Toxicity assessment of insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields

Toxicity of four insecticides commonly used in rice pest management, chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, carbaryl and carbosulfan, to the fry of common carp was assessed through median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) and in vivo inhibition of the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme at sublethal concentrations. The 96‐h LC₅₀ values for these four insecticides were determined to be 0.008, 26.11, 7.85 and 0.60 mg L^?1 respectively. Exposure of fish to a series of sublethal concentrations (0.5–5% LC₅₀) of each insecticide for 14 days resulted in concentration‐dependent inhibition in AChE activity in comparison with the controls. AChE activity was greatly inhibited in the fish exposed to sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Upon transfer to insecticide‐free water, AChE activities in fry exposed to 0.5 and 1% LC₅₀ concentrations of carbaryl and carbosulfan were restored to the control level within 7–21 days whereas the fish exposed to chlorpyrifos or dimethoate did not fully recover from the insecticide‐induced anticholinesterase action. Of the four insecticides tested, chlorpyrifos was the most toxic for the fry of common carp. Although dimethoate was least toxic for the fish under acute exposure, the restoration level of normal AChE activity was slower under chronic exposure in comparison with carbaryl and carbosulfan. Hence, the use of carbamates, especially carbaryl, to control insect pests of rice in rice‐cum‐carp culture systems is recommended when considering survival, restoration of the normal AChE activity and stamina of the cultured fish.     

Feeding behavior and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in bream (Abramis brama L.) as affected by DDVP,an organophosphorus insecticide

1. Bream (Abramis brama) were exposed to sublethal concentration of organophosphorus insecticide DDVP and the amount of food consumed and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) examined in exposed fish.2. Exposure to DDVP resulted in decreased amount of food consumed and inhibited brain AChE activity.3. Intraperitoneal injection of the fish with cholinergic drugs, atropine and TMB-4 recovered the feecling efficiency in exposed fish. TMB-4 recovered brain AChE activity as well.4. The results revealed that cholinergic system in fish brain constitutes biochemical mechanism controlling feecling behavior in fish.     

Fish Cholinesterases as Biomarkers of Sublethal Effects of Organophosphorus and Carbamates in Tissues of Labeo Rohita

Organophosphates and carbamates are major agrochemicals that strongly affect different neuroenzymes and the growth of various fish species. Here, we study the effect of sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and the associated health risk in fish. Labeo rohita fingerlings were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of profenofos and carbofuran. The minimum cholinesterase activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to profenofos (0.06 mg/L). The minimum AChE and BuChE activities in the brain, gills, muscle, kidney, liver, and blood were after exposure to carbofuran (0.28 and 0.198 mg/L). Exposure to both types of pesticides affected the functions of these organs, including metabolism and neurotransmission, to various extents at different exposure concentrations. These findings suggest that they are required to be properly monitored in the environment, to reduce their toxic effects on nontarget organisms     

Effects of chlorpyrifos on enzymatic systems of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) adults

The control program of codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) in the Río Negro and Neuquén Valley is intended to neonate larvae. However, adults may be subjected to sublethal pesticide concentrations generating stress which might enhance both mutation rates and activity of the detoxification system. This study assessed the exposure effects of chlorpyrifos on target enzyme and, both detoxifying and antioxidant systems of surviving adults from both a laboratory susceptible strain (LSS) and a field population (FP). The results showed that the FP was as susceptible to chlorpyrifos as the LSS and, both exhibited a similar chlorpyrifos‐inhibitory concentration 50 (IC₅₀) of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The FP displayed higher carboxylesterase (CarE) and 7‐ethoxycoumarine O‐deethylase (ECOD) activities than LSS. Both LSS and FP showed an increase on CarE activity after the exposure to low‐chlorpyrifos concentrations, followed by enzyme inhibition at higher concentrations. There were no significant differences neither in the activities of glutathione S‐transferases (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) nor in the reduced glutathione (GSH) content between LSS and FP. Moreover, these enzymes were unaffected by chlorpyrifos. In conclusion, control adults from the FP exhibited higher CarE and ECOD activities than control adults from the LSS. AChE and CarE activities were the most affected by chlorpyrifos. Control strategies used for C. pomonella, such as rotations of insecticides with different modes of action, will probably delay the evolution of insecticide resistance in FPs from the study area.     

Chronic exposure of coho salmon to sublethal concentrations of copper.--I. Effect on growth, on accumulation and distribution of copper, and on copper tolerance

1. Coho salmon, exposed to sublethal levels of aqueous copper (1/4 and 1/2 LC50), lost appetite and ceased growing or showed decreased rates of growth. 2. Recovery of appetite and growth rate was faster in fish exposed to 1/4 of the LC50 than in those exposed to 1/2 of the LC50. 3. Copper levels were elevated in liver gill and kidney of exposed fish with the liver tissue accumulating a much larger amount of the metal than any other tissue. 4. The concentration of liver copper became constant at about the time that growth rate recovered. 5. The exposed fish exhibited much higher resistance to elevated aqueous copper levels than did the controls. 6. The results suggest that coho salmon may become acclimated to higher levels of copper and that acclimated fish are more tolerant to copper than control animals.     

Sublethal effects of an organophosphorus insecticide (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters of tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

The effect of exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.017 mg L(-1), 1/10 of LC50) of the novel organophosphate (OP) insecticide, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxyphosphinothioyl) methyl ester (RPR-II) on biochemical parameters in Oreochromis mossambicus was studied during exposure for 3, 7, 15, 30 and its recovery response after seven days. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of brain, gill and muscle was inhibited by 67%, 77% and 73% respectively on day-30. The plasma and kidney alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) activity increased, while decreases were observed in gill and liver. Increases in acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were observed in plasma, gill, and kidney, and reductions of 20% and 61% in liver AcP and AP, respectively. Depletion of glycogen was observed in all tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage but a significant increase in LDH activity in gill and brain was observed. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in all tissues, thereby enhancing lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in the above biochemical parameters, in all tissues of fish after a recovery period of seven days. These results revealed that the OP insecticide RPR-II is highly toxic and affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus.     

Cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the insecticides, imidacloprid and methamidophos

We examined the cytogenetic and genotoxic effects of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid and the organophosphate insecticide methamidophos, when administered alone or in combination. These insecticides were tested with the bone marrow chromosome aberration assay and micronucleus test in rats and by the bacterial mutation assay (Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay). Wistar albino rats were orally fed daily with laboratory chow treated with various concentrations of insecticides, 50 and 100 mg/kg imidacloprid, 2.5 and 5 mg/kg methamidophos, and 2.5 and 5 mg/kg imidacloprid plus methamidophos, respectively, for 90 days. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations were evaluated. Significant differences were detected between all the insecticide-administered groups versus the control group and between the two concentrations of the pesticide-treated groups. Both concentrations of the insecticides induced a dose-related increase in the micronucleus frequency (P < 0.05). Dose-related increases in the number of revertants were observed with the two Salmonella strains (TA98 and TA100). All tested doses of the insecticides demonstrated mutagenic activity in the presence of S9 mix. These results lead us to the conclusion that the synergistic effect of methamidophos and imidacloprid causes an increase in potential damage to non-target organisms.     

Maturational differences in chlorpyrifos-oxonase activity may contribute to age-related sensitivity to chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a commonly used cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide, is lethal at much lower doses to young animals than adults. To explain this higher sensitivity in younger animals, we hypothesized that young rats have less chlorpyrifos-oxonase (CPFOase) activity than adults. To test this hypothesis, CPFOase activity was measured in the brain, plasma, and liver of male, postnatal day 4 (PND4) and adult (PND90) Long-Evans rats. CPFOase is biochemically defined as a Ca²⁺-dependent A-esterase that hydrolyzes chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPFO), the active metabolite of CPF. No brain CPFOase activity was detected at either age. Plasma and liver CPFOase activities were markedly lower at PND4 compared to adult: PND4 plasma and liver CPFOase activities were 1/11 and 1/2 the adult plasma and liver activities, respectively. Because the K_m of CPFOase activity was high (i.e., 210–380 μM), it was important to determine if this CPFOase activity could hydrolyze physiologically relevant concentrations (i.e., nM to low μM) of CPFO. This was accomplished by comparing the shifts in the tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) IC₅₀ for CPFO in the presence or absence of CPFOase activity. One would expect an increase in the “apparent” IC₅₀ if CPFOase hydrolyzes substantial amounts of CPFO during the 30 minutes the tissue is preincubated with the CPFO. In the adult, both plasma and liver AChE apparent IC₅₀ values were higher in the presence of CPFOase activity, suggesting that the CPFOase in those tissues was capable of hydrolyzing physiologically relevant concentrations of CPFO within 30 minutes. In young animals, however, there was less of a shift in the IC₅₀ curves compared to the adult, confirming that the young animal has less capacity than the adult to detoxify physiologically relevant concentrations of CPFO via CPFOase. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Toxicol 11: 279–287, 1997.     

Increased recovery of brain acetylcholinesterase activity in dichlorvos-intoxicated European eels Anguilla anguilla by bath treatment with N-acetylcysteine

Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are widely used as antiparasitic chemicals in finfish aquaculture. However, current antidotes cannot be applied to treat intoxicated fish. We showed in previous studies the importance of glutathione (GSH) metabolism in pesticide resistance of the European eel Anguilla anguilla L. The present work studied the effects of the antioxidant and glutathione pro-drug N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) on the recovery of European eels exposed for 96 h to a sublethal concentration (0.17 mg l(-1); 20% of its 96 h LC50) of the OP pesticide dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; DDVP). This insecticide and acaricide decreased muscular GSH content and increased oxidised glutathione (GSSG), lowering the GSH:GSSG ratio, which is indicative of a condition of oxidative stress. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities in the brain, which were biomarkers of neurotoxicity and oxidative stress, respectively, were also highly inhibited. Recovery in a 0.5 mM (81.6 mg l(-1)) NAC concentration ameliorated muscular GSH depletion, GSH:GSSG ratio, and the inhibition of brain AChE and GR activities. Hence, this is the first evidence of improved recovery of organophosphate-poisoned fish by bath treatments.     

Effects of the organophosphate insecticide,monocrotophos, on acetylcholinesterase activity in the nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) brain

The neurotoxic effects of monocrotophos on the brain of the nile tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus) were examined, using a static bioassay under laboratory conditions. By probit analysis the 96 h LC₅₀ value of monocrotophos was 4.9 mg/l. After 96 h exposure to acute levels of monocrotophos, the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity decreased progressively as the concentration of monocrotophos increased. In addition, four weeks following transfer to toxicant-free water after exposure to 1 mg monocrotophos, nile tilapia fish brain regained 95% of control AChE activity. The results indicate that inhibition of AChE activity in fish exposed to monocrotophos may serve as an indicator of hazard due to application of this chemical in the natural environment.Special issue dedicated to Dr. Robert Balazs.     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒与化学杀虫剂和卵磷脂混用的增效作用

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒(HaNPV)分别与三氟氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、灭净菊酯、灭多威、辛硫磷、甲基对硫磷和乙酰甲胺磷等化学杀虫剂混合饲喂棉铃虫幼虫,统计致死中浓度LC₅₀,计算增效比,测定虫体内与抗性有关的三种重要酶：多功能氧化酶(MFO)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的活性。研究大豆卵磷脂对HaNPV致病性的影响。结果表明：HaNPV与化学杀虫剂混合饲喂抗性棉铃虫,生测统计增效比均大于1.0,特别是病毒与甲基对硫磷混用,增效比更是达到3.53,表现出良好的增效作用。混剂感染抗性棉铃虫,虫体内MFO的活性比化学杀虫剂单用时降低3～12倍,CarE和AChE的活性也比化学杀虫剂单用时低,HaNPV明显抑制了化学杀虫剂对MFO和CarE的诱导作用。HaNPV与大豆卵磷脂混用,提高了HaNPV对棉铃虫的感染致死率,缩短了致死中时间(LT₅₀)。     

苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽的生物活性及亚致死影响

本文系统地比较了有代表性的4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)的生物活性和亚致死剂量对绿盲蝽生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明,苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂对绿盲蝽各龄若虫均有较高的毒力,供试苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂中,氟啶脲对绿盲蝽2龄若虫的毒力最高,其LC50为51.63 mg/L;氟铃脲对其3龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为66.87 mg/L;杀铃脲对绿盲蝽4龄若虫毒力最高,其LC50为93.04 mg/L,3种药剂毒力均高于马拉硫磷。以4种苯甲酰基脲类杀虫剂LC30～40剂量处理绿盲蝽若虫后,对其存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖产生明显的后续影响。氟铃脲对试虫的影响最大,处理2龄若虫,表现为其若虫发育历期延长、成虫产卵量略有降低、成虫寿命降低;处理4龄若虫,羽化率降低、成虫产卵量、成虫寿命均降低。     

Aluminum exposure alters behavioral parameters and increases acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish <Emphasis Type="Italic">(Danio rerio)</Emphasis> brain

Aluminum is a metal that is known to impact fish species. The zebrafish has been used as an attractive model for toxicology and behavioral studies, being considered a model to study environmental exposures and human pathologies. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of aluminum exposure on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and behavioral parameters in zebrafish. In vivo exposure of zebrafish to 50 μg/L AlCl₃ for 96 h at pH 5.8 significantly increased (36%) acetylthiocholine hydrolysis in zebrafish brain. There were no changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity when fish were exposed to the same concentration of AlCl₃ at pH 6.8. In vitro concentrations of AlCl₃ varying from 50 to 250 μM increased AChE activity (28% to 33%, respectively). Moreover, we observed that animals exposed to AlCl₃ at pH 5.8 presented a significant decrease in locomotor activity, as evaluated by the number of line crossings (25%), distance traveled (14.1%), and maximum speed (24%) besides an increase in the absolute turn angle (12.7%). These results indicate that sublethal levels of aluminum might modify behavioral parameters and acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish brain.     

Changes in the content of glycogen and its metabolites during acute exposure ofAnabas testudineus (Bloch) to furadan

Significant differences were observed in glycogen metabolism ofAnabas testudineus exposed to an acute lethal (1.56 mg/litre) and a sublethal (0.56 mg/litre) concentration of furadan. At sublethal concentration, the muscle glycogen which was utilized during the early periods of exposure, was replenished in the later period of exposure and at 120 h, the muscle glycogen levels were higher than the control. At higher concentration, the liver glycogen levels showed an increase presumably at the expense of fuel reserves of the muscle.     

草甘膦对空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫3种代谢酶活性的影响

采用不同浓度的草甘膦0.41 g/L、0.82 g/L、1.23 g/L、1.64g/L、2.05 g/L分别以胃毒和触杀法处理空心莲子草叶甲Agasicles hygrophila成虫,测定其乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)比活力.试验结果表明:两种处理,草甘膦对AChE活力均有不同程度的抑制作用;对CarE活力影响较为显著,在2.05 g/L浓度下,胃毒处理CarE对α-乙酸萘酯(α-NA)和β-乙酸萘酯(β-NA)水解能力分别是对照组的50%和57%,触杀处理CarE对α-乙酸萘酯(α-NA)和β-乙酸荼酯(β-NA)水解能力分别是对照组的53%和59%;胃毒处理埘酶活力影响大于触杀处理,草甘膦对GSTs的活力影响不明显.     

The preconditioning phenomenon and its mechanisms in the common carp as affected by Actara insecticide

The effect of Actara insecticide on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus) was studied, and its sublethal concentration (LC50) for this species was estimated. Exposure to Actara at a concentration of 400 mg/L in freshwater was shown to kill all the common carp individuals within 24 h, while 24-h preconditioning at an Actara concentration of 100 mg/L promoted survival of animals when they were subsequently exposed to the insecticide at a concentration of 400 mg/L for 5 days. Estimates of serotonin-modulated anticonsolidation protein (SMAP) in the common carp brain and liver by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) following exposure to Actara at a concentration of 100 mg/L for 24 h showed its increased level in both organs (p < 0.001), particularly manifest in the liver. It is concluded that preconditioning elevates SMAP tissue levels and promotes thereby protection of the organism against damaging effects of lethal Actara concentrations.     

噻虫胺对桃蚜的毒力及其亚致死剂量对桃蚜解毒酶系活力的影响

为明确噻虫胺对桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)的毒力和桃蚜的代谢解毒机制, 本研究采用点滴法、 叶片浸渍法和叶柄内吸法分别测定了噻虫胺对桃蚜的毒力, 以及胡椒基丁醚（PBO）、 磷酸三苯酯（TPP）和顺丁烯二酸二乙酯（DEM）对噻虫胺毒力的影响; 检测了噻虫胺在亚致死剂量LC₆, LC₁₅和LC₃₀下对桃蚜体内乙酰胆碱酯酶、 羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活力的影响。结果表明: 噻虫胺对桃蚜点滴、 浸渍和内吸LC₅₀分别为1.891, 2.341和1.303 mg/L; 3种酶抑制剂分别与噻虫胺按1∶1混用, PBO对噻虫胺增效达2.41倍, 增效作用显著; TPP对噻虫胺增效达1.52倍, 增效作用也较明显; DEM对噻虫胺无增效作用。以噻虫胺LC₃₀浓度处理桃蚜, 处理后24 h其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶比活力受到显著抑制, 抑制率达41.2%; 以LC₁₅和LC₃₀浓度的噻虫胺处理桃蚜, 处理后24 h其体内羧酸酯酶比活力分别是对照的1.29和1.36倍, 有显著诱导激活作用; 以噻虫胺LC6, LC₁₅和LC₃₀浓度处理的桃蚜, 对其体内谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的抑制率分别达7.9%, 11.9%和22.7%。结果说明噻虫胺对桃蚜具有较高毒力, 羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶可能是桃蚜体内代谢噻虫胺的主要酶系。     

Comparative study on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity in the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio by mercury and zinc.

The effects of sublethal concentrations of mercury (0.1mg/l) and zinc (6 mg/l) on acetylcholinesterase activity and acetylcholine content of gill, kidney, intestine, brain, liver and muscle of the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio at 1, 15 and 30 days of exposure were studied. A significant suppression in acetylcholinesterase activity was recorded in all the organs from both mercury and zinc intoxicated fish at all the exposure periods. Concurrently, a significant increase in the content of acetylcholine in the organs was observed. These changes observed in the organs of mercury treated fish in different exposure periods were in the order 1 greater than 15 less than 30 days and in zinc treated fish 1 greater than 15 greater than 30 days. Further, these changes were greater in magnitude in the brain, liver and muscle (non-osmoregulatory organs) than in the gill, kidney and intestine (osmoregulatory organs) in both metal media.     

菜蛾绒茧蜂和小菜蛾对杀虫剂的敏感性及酶学特性的比较研究

分别采用药膜法和浸叶法测定了菜蛾绒茧蜂Apanteles plutellae和小菜蛾Plutella xylostella对杀虫剂的敏感度。结果显示： 有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、阿维菌素和锐劲特对菜蛾绒茧蜂高毒,而抑太保和Bt为低毒,然而,短时间(1 h)接触常规防治剂量的锐劲特、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯和乙酰甲胺磷对菜蛾绒茧蜂低毒。增效剂胡椒基丁醚（PB）、磷酸三苯酯（TPP）和马来酸二乙酯（DEM）对菜蛾绒茧蜂的甲胺磷、克百威、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、阿维菌素和锐劲特敏感性增效显著,但对抑太保无增效作用。PB的增效作用显著高于TPP 和DEM。PB和TPP对菜蛾绒茧蜂羧酸酯酶(CarE),以及DEM对谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)具显著的活体抑制作用,但PB,TPP和 DEM对菜蛾绒茧蜂乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）无抑制作用。菜蛾绒茧蜂AChE的米氏常数(K_m)、最大反应速度(V_max)、CarE和GST活性分别为小菜蛾的0.22、2.08、4.60和0.45倍,甲胺磷、敌敌畏和克百威对菜蛾绒茧蜂AChE的双分子速度常数(Ki)分别为对小菜蛾的14.7、10.5 和26.0倍。酶与抑制剂反应温度增高将导致酶抑制率增高,尤其对菜蛾绒茧蜂AChE的抑制作用更为显著。上述结果表明,菜蛾绒茧蜂对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的高敏感性与其显著高的AChE敏感性有关,氧化代谢的解毒作用对菜蛾绒茧蜂耐药性的影响大于水解作用。此外,对小菜蛾和菜蛾绒茧蜂杀虫剂敏感性差异的毒理学原因进行了讨论。     

Acute effects of glyphosate herbicide on metabolic and enzymatic parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Teleostei) were exposed to commercial formulation Roundup, a glyphosate herbicide: 0 (control), 0.2 or 0.4 mg/L for 96 h. Fish exposed to glyphosate showed an increase in hepatic glycogen, but a reduction in muscle glycogen at both concentrations tested. Glucose decreased in liver and increased in muscle of fish at both herbicide concentrations. Glyphosate exposure increased lactate levels in liver and white muscle at both concentrations. Protein levels increased in liver and decreased in white muscle while levels of ammonia in both tissues increased in fish at both glyphosate concentrations. Specific AChE activity was reduced in brain after treatments, no changes were observed in muscle tissue. Catalase activity in liver did not change during of exposure. Fish exposed to glyphosate demonstrated increased TBARS production in muscle tissue at both concentrations tested. For both glyphosate concentrations tested brain showed a reduction of TBARS after 96 h of exposure. The present results showed that in 96 h, glyphosate changed AChE activity, metabolic parameters and TBARS production. The parameters measured can be used as herbicide toxicity indicators considering environmentally relevant concentration.