The lower cretaceous ferns in the genus Anemia (Schizaeceae), Potomac group of Virginia, and relationships within the genus

Based on characters of the fertile fronds, two species of fossil ferns from the Lower Cretaceous Potomac Group of the U.S.A., originally described as species of Osmunda by Fontaine in 1889, are transferred to the genus Anemia. The two species display primitive characters for that genus. Analysis of these and other characters of Anemia and related species, using parsimony and compatibility programs, suggests possible phylogenetic arrangements and facilitates delimination of three taxonomic units within Anemia that were already distinct during Cretaceous time. The subgenera Coptophyllum and Anemia are shown to be paraphyletic in the suggested phylogenies and the schemes agree with the known stratigraphy of the fossil ferns.     

中国石松类和蕨类植物的多样性与地理分布

物种编目及其科属系统排列是了解生物多样性的基础, 本文采用Flora of China使用的分类系统, 结合最新分子分类学研究成果以及近几年发表的新资料, 对中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性和地理分布数据进行了统计和分析。结果表明中国共有石松类和蕨类植物40科178属2,147种5个亚种118个变种, 其中特有种839个, 占总种数的39.08%。种数最多的5个科依次为鳞毛蕨科(505种, 含种下单位, 下同)、蹄盖蕨科(323种)、水龙骨科(280种)、凤尾蕨科(266种)和金星蕨科(209种); 种数最多的5个属依次为耳蕨属(Polystichum, 209种)、鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris, 176种)、蹄盖蕨属(Athyrium, 137种)、双盖蕨属(Diplazium, 98种)和凤尾蕨属(Pteris, 97种)。在地理分布上, 种数排名前5的省份为云南(1,365种)、四川(875种)、贵州(838种)、广西(785种)和台湾(779种)。含中国特有石松类和蕨类植物的科属中, 排前3位的科分别为鳞毛蕨科(257种)、蹄盖蕨科(169种)和凤尾蕨科(113种); 排前3位的属为耳蕨属(140种)、蹄盖蕨属(82种)和鳞毛蕨属(61种)。     

黄土高原石松类和蕨类植物的多样性与地理分布

物种编目是了解生物多样性的基础。本文收集已出版的专著和文献, 查阅标本馆的馆藏标本信息, 在此基础上, 对黄土高原的石松类和蕨类植物的多样性和地理分布数据进行统计和分析。科属排列采用Flora of China的分类系统, 科属界定依据分子系统学的最新研究成果。结果表明, 黄土高原共有石松类和蕨类植物18科42属165种2亚种5变种, 其中中国特有种35种, 占总种数的20.35%。种类数量最多的5个科依次为凤尾蕨科(29种, 含种下单位, 下同)、鳞毛蕨科(28种)、水龙骨科(19种)、蹄盖蕨科(16种)和铁角蕨科(16种); 种类数量最多的6个属依次为铁角蕨属(Asplenium, 16种)、鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris, 15种)、耳蕨属(Polystichum, 12种)、岩蕨属(Woodsia, 11种)、卷柏属(Selaginella, 10种)和瓦韦属(Lepisorus, 10种)。黄土高原的石松类和蕨类植物中, 无珍稀濒危保护植物, 无中国特有属。依据生态类型可划分为4类, 即土生植物(112种)、石生植物(75种)、附生植物(18种)、水生植物(3种), 该区域石松类和蕨类植物土生或石生的种类占总种数的89.53%。在地理分布上, 黄土高原石松类和蕨类处于我国现生类群分布的边缘区域, 这与我国的石松类和蕨类分布规律基本一致。     

祖先性状重建法揭示铁线蕨属植物孢子表面纹饰的形态多样性及其演化

蕨类植物孢子表面的纹饰形态复杂多样, 在分类学和古生物学研究中具有重要意义, 目前探索祖先性状演化常用形态学与系统发育学结合的方法。本文选取一回羽叶铁线蕨类植物为材料, 用扫描电子显微镜观察其孢子形态, 用5个叶绿体基因序列构建系统树, 用最大似然法和最大简约法来分析孢子性状的演化。结果表明: 一回羽叶铁线蕨类的孢子纹饰有5种类型, 即光滑、粗糙、颗粒、疣状及瘤状; 这一类群的祖先孢子纹饰有很大的可能是瘤状纹饰; 疣状纹饰可能是由瘤状纹饰演化而来; 孢子纹饰由简单向复杂演化, 越进化的物种其孢子纹饰越复杂。     

蕨类植物rpoC1内含子缺失及其分子进化速率

rpoC1基因编码RNA聚合酶β°亚基蛋白, 在转录过程中与DNA模板结合, 与β亚基形成的β-β°亚基复合体构成RNA合成的催化中心。以rpoC1基因为研究对象, 在贝叶斯因子大于20的条件下, 用HyPhy软件位点模型检测到3个正选择位点和541个负选择位点; 用PAML软件位点模型检测到10个正选择位点, 其中3个位点的后验概率超过99%。此外, 基于最大似然法构建64种蕨类植物的系统发育树, 结合HyPhy软件分析rpoC1基因的转换率、颠换率、转换率/颠换率、同义替换率、非同义替换率以及同义替换率/非同义替换率, 探讨rpoC1基因内含子丢失与分子进化速率的关系。结果表明, rpoC1基因内含子缺失对转换率、颠换率以及非同义替换率有一定影响。     

蕨类植物孢子囊形态 I. 鳞始蕨科

孢子囊是蕨类植物的繁殖器官, 其形态在蕨类植物的分类和系统发育研究上具有重要意义。用次氯酸钠溶液处理新鲜成熟的孢子囊, 在光学显微镜下获得清晰的孢子囊图像, 系统研究了中国鳞始蕨科4属13种孢子囊的形态特征。结果表明, 鳞始蕨科孢子囊呈椭球形, 孢子囊柄由3列细胞构成, 环带类型为垂直环带。通过分析孢子囊形态数据探讨了中国鳞始蕨科属内及属间差异。结果表明, 乌蕨属(Odontosoria)、香鳞始蕨属(Osmolindsaea)、达边蕨属(Tapeinidium)和鳞始蕨属(Lindsaea)的孢子囊环带细胞数依次减少, 囊蒴体积、唇细胞数和囊壁细胞数的变化由大(多)到小(少)依次为乌蕨属、达边蕨属、香鳞始蕨属和鳞始蕨属。孢子囊属内差异最大的是阔片乌蕨(Odontosoria biflora)与乌蕨(O. chinensis)以及香鳞始蕨(Osmolindsaea odorata)与日本鳞始蕨(O. japonica); 而达边蕨属和鳞始蕨属的属内差异则很小。研究结果为揭示鳞始蕨科系统发育关系提供了形态基础, 特别是提出阔片乌蕨和乌蕨以及香鳞始蕨和日本鳞始蕨在孢子囊形态上的差异值得进一步研究。     

中国东北地区石松类和蕨类植物区系研究

中国东北地区是我国北方石松类和蕨类植物最丰富地区,对其区系的系统研究是区域石松类和蕨类植物资源管理的基础和前提。本研究在文献分析和标本查阅的基础上,探讨了东北地区石松类和蕨类植物区系及其特征。结果表明：①东北地区有石松类和蕨类植物19科48属141种（含种下分类群）。②东北地区石松类和蕨类植物区系属温带性质,且包含一定的热带和寒带性质的成分,体现其地理成分的复杂性。③优势科属明显,7个优势科的种数占全部种数的63.83%,6个优势属的种数占全部种数的46.10%;单种和寡种属较多,占总属数的83.33%,所包含的种却只占总种数的47.52%。④东北地区是木贼科（Equisetaceae）在中国的重要分布区。⑤东北地区分布有石松类和蕨类植物的中国特有种30种,东北地区特有种4种（长白石杉Huperzia asiatica、宽鳞蹄盖蕨Athyrium yokoscense var. kirismaense、长齿对囊蕨Deparia pycnosora var. longidens和长白山金星蕨Parathelypteris changbaishanensis）。本研究是东北地区植物区系研究的必要补充,具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

Stomatal characteristics of ferns and angiosperms and their responses to changing light intensity at different habitats

气孔是植物与大气环境进行气体交换的重要通道, 在调控植物碳水平衡方面发挥着重要作用。为探讨生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及气孔对光强变化的响应格局在不同植物间和不同生境条件下的变异, 选取开阔生境和林下生境的5种蕨类植物和4种被子植物, 测定了它们的气孔形态特征和气孔导度对光强变化的响应。此外, 还收集了8篇文献中开阔和林下生境的45种蕨类植物和70种被子植物的气孔密度和气孔长度数据, 以增大样本量从而更好地探讨不同生境条件下蕨类和被子植物气孔密度及长度的变异格局, 并通过分析生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响来推测生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为的可能影响。实验结果表明, 与林下植物相比, 开阔环境下的植物气孔密度更大, 气孔长度更小, 气孔对光强降低的响应更敏感; 但植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及对气孔响应光强的敏感程度的影响均不显著。对文献数据的分析表明, 生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征均有显著影响。考虑到气孔响应快慢与气孔形态特征密切相关, 与蕨类植物相比, 被子植物小而密的气孔可能为其更快地响应环境变化提供了基础。研究表明生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为均有显著影响。     

Biotransformation of monoterpenoids, (−)- and menthols, terpinolene and carvotanacetone by Aspergillus species

Four monoterpenoids, (−)- and (+)-menthols, terpinolene and carvotanacetone were biotransformed by Aspergillus niger and several related species. Aspergillus niger converted (−)-menthol to 1-, 2-, 6-, 7-, and 9-hydroxymenthols and the mosquito repellent-active 8-hydroxymenthol. On the other hand, (+)-menthol was smoothly biotransformed by A. niger to give 7-hydroxymenthol. Aspergillus cellulosae biotransformed (−)-menthol specifically to 4-hydroxymenthol. Terpinolene and (−)-carvotanacetone were converted by A. niger to two , β-unsaturated ketones, a fenchane-type compound and diastereoisomeric p-menthane-2,9-diols and 8-hydroxycarvomenthol, respectively.     

不同生境条件下蕨类和被子植物的气孔形态特征及其对光强变化的响应

气孔是植物与大气环境进行气体交换的重要通道, 在调控植物碳水平衡方面发挥着重要作用。为探讨生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及气孔对光强变化的响应格局在不同植物间和不同生境条件下的变异, 选取开阔生境和林下生境的5种蕨类植物和4种被子植物, 测定了它们的气孔形态特征和气孔导度对光强变化的响应。此外, 还收集了8篇文献中开阔和林下生境的45种蕨类植物和70种被子植物的气孔密度和气孔长度数据, 以增大样本量从而更好地探讨不同生境条件下蕨类和被子植物气孔密度及长度的变异格局, 并通过分析生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响来推测生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为的可能影响。实验结果表明, 与林下植物相比, 开阔环境下的植物气孔密度更大, 气孔长度更小, 气孔对光强降低的响应更敏感; 但植物类型对气孔形态特征的影响以及对气孔响应光强的敏感程度的影响均不显著。对文献数据的分析表明, 生境和植物类型对气孔形态特征均有显著影响。考虑到气孔响应快慢与气孔形态特征密切相关, 与蕨类植物相比, 被子植物小而密的气孔可能为其更快地响应环境变化提供了基础。研究表明生境和植物类型对气孔响应行为均有显著影响。     

海金沙卵发生的组织化学研究

采用组织化学方法对海金沙（Lygodium japonicum （Thunb.） Sw.）卵发生进行了研究。高碘酸-锡夫反应（PAS反应）结果显示：颈沟和腹沟细胞外产生的黏性物质为多糖类物质;在卵细胞发生早期颈卵器细胞内均含有质体,且淀粉粒含量丰富,随着颈卵器的发育,卵细胞以及颈沟和腹沟细胞内淀粉粒数量和体积均逐渐减少,最后退化消失。苏丹黑B反应结果显示：海金沙颈沟和腹沟细胞外产生的黏性物质也含有脂类物质,而卵细胞内并未有明显脂类物质产生;卵细胞质膜处也并没有糖类或脂类物质的积累。本研究从组织化学角度佐证了海金沙的特殊性,即既有原始蕨类的特征,又有进化蕨类的特征。     

中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性研究进展

石松类和蕨类植物是维管植物的第二大类群, 其起源可追溯到4亿年前。在被子植物出现之前, 石松类和蕨类植物在古地球生态系统中占主导地位, 其重要性一直延续到现在。自20世纪40年代开始, 中国石松类和蕨类植物研究就令世界瞩目, 尤其是2017年第19届国际植物学大会在中国深圳召开后的5年时间里, 中国石松类和蕨类植物研究更是面向世界、走向国际, 研究更为广泛的科学问题, 在物种多样性、保护、系统演化和生态适应性等方面取得了一系列重要研究进展。2017-2022年, 多个中国研究团队利用多组学数据构建了世界石松类和蕨类植物科级水平的生命之树并提出了关键性状孢子囊环带演化的新模式; 解决了石松类和蕨类植物中目级、科级、属级和种级众多关键的系统分类学等问题, 发表了106个新分类群; 开展了大量的植物区系调查和研究, 出版了6部中国石松类和蕨类植物多样性专著和1部世界性专著; 对65种国家重点保护的石松类和蕨类植物进行了迁地保护, 同时实现了桫椤科、水蕨属(Ceratopteris)、观音座莲属(Angiopteris)和鹿角蕨(Platycerium wallichii)等重点保护类群的孢子繁殖; 在系统发育框架下, 研究了石松类和蕨类植物的生态修复功能和生态适应性演化。通过对2017-2022年研究成果的总结和思考, 本文对未来石松类和蕨类植物的发展提出以下建议: (1)提高中国寡型科属以及世界性大科大属的关注力度; (2)加强西藏、四川等薄弱地区石松类和蕨类植物的调查研究, 并结合新技术, 如DNA条形码等以提高区系调查中物种鉴别的效率和准确性; (3)运用多学科交叉的研究方法厘清各科、属、种间系统关系的同时, 还应加强系统和生态适应性演化之间的协同研究; (4)关注石松类和蕨类植物系统位置作为陆生维管植物演化起点的共性科学问题; (5)加强石松类和蕨类植物系统分类学与生态学、植物化学、保护生物学等学科间交叉合作研究。     

浙江蕨类植物新种

1979年以来,中国科学院植物研究所邢公侠、林尤兴,特别是杭州大学生物系张朝芳等在浙江沿海各县第一次开展了广泛的蕨类植物调查工作,为编写《浙江植物志》准备基本资料。他们采集了大量标本,通过鉴定发现一批新种,现报导如下。这里值得提出的是浙江位于中亚热带,受海洋性气候的影响,植物种类极为丰富,过去未经有计划的调查,对它的植物区系组成了解很少。就藻类植物而言,现知它是华东最丰富的一区,而且有其独特之处,例如,它是鳞毛蕨属泡鳞组的分布中心,在本文就报导了18个新种。上海华东师范大学生物系的植物学工作者近来也在浙南和杭州附近采集了一批新种,将另文发表。     

Mitochondrial respiratory chain of Tetrahymena pyriformis The properties of submitochondrial particles and the soluble b and c type pigments

Submitochondrial particles isolated from Tetrahymena pyriformis contain essentially the same redox carriers as those present in parental mitochondria: at pH 7.2 and 22 °C there are two b-type pigments with half-reduction potentials of −0.04 and −0.17 V, a c-type cytochrome with a half reduction potential of 0.215 V, and a two-component cytochrome a₂ with E_m7.2 of 0.245 and 0.345 V.

EPR spectra of the aerobic submitochondrial particles in the absence of substrate show the presence of low spin ferric hemes with g values at 3.4 and 3.0, a high spin ferric heme with g = 6, and a g = 2.0 signal characteristic of oxidized copper. In the reduced submitochondrial particles signals of various iron-sulfur centers are observed.

Cytochrome c₅₅₃ is lost from mitochondria during preparation of the submitochondrial particles. The partially purified cytochrome c₅₅₃ is a negatively charged protein at neutral pH with an E_m7.2 of 0.25 V which binds to the cytochrome c-depleted Tetrahymena mitochondria in the amount of 0.5 nmol/mg protein with a K_D of 0.8 · 10⁻⁶ M. Reduced cytochrome c₅₅₃ serves as an efficient substrate in the reaction with its own oxidase. The EPR spectrum of the partially purified cytochrome c₅₅₃ shows the presence of a low spin ferric heme with the dominant resonance signal at g = 3.28.

A pigment with an absorption maximum at 560 nm can be solubilized from the Tetrahymena cells with butanol. This pigments has a molecular weight of approx. 18 000, and E_m7.2 of −0.17 V and exhibits a high spin ferric heme signal at g = 6.     

Comparison of kinetic properties between MSS4 and Rab3A GRF GDP/GTP exchange proteins

The kinetic properties of MSS4 are studied in comparison with those of Rab3A GRF. MSS4 stimulates the dissociation of [³H]GDP from the lipid-modified and lipid-unmodified forms of Rab3A to the same extent, although Rab3A GRF is more effective on the lipid-modified form than on the lipid-unmodified form. Both MSS4 and Rab3A GRF are inactive on other Rab/Sec/Ypt family members including at least Rab2, Rab5, and Rab11. Rab GDI inhibits the MSS4 and Rab3A GRF effects on the lipid-modified form of Rab3A, but the doses of Rab GDI necessary for this inhibitory effect on Rab3A GRF are lower than those on MSS4. Moreover, Rab GDI slightly inhibits the Rab3A GRF effect on the lipid-unmodified form of Rab3A, but does not affect the MSS4 effect on the lipid-unmodified form of Rab3A. These results suggest that MSS4 and Rab3A GRF are different GDP/GTP exchange proteins for Rab3A.     

Phylogenetic and biosystematic relationships in four highly disjunct polyploid complexes in the subgenera Ceterach and Phyllitis in Asplenium (Aspleniaceae)

Phylogenetic studies using DNA sequences of two chloroplast regions, rbcL and trnL-F, demonstrate that the proposed genus Ceterach is a small clade within the large genus Asplenium, and sister to the Phyllitis clade. The Ceterach clade is characterised by irregular anastomosing veins and often densely scaled leaf blades. Its taxonomic status as a group nested within Asplenium is confirmed, and it is accepted here as a subgenus with seven species. The Ceterach clade comprises four lineages that correspond to disjunct polyploid complexes: the A. aureum clade forming a polyploid complex (4×, 6×, 8×) in Macaronesia, the A. ceterach clade forming a polyploid complex (2×, 4×, 6×) in the Mediterranean Basin, the A. paucivenosum clade (4×, 6×) in central Asia, and the A. dalhousiae clade (2×) with a disjunct distribution in the Himalaya, Yemen and Eritrea, and southwestern North America. Asplenium paucivenosum is sister to all other members of the Ceterach clade, whereas A. dalhousiae is sister to the A. aureum clade that includes tetraploid A. aureum, hexaploid A. lolegnamense, and octoploid A. parvifolium. Asplenium ceterach and its variations – including the hexaploid A. ceterach subsp. mediterraneum subsp. nov. first described below – form a monophyletic unit, sister to a clade consisting of A. aureum and A. dalhousiae. Asplenium cordatum from Africa and A. haugthonii from the isolated atlantic island of St. Helena are not members of the Ceterach clade, which suggests that leaf blades with dense indumenta have evolved at least twice within asplenioid ferns. The allotetraploid species A. hybridum has the chloroplast DNA from A. ceterach, and therefore the latter species is the maternal ancestor of the former. The other parent of this hybrid species is A. sagittatum that is nested within the sister clade of Ceterach, the Phyllitis clade comprising A. sagittatum and A. scolopendrium. The findings suggest that the current distribution of Ceterach is either the result of long-distance dispersal or represents fragmented relicts of a previously more widely distributed species.     

Characterization of MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa

Several MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa were compared with the wild-type strain for their relative sensitivities to UV, X-ray, and histidine. They were also compared for the frequency of spontaneous mutation at the loci which confer resistance to p-fluorophenylalanine. The mutants were also examined for possible defects in meiotic behavior in homozygous crosses and for any change in the inducible DNA salvage pathways (as indicated by their ability to utilize DNA as the sole phosphate source in the growth medium). On the basis of these characterizations, the present MMS-sensitive mutants of Neurospora can be placed into three groups. The first group includes three mutants, mus-(SC3), mus-(SC13), and mus-(SC28). These are slow growers, insensitive to histidine with no apparent meiotic defects and may have reduced frequency of spontaneous mutation. In addition, their mycelial growth is sensitive to MMS but the conidial viability following MMS, UV or X-ray treatment appears normal or only slightly more sensitive than the wild-type. The second group includes only one mutant, mus-(SC15); its mycelial growth is very sensitive to MMS but the conidial survival following treatment with MMS or UV appears normal; however, the conidial survival following exposure to X-ray is significantly reduced. This mutant shows an increase (more than 10-fold) frequency of spontaneous mutation, but behaves normal like the wild-type with respect to fertility, growth rate and insensitivity to histidine. The third group includes mutants mus-(SC10), mus-(SC25), and mus-(SC29). These mutants are very sensitive to UV, X-rays and MMS and to histadine but have normal growth rates on minimal medium. Mutant mus-(SC10), but not mus-(SC25) and mus-(SC29), has an increased (11 ×) frequency of spontaneous mutation. On the basis of data presented, the MMS sensitivity of the first group of mutants cannot be ascertained to arise from a defect in the DNA repair pathways; instead, it may stem from altered cell permeability or other pleotropic effects of the mus mutations. However, it can be suggested that the second and third group of mus mutants may indeed result from a defect in the DNA repair pathways controlled by the mus genes; this conclusion is based on their cross-sensitivity to a number of DNA-damaging agents such as MMS, UV and/or X-ray, high frequencies of spontaneous mutation (mutator effects) and defects in meiotic behavior.     

Construction and heterologous expression of a synthetic copy of the cutinase cDNA from Fusarium solani pisi

A copy of the cutinase cDNA from Fusarium solani pisi was constructed starting from synthetic oligonucleotides. For this construction three separate cassettes were made, which were subsequently assembled to form the cutinase gene. Heterologous expression of the synthetic cutinase gene and the subsequent secretion of the recombinant enzyme was achieved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus awamori.     

幕阜山脉石松类和蕨类植物多样性及生物地理学特征

通过资料收集及野外调查, 得出幕阜山脉地区共有石松类和蕨类植物26科72属261种, 具有一定的东西过渡性, 为鳞毛蕨-铁角蕨植物区系, 最大属为鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris) (29种)。其中, 庐山的物种丰富度较高(224种), 以铁角蕨属(Asplenium)为主; 幕阜山的物种密度较大(2.09种/km ²), 以卷柏属(Selaginella)为主; 九宫山以瓦韦属(Lepisorus)为主; 三者共通种有95种, 新特有现象较丰富。该区属种分化限制明显, 表现在单种科、属及寡种科、属占总科数的60%及总属数的80%。从区系成分看, 该区科、属以热带成分为主, 科和属的热带性成分与温带性成分比值(R/T值)分别为2.6和2.3。与同纬度带山地石松类和蕨类植物属的R/T值比较, 中亚热带与北亚热带交界带的蕨类植物属的R/T值在2.18-2.36之间; 种的R/T值为0.2, 为热带成分的5倍, 表现出明显的温带性质, 是罗霄山脉植物区系温带成分的重要组成部分。该区石松类和蕨类植物区系与华东、华南植物区系联系比较紧密, 表现出华东与华南两区系成分的交汇。     

Phylogeography of the widespread fern Lemmaphyllum in East Asia: species differentiation and population dynamics in response to change in climate and geography

Past climatic oscillations and complex geodynamic processes had tremendous effects on the current distributions of species in East Asia. Previous studies have revealed that spermatophytes experienced different demographic histories and survived in multiple refuges. However, very few studies involving ferns have been conducted over a large geographical area like East Asia. The monophyletic epiphytic fern genus Lemmaphyllum, which is composed of four species, is widespread in East Asia and offers a good model for exploring how geoclimatic oscillations influence the diversification and demographic history of fern species. We studied the phylogeography of Lemmaphyllum based on 115 populations using plastid sequences and ecological niche modeling. A total of 91 haplotypes were found in Lemmaphyllum. Molecular clock estimation revealed that speciation coincided with the three phases of the Qingzang Movement at beginning of the third uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The “Tanaka-Kaiyong Line” demarcated lineages within L. carnosum. The split of the mainland and island lineages of L. rostratum and L. carnosum var. microphyllum may have resulted from ancestral isolation whereby land-bridges acted as a “barrier” rather than as a “corridor” between mainland and island lineages. Multiple glacial refuges such as Sichuan Basin, Jinggangshan region, YGG region, HDM region, and the islands of the China East Sea during the LGM were revealed. The entities of Lemmaphyllum experienced species-specific demographic histories in response to the Pleistocene climate change. The case study of epiphytic ferns may provide evidences for understanding the migration of evergreen broad-leaf forest under climate oscillation.