为9×103个,以不吸水链霉菌染色体基因组大小为7 Mb计算,概括了不吸水链霉菌梧州新亚种约99%的基因组,达到了建库要求的理论值。随机挑取白色菌落,提取重组质粒进行酶切电泳分析,均有外源片段插入。基因文库的构建,为进一步深入研究梧宁霉素生物合成基因结构及功能奠定基础。     

林可链霉菌中的同源重组

为研究链霉菌中的同源整合频率和机制 ,采用不能在链霉菌中复制的大肠杆菌质粒转化链霉菌StreptomyceslincolnensisB48。质粒pYYE0 4a1上携带的被硫链丝菌素抗性基因灭活的林可霉素生物合成基因与染色体DNA上的同源基因发生重组 ,经过低抗筛选 ,得到两个突变子S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2。进一步以硫链丝菌素抗性基因为探针杂交染色体DNASmaⅠ片段 ,S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2都得到 1 5kb的阳性条带 ;而以缺失的lacZ基因为探针杂交染色体DNAHindⅢ和SmaⅠ联合酶切片段 ,只有S .lincolnensisYY2得到 4 4kb的阳性条带。Southern杂交结果表明S .lincolnensisYY1是由同源交换或二次重组产生的 ,而S .lincolnensisYY2为同源整合的结果。为验证同源整合子上大肠杆菌复制子和氨苄抗性基因的存在 ,用SphⅠ酶切染色体DNA后连接 ,连接液转化E .coliJM83感受态细胞 ,在氨苄抗性板上得到 2个转化子 ,命名为pSLE1。对…     

黑麦1R染色体的显微分离、体外扩增及扩增产物的鉴定

借助Leitz显微操作器,在国产倒置显微镜下(400×)用玻璃针对处于有丝分裂中期的黑麦根尖细胞中的1R染色体成功地进行了分离。分离出来的1R染色体转入0.5 ml的Eppendorf管中,用蛋白酶K处理,把DNA释放出来;经Sau3A酶切,再与人工合成的Sau3A连接头连接;以连接头的一条链的核苷酸顺序片段为引物对DNA酶切片段进行了PCR扩增。琼脂糖凝胶电泳显示扩增产物的长度大约为300~1000 bp。以生物素分别标记的黑麦总体DNA和小麦rDNA为探针进行斑点杂交,结果表明PCR扩增产物确实来源于黑麦的1R染色体DNA。这个方法为构建黑麦1R染色体亚基因组文库和筛选1R染色体特异性探针奠定了基础。     

桑蚕金属硫蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆和表达

用\%Bam\%HⅠ和\%Sac\%Ⅰ双酶切质粒pCM1\|1,获得酵母的MTI基因片段,用非放射性地高辛标记作为探针。提取桑蚕肥苏蚕卵的总DNA,分别用\%Eco\%RⅠ、\%Bam\%HⅠ和\%Hin\%dⅢ酶切,与MTI探针进行Southern杂交,出现较强的杂交信号。然后用\%Eco\%RⅠ完全酶切桑吞的总DNA,电洗脱法回收1～6kb的染色体片断,与\%Eco\%RⅠ酶切的M13-载体以3∶1比例连接,转化受体菌DH5α。筛选到4 000多个白色转化子,与探针MTI进行Southern杂交筛选阳性转化子,选择到有强杂交信号的三个转化子［编号为T1(pZHC\|1)\,T5(pZHC\|5)\,T7(pZHC\|7)\]。用12种限制性内切酶对pZHC\|5重组质粒进行酶切分析表明插入片段约12kb,在基因内有一个\%Hin\%dⅢ位点。抗性测定表明受体菌DH5α在含有50mmol/L CuSO\-4的培养基上生长,在含有52mmol/L CuSO\-4的培养基上不生长,而转化子确能在含有52mmol/L CuSO\-4以上的培养基上生长。上述研究结果表明12kb左右的插入片段含有桑吞的金属硫蛋白基因。     

变形链球菌DNA酶切片段在大肠杆菌中克隆的研究

将变链菌染色体DNA和pBR322 DNA,分别用HindⅢ酶切,再用T_4DNA连接酶连接,转化到大肠杆菌R_5受体菌中。根据插入灭活的原理,筛选Ap~r、Tc~s菌株,并经抗药性、琼脂糖凝胶电泳,酶切、核酸杂交及再转化等试验证明,已将变链菌DNA酶切片段克隆到大肠杆菌中,获得2627个克隆株,建立了基因库。为筛选变链菌保护性抗原基因,进一步研制基因工程龋齿菌苗奠定了基础。     

人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化细胞基因组文库的构建及其转化基因的克隆

以人胃癌细胞株BGC-823 DNA二轮转化的鼠成纤维细胞为材料,用λ噬菌体EMBL_3,作克隆载体,构建了转化细胞的基因组文库。用~(32)P标记的人Alu重复顺序和原癌基因c-Ha-ras为探针,对100万基因文库噬斑进行原位杂交筛选,找出了两个可以同时与上述探针杂交的阳性克隆。经对两个阳性克隆DNA进行分子杂交表明,它们均含有来自人胃癌细胞株BGC-823的转化基因Ha-ras,进一步运用质粒载体pBR322对这一转化基因进行次级克隆,并进行了限制性内切酶图谱的初探,从而为研究胃癌转化基因的结构、DNA序列及与原癌基因的异同奠定了基础。     

粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalix)基因文库的构建和nifH基因同源顺序的克隆

采用λ噬菌体置换型载体EMBL4,构建了Alcaligenes faecalis A-15 H1菌株总DNA的基因文库。用Sau3AⅠ限制酶完成部分酶切,取13—20kb大小的片段进行克隆。载体DNA经BamHⅠ和SaiⅠ完全双酶切,左右臂“退火”形成左右臂载体分子后再与外源片段连接。左右臂载体分子与外源片段按照1:1的分子比进行体外连接。用E.coli BHB2688和E.coli BHB2690制备的包装抽提物进行体外包装,所得基因文库效价测定为1.2×10~6 pfu,远远超过理论上所需的库容量。以nif H基因作为探针,经3轮噬菌斑原位杂交,从基因文库中筛选出含有其同源顺序的克隆,并得到了梯度点杂交的验证。对所得重组噬菌体克隆之一进行Southern转移杂交,结果证实,其3.5kb的EcoRⅠ酶切片段为nif H阳性杂交条带。将其克隆到质粒pUC19 DNA上后,转入受体菌JM101中。再次经Southern转移杂交,证明所得重组质粒克隆(pAFH)含有粪产碱菌中的与nifH基因有同源顺序的片段。     

通过微切一扩增建立植物(蚕豆Vicia faba)染色体区段特异性基因文库研究初探

以蚕豆（Viciafaba,2n=12）根尖为材料,采用改良方法制备染色体标本,在光镜下切割分离一段大M染色体核仁组织区（NOR）特定区段（约合0．9pgDNA）,通过单一引物一聚合酶链式反应法（SingleUniquePrimer-PCR）随机扩增微切DNA后,获得近60μgDNA。经琼脂糖电泳分析测定扩增产物分子片段大小介于200-900bp。以地高新（Digoxigenin）标记蚕豆总体DNA,作为探针与扩增产物进行Southern杂交,证实扩增得到的DNA与蚕豆DNA同源,来自做切染色体。部分扩增产物经ECORI酶切后,连人经同酶切割后的pUC18载体质粒,转化大肠杆菌（EcoliJM109）。琼脂糖电泳分析得到的部分克隆,得知插人子长度介于0．25-0．9kb。本文将用于动物材料的单一引物一聚合酶链式反应法应用于植物染色体的微切微扩增,并作了一定程度简化,初步建立起一套包括微切、扩增、检测和克隆的便捷、经济的实验室制备植物染色体区域特异性基因文库的方法。     

酿酒酵母5号染色体精细物理图谱绘制

利用脉冲电泳（ＰｕｌｓｅｄＦｉｅｌｄＧｅｌＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｐｈｏｒｅｓｉｓ,ＰＦＧＥ）分析了酵母菌Ａ３６４ａ的电泳核型,以５号染色体专一探针确定了该染色体在电泳核型中的位置,以内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ对该染色体ＤＮＡ进行部分酶切后,与整合型载体ＹＩｐ５连接获得了一个染色体专一的基因文库,其转化子数目超过了理论要求值。从文库中筛选与已知探针有同源性的片段并用内切酶ＢａｍＨＩ,ＥｃｏＲＩ,ＨｉｎｄＩＩ,ＰｓｔＩ和ＳａｌＩ分析这些插入片段,获得了一个覆盖Ａ３６４ａ５号染色体（其长度估计为６２０ｋｂ）９．４％的精细物理图谱。利用边界克隆和菌落杂交将使我们能够对整条染色体进行进一步的“步查”     

Topology of syngameons

Syngameons are sets of species linked by interspecific hybridization. Common observations regarding the structure of syngameons are that hybridization propensity is not uniform across species and that patterns of hybridization are dominated by a few species. I use computer simulations to test these claims in naturally occurring syngameons selected from the literature and from personal observation. Natural syngameons, especially those involving plants, typically exhibit nonrandom structure: The first three order statistics for the number of hybrid partners and the variance in the number of hybrid partners are larger than chance alone would predict. The structure of two insect syngameons examined is not significantly different from random. To test a hypothesis that variation in hybridization propensity across species in natural syngameons is simply an artifact of hybridization opportunity, I examine the structure of four artificial syngameons (fertility relationships) produced by full diallel crosses. Three of four artificial syngameons exhibit nonrandom structure, as the observed variation in number of successful crosses is larger than chance alone would predict. In general, there are no significant results involving the order statistics. Finally, I discuss biogeographic, ecological, and phylogenetic hypotheses for variation in hybridization propensity across species in natural syngameons.     

Strategies for optimizing DNA hybridization on surfaces

Specific and predictable hybridization of the polynucleotide sequences to their complementary counterparts plays a fundamental role in the rational design of new nucleic acid nanodevices. Generally, nucleic acid hybridization can be performed using two major strategies, namely hybridization of DNA or RNA targets to surface-tethered oligonucleotide probes (solid-phase hybridization) and hybridization of the target nucleic acids to randomly distributed probes in solution (solution-phase hybridization). Investigations into thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of these two strategies showed that hybridization on surfaces is less favorable than that of the same sequence in solution. Indeed, the efficiency of DNA hybridization on surfaces suffers from three constraints: (1) electrostatic repulsion between DNA strands on the surface, (2) steric hindrance between tethered DNA probes, and (3) nonspecific adsorption of the attached oligonucleotides to the solid surface. During recent years, several strategies have been developed to overcome the problems associated with DNA hybridization on surfaces. Optimizing the probe surface density, application of a linker between the solid surface and the DNA-recognizing sequence, optimizing the pH of DNA hybridization solutions, application of thiol reagents, and incorporation of a polyadenine block into the terminal end of the recognizing sequence are among the most important strategies for enhancing DNA hybridization on surfaces.     

报春花属植物的育种研究进展

本文对报春花属植物引种的历史和现状、育种途径和育种成果进行了综述.报春花属是报春花科最大的属,全世界约500余种,我国有296种.国外在杂交育种、多倍体育种、组织培养和体细胞融合等方面取得了许多研究成果,而国内有关报春花属植物育种的研究相对较少.目前通过杂交育种或多倍体育种等手段已培育出众多花色丰富、花型各异或不含报春碱的报春花新品种.今后我国应在保护种质资源的基础上,加强报春花新品种的培育,并尽快实现产业化生产.     

Effects of various fluorochromes and competition between labeled oligonucleotides on their hybridization to oligonucleotides immobilized on biological microchips

Some technical tips are described on how to improve the discrimination between perfect and imperfect duplexes formed by hybridization of fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides to biological microchips. Model experiments were performed to assess the precision of the method. Effects of labeling on the efficiency of hybridization and some properties of competitive hybridization were studied using short synthetic oligonucleotides and three most popular fluorochromes as examples.     

水稻体细胞杂交研究进展

水稻是世界重要的粮食作物,全世界约有120个国家种植水稻。水稻的近缘或远缘种具有一些优良性状,如抗病、抗虫、抗逆等。将这些性状导入水稻,是科学家们所希望的,但因用普通杂交方法存在交配系统的不亲和性等难题而进展不大。随着组织培养技术的发展,特别是植物原生质体培养技术的日趋成熟,使得人类能够在细胞水平通过体细胞杂交方法实现遗传信息的重组。     

The use of gene probes in the rapid analysis of natural microbial communities

Summary Hybridization probes produced from DNA sequences have proven to be a powerful tool in the rapid and sensitive analysis of natural microbial communities. By using function-specific probes, such as those identifying genes coding for photosynthesis, the potential a microbial community has for performing a given function may be rapidly determined. Gene probes have also been used in the identification and isolation of a specific catabolic genotype in less than one-fourth the time required for the conventional culture enrichment technique. Species-specific probes constructed from portions of genes coding for ribosomal RNA have been used for the rapid identification and enumeration of bacterial species in environmental samples. The use of reassociation kinetics as a measure of community diversity and complexity is also discussed. The successful application of this technique to community analysis may reduce the time required from 1 year, for conventional analysis, to 2 weeks.     

Acute and Persistent Suppression of Preproenkephalin mRNA Expression in the Striatum Following Developmental Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury

Abstract: The striatum is vulnerable to hypoxic-ischemic injury during development. In a rodent model of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia, it has been shown that striatal neurons are not uniformly vulnerable. Cholinergic neurons and NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons are relatively spared. However, it is unknown what classes of striatal neurons are relatively sensitive. One of the major classes of striatal neurons uses enkephalin as a neurotransmitter. We have studied the effect of early hypoxic-ischemic injury on this class of neurons using a quantitative solution hybridization assay for preproenkephalin mRNA in conjunction with in situ hybridization. Hypoxia-ischemia results in an early (up to 24 h) decrease in striatal preproenkephalin mRNA, which is shown by in situ hybridization to occur mainly in the dorsal portion of the striatum. By 14 days, whole striatal preproenkephalin mRNA and total enkephalin-containing peptide levels are normal. However, at 14 days, in situ hybridization reveals that regions of complete preproenkephalin mRNA-positive neuron loss remain in the dorsal region. Normal whole striatal levels are due to an up-regulation of preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the ventrolateral region of the injured striatum. Given the important role that the enkephalin-containing striatal efferent projection plays in regulating motor function, its relative loss may be important in the chronic disturbances of motor control observed in brain injury due to developmental hypoxic-ischemic injury.