Espaces de représentation et psychopathologie

A subjective world can be conceptualized as a “representational space” — that is, as a universe displayed from memory, in which the subject “is sailing”. Recent cognitive theory provides some conceptual tools for describing such a space in a relevant way for clinical purposes. The construction of a representational space is based on mental representations: (a) analogical representations, which display a content in working memory; (b) symbolic representations, which code and link up analogical representations to form a represented world. The dynamics of representations and affects is ruled by a principle of unification of representational space. The topology of a representational space depends on objective and subjective constraints which cause some “folds” and limit the display of such a space. The interaction between an event and a subjective memory can be analyzed within this framework, so that the concepts of trauma and defence processes can be defined. Clinical syndromes are defensive configurations that tend to close the representational space.     

Rapport de la sténo- et de l'eurybiose dans l'évolution

Sans résumé     

Syndrome de klinefelter et conseil génétique

Klinefelter’s syndrome is a common sex chromosomal aberration generally characterized by hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism and azoospermia. However, spermatogenesis impairment is variable and severe oligozoospermia can be found in some men, particularly those exhibiting a mosaic karyotype 47,XXY/ 46,XY. New reproductive technologies, such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), allow Klinefelter patients to have a progeny, even those who are azoospermic after testicular sperm recovery. The question therefore arises of whether or not there is a genetic risk for pregnancies from affected fathers. Sperm karyotyping, by in vitro penetration of zona-free hamster eggs or by fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH), is a method of choice for measuring aneuploidy rate in spermatozoa of patients carrying gonosomal abnormalities. A theoretical model would predict a high level of 24,XX and/or 24,XY disomic sperm cells in Klinefelter patients if 47,XXY spermatogonia were able to complete meiosis and achieve spermatogenesis. Interestingly, current observations show that the rate of abnormal spermatozoa in these patients is low, around 1–2%, which indicates that only 46,XY spermatogonia can produce mature sperm cells and that oligozoospermic Klinefelter patients probably carry a 47,XXY / 46,XY mosaicism, at least at the testicular level. However, this low but statistically significant level of disomic spermatozoa emphasizes the fact that their spermatogenesis occurs in a compromised environment which could increase the risk of meiotic errors. Therefore, the possible occurrence of autosomal aneuploidies in children born from Klinefelter fathers leads to the following recommendations: a) individual analysis by FISH of the sperm aneuploidy rate in each Klinefelter patient candidate for ICSI; b) proposal of fetal karyotyping after amniocentesis in pregnancies obtained by this technique.     

Conservation de virus et de bactéries entomopathogènes sous forme de comprimés

Zusammenfassung Polyederviren vonLymantria dispar undBombyx mori, Granuloseviren vonPieris brassicae, sowieBacillus thuringiensis (alesti) — Sporen mit Toxinkristallen wurden in Tablettenform aufbewahrt. Ihre Infektiosit?t hat in 5 Jahren nicht abgenommen. Verwendungsm?glichkeiten in der biologischen Sch?dlingsbek?mpfung werden besprochen.      

Chromosomes et hétérochromosomes de ténébrionidés

Sans résumé Avec 81 figures dans le texte     

Sur les brettanomyces isolés de raisins et de vins

Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié comparativement des souches de Brettanomyces isolées de vins de diverses origines et dans diverses circonstances. En plus des tests habituels de classification, portant surtout sur les caractères morphologiques et sur la fermentation et l'assimilation des différents sucres, il a été procédé notamment aux mesures des intensités respiratoire et fermentatives, à l'établissement des bilans analytiques des produits secondaires formés, à l'étude des besoins en facteurs de croissance.Ces Brettanomyces provenant de vins appartiennent à deux espèces nouvelles, différentes des espèces isolées de la bière. Les auteurs proposent de les nommer Brettanomyces vini et Brettanomyces schanderlii.     

Synthèses et réductions de sucres fonctionnels mono et diinsaturés

Attempts to prepare 1,2:5,6 and 2,3:5,6 di-unsaturated sugars starting from 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-1,2-dideo xy-d-arabino-hex-1-enitol or from ethyl 4,6-di-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-α-d-erythro-hex-2-enopyranoside led to 1,5-anhydro-1,2,6-trideoxy-l-threo-hex-5-enitol and its 3,4-diacetate. Hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of the unsaturated chloro and fluoro derivatives afforded 1,5-anhydro-1,2,6-trideoxy-d-arabino-hexitol and ethyl 4-O-acetyl-2,3,6-trideoxy-α-d-erythro-hexopyranoside.     

A propos de l'intervention des aéroions dans les processus de régulation de la lipémie et de la cholestérolémie

Resume Les expériences ont porté sur des lapins repartis en deux groupes parallèles — un groupe étant traité avec des aéroions négatifs en concentrations moderées (n^– = 10 – 40.000; n⁺ = 1.000) et l'autre sans aéroionothérapie (témoins). Par rapport aux animaux témoins (pas exposés aux aéroions),on a enregistré,sous l'influence de l'aéroionothérapie, que: (1)il y a une tendence de normalisation de la motilité spontanée, deprimée par une alimentation contenant un excès de cholestérol(0,3 g/kg/jour); (2) la lipémie et la cholestérolémie sont restées à un niveau plus bas chez les animaux alimentés au cholestérol; (3) la lipémie et la cholestérolémie, de même que l'iode thyroïdien, sont restées aux valeurs voisines de celles normales,chez les animaux nourris avec un excès (20 mg/kg/jour), de substances antithyroïdiennes naturelles (provenant du chou).

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Groups of rabbits were exposed to negative air ions of moderate concentrations (n^– = 10 – 40,000; n⁺ = 1,000) while others served as controls. (1) When rabbits were fed a cholesterol-rich diet (0.3 g/kg/day)causing reduction of motility in the control animals, their motility was normalized under air ion treatment. (2) The blood cholesterol and lipid levels of rabbits on a cholesterol-rich diet were lower with air ion treatment than in controls.(3) When rabbits were fed a diet with thyroid blocking agents from cabbage the blood cholesterol and lipid levels and the thyroid iodine content remained unchanged with air ion treatment.

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Zusammenfassung Gruppen Kaninchen wurden mit negativen Luftionen in mässigen Konzentrationen (n^– = 100 000 – 40 000; n⁺ = 1 000) behandelt, während andere als Kontrollen dienten. (1) Die durch Fütterung von cholesterinreicher Diät (0,3 g/kg/Tag) verminderte Motilität der Tiere wurde unter der Luftionenbehandlung normalisiert. (2) Der durch Fütterung von cholesterinreicher Diät erhöhte Blutcholesterin- und-fettspiegel fiel durch Luftionenbehandlung ab. (3) Der durch Fütterung von strumipriven Substanzen aus Kohl erhöhte Cholesterin- und Fettspiegel im Blut und verminderte Jodgehalt der Schilddrüse wurde durch Luftionenbehandlung nicht beeinflusst.

     

Fonction sexuelle et bilan sexologique de i’homme paraplégique et tétraplégique

This paper describes the sexological examination of spinal cord injured men. The complete exam includes a clinical interview, neurological examination, an EMG of the pelvic floor, a urodynamic examination and ano-rectal exploration, and the objective recording of the man’s sexual response to reflex and psychogenic professionals or psychologists and sextherapists can proceed with a more thorough interview which evaluates number of the elements of the physical examination. The results of the investigation give rise to a number of clinical entities described in terms of lesion levels with respect to the innervation of the reproductive system. Lesions can therefore be classified as being located above the two pathways of erection, or extended to the cauda equina. Each lesion type is associated with a given pronostic of erectile and ejaculatory function. The accompanying physiological recording of penile responses further helps to establish a differential diagnosis between an exclusively organic dysfunction or a primarily psychogenic dysfunction in spinal cord injured men.     

Méthode simple et rapide de réalisation de microculture en identification mycologique

Résumé On décrit deux moyens de réalisation de microculture dans l'identification de champignons filamenteux qui sont comparés avec la méthode classique. Le premier d'entre eux se réalise par ensemencement moyennent l'inondation du milieu en boîte de Petri avec suspension de spores et est ensuite coupé en carrés que l'on place à l'intérieur de boîte de Petri. Le second consiste à suspendre micelium fongique en milieu fluide à 50°C. Les deux ont l'avantage de la rapidité de réalisation, surtout quand on doit préparer un grand nombre de microcultures dans le but de l'enseignement et que l'on ne dispose pas des éléments stériles pour la réalisation de la microculture sur les lames.     

Testostérone circulante et cancer de la prostate. Revue de données récentes

In vitro andin vivo studies show that androgens stimulate prostate cancer. However, evidence from epidemiological studies of an association between circulating levels of androgens and prostate cancer risk has been inconsistent, but most studies have likely been undersized given that the association may be relatively weak. We review prospective studies on the association of serum levels of free and total testosterone, the principal androgen in circulation with risk of prostate cancer. No significant association between total or free testosterone and risk of prostate cancer was found in studies that together included 1,525 cases of prostate cancer and 4,349 controls. No support was found for the hypothesis that high levels of circulating testosterone within a physiological range stimulate development and growth of prostate cancer. Intraprostatic androgen metabolism may still be of importance for prostate cancer development.