First Record of the Late Eocene Ichneumon Fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rasnitsynites tarsalis</Emphasis> Kasparyan (Ichneumonidae,Townesitinae) in Ukraine Confirms Correlation of the Upper Eocene Lagerstätten

Rasnitsynites tarsalis Kasparyan (Ichneumonidae, Townesitinae) described from the Baltic amber is recorded for the first time in the Rovno amber (Gulyanka, Zhitomir Region); therefore, this is the southernmost and easternmost find of Townesitinae. The presence of numerous extinct taxa of Townesitinae and tribes of Hybrizoninae Blanchard 1845 = Paxylommatinae Förster, 1862 = Hybrizontinae Marshall, 1872 confirms close relation of the Bembridge Marls fauna (Upper Eocene of England) and that of the succinites (Baltic, Rovno, and other Late Eocene European ambers); they are common in the succinites and in the Bembridge Marls and are only known from these localities.     

Spider tracheal systems

1. The tracheal structures of spiders belonging to 15 families were investigated. Techniques developed primarily for use with insects were used to visualize spider tracheae. The tracheae were investigated in whole spiders and with serial sections. A macerating agent is described which dissolves the soft-tissues of the spiders without harming the tracheae, or decolourizing the injected dye. 2. A variety of tracheal systems are illustrated using diagrammatic line-drawings and photographs. 3. The variation in the tracheal structures of the spiders investigated in this study is discussed, as well as the use of tracheal structures in spider classification. Spider tracheae are compared with those of insects. 4. A list is given of the major investigations into spider tracheal systems this century.     

Air bells of water spiders are an extended phenotype modified in response to gas composition

The water spider Argyroneta aquatica (Clerck) is the only spider that spends its whole life under water. Water spiders keep an air bubble around their body for breathing and build under-water air bells, which they use for shelter and raising offspring, digesting and consuming prey, moulting, depositing eggs and sperm, and copulating. It is unclear whether these bells are an important oxygen reservoir for breathing under water, or whether they serve mainly to create water-free space for feeding and reproduction. In this study, we manipulated the composition of the gas inside the bell of female water spiders to test whether they monitor the quality of this gas, and replenish oxygen if required. We exchanged the entire gas in the bell either with pure O2, pure CO2, or with ambient air as control, and monitored behavioural responses. The test spiders surfaced and replenished air more often in the CO2 treatment than in the O2 treatment, and they increased bell building behaviour. In addition to active oxygen regulation, they monitored and adjusted the bells by adding silk. These results show that water spiders use the air bell as an oxygen reservoir, and that it functions as an external lung, which renders it essential for living under water permanently. A. aquatica is the only animal that collects, transports, and stores air, and monitors its property for breathing, which is an adaptive response of a terrestrial animal to the colonization of an aquatic habitat.     

Pigeon lice down under: taxonomy of Australian Campanulotes (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with a description of C. durdeni n. sp

Campanulotes flavus (Rudow, 1869) from Phaps chalcoptera is redescribed and illustrated. C. defectus Tendeiro, 1969, erroneously recorded from the extinct passenger pigeon Ectopistes migratorius, is shown to be a junior synonym of C. flavus, thus removing it from the list of lice thought to have gone extinct with the passenger pigeon. C. flavus elegans (Tendeiro, 1978) from P. elegans is elevated to specific rank and redescribed. Finally, C. durdeni n. sp. is described from its type host Ocyphaps lophotes.     

Respiratory system of arachnids I: morphology of the respiratory system of Salticus scenicus and Euophrys lanigera (Arachnida, Araneae, Salticidae)

The book-lungs and the tracheal systems of two species of jumping spider, Salticus scenicus and Euophrys lanigera, were investigated using gross anatomical, light and electron microscopic methods. Both species possess well-developed book-lungs of similar size and tracheal systems with a basically similar branching pattern. The tracheal spiracle opens into a single atrium, where it gives rise to four thick 'tube tracheae', from which small secondary tube tracheae originate in groups. The secondary tracheae (diameter 1-5 mum) run parallel, without further branching, into the prosoma. In the opisthosoma, they lie ventrolaterally, where they contact muscles and internal organs. In the prosoma, the secondary tracheae may penetrate the gut epithelium and central nervous tissue. The structure of the tracheal walls is very similar to that of insects, consisting of a striated inner cuticular layer with taenidial structures and a surrounding outer hypodermal layer. The wall thickness appears similar in all secondary tracheae, indicating that lateral gas diffusion may be possible through the walls of all small tube tracheae.     

中国管伪叶甲属研究(鞘翅目:伪叶甲科)(英文)

把管伪叶甲属DonaciolagriaPic从伪叶甲亚科Lagriinae移至突伪叶甲亚科Statirinae，首次记载了该属的雌虫，重新描述了该属及腿管伪叶甲D．femoralis（Borchmann），描述了金绿管伪叶甲D．viridimetallica和黄胫管伪叶甲D．flavitibialis两新种，列出了中国种类检索表，绘制了22个原始图。     

钩隙蛛的再研究(蜘蛛目,暗蛛科)

作者对钩隙蛛Coelotes icohamatus Zhu ＆ Zhang,1991做了进一步研究,证实了该蜘蛛不是宽隙蛛属Platocoelotes种类。     

Sexual Selection in the Water Spider: Female Choice and Male–Male Competition

The water spider Argyroneta aquatica is the only spider spending its whole life under water, and one of the few spider species in which males are larger than females. Previous studies indicated that males can cannibalize females, which is uncommon among spiders. Here we aimed to further test for a potential influence of sexual selection on male body size. We examined the importance of female choice by testing whether females prefer the larger of two simultaneously presented males as mating partners. Further, we examined the influence of male–male competition by comparing the fighting behaviour between large and small males when alone or when together with a female, and we determined the outcome of fights. We found that females approach and choose large males as mating partners, despite the risk of male cannibalism. Additionally, males intensively compete for females, and large males clearly win against smaller ones. Hence sexual selection seems to be important for the evolution of the peculiar sexual size dimorphism of water spiders, as large size is beneficial for males in both the intra‐ and intersexual context. Previous studies have suggested an important role of natural selection in the sex‐specific body size of water spiders, but natural and sexual selection mechanisms apparently work in the same direction, favouring large male size.     

A STUDY ON THE GENUS DONACIOLAGRIA PIC (COLEOPTERA: LA-GRIIDAE) FROM CHINA*

Abstract The genus Donaciolagria Pic is transferred from the subfamily Lagriinae to the subfamily Statirinae. The species Donaciolagria femoralis (brchmann) is redescribed. Two new species, D. viridimetallica sp. nov. and D. flavitibialis sp. nov. are described. A key to Chinese species of the genus is given. With 22 original pictures.     

寄生靖远松叶蜂的姬蜂科(膜翅目)中国一新纪录种

报道采自山西寄生靖远松叶蜂Diprion jingyuanensis Xiao et Zhang的姬蜂科中国1新纪录种,吉松叶蜂侵姬蜂Lamachus gilpiniae Uchida,1955。对其形态特征进行了重新描述。介绍了侵姬蜂属Lamachus Frster,1869在我国的种类及其分布;编制了我国已知种检索表。     

First record of the subfamily Dirrhopinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from the Australian region, with a discussion of relationships and biology

Abstract The subfamily Dirrhopinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is recorded for the first time from the Australian region on the basis of Dirrhope minor Belokobylskij collected at light from several sites in northern Queensland. The species is redescribed and a discussion of relationships, distribution and biology of the subfamily is presented.     

Pameridea (Hemiptera: Miridae): Predaceous bugs specific to the highly viscid plant genus Roridula

Abstract. The South African genus Pameridea and its two species are redescribed. The tribe Pamerideini, founded for this genus only, is removed from synonymy with Mirini (subfamily Mirinae) and transferred to Dicyphini (subfamily Bryocorinae), falling as a synonym of the subtribe Dicyphina. The bugs live only on intensely viscid small shrubs of the genus Roridula. This plant genus is the only member of its family but the bug genus is closely related to two widespread tropical dicyphine genera.     

中国丽青蜂属 Chrysura Dahlbom, 1845分类研究（膜翅目：青蜂科）

本文研究了我国丽青蜂属。该属区别于青蜂亚科其他属的主要特征是头部颜面平整和无额横脊。报道了我国丽青蜂属Chrysura Dahlbom,1845一种:毛丽青蜂Chrysura hirsuta(Gerstaecker,1869),对其进行了简要描述并附特征图。     

中国蚜小蜂科一新纪录属及一新纪录种(膜翅目,小蜂总科)

记述蚜小蜂科Aphelinidae艾蚜小蜂亚科Eriaporinae的中国1新纪录属,迈蚜小蜂属Myiocnema Ashmead,以及中国1新纪录种,康氏迈蚜小蜂Myiocnema comperei Ashmead。讨论了艾蚜小蜂亚科的分类概况,记述了迈蚜小蜂属的属征、地理分布及其生物学,以及中国新纪录种的形态特征、寄主、分布等,并附有形态特征照片。研究标本保存于福建农林大学植物保护学院。     

Revision of the Neotropical ant subfamily Leptanilloidinae

Abstract. The rare Neotropical ant subfamily Leptanilloidinae is revised and its internal phylogeny and biogeography discussed. A new genus, Asphinctanilloides gen.n., including three new species, A. amazona, A. anae and A. manauara, and three new species of Leptanilloides , L. improvisa, L. legionaria and L. sculpturata are described. The only previously known species of the subfamily, L . biconstricta Mann (1923) , is redescribed, and the larva of L. legionaria sp.n. is described. Keys to the genera and the species, and a phylogeny of the group are provided. Emphasis has been placed on the study of abdominal and sting characters.     

Description of three liocranid spider species from Korea (Araneae: Liocranidae)

Three liocranid spider species are described with illustrations: a new species, Agroeca bonghwaensis n. sp. and two species new to Korean spider fauna, Agroeca montana Hayashi, 1986 and Scotina palliardii (Koch, 1881). The occurrence of the genus Scotina Menge, 1873 is also recorded from Korea for the first time.     

La transgression thanétienne (Paléocène supérieur) dans l’Aurès occidental (Algérie), d’après les associations de Foraminifères de la coupe d’El Kantara

In the W-Aures (Algeria), the El Kantara pass displays about 50 m of Red Marls overlying the Maastrichtian limestones with Laffitteina. The Red Marls are, in their turn, overlain by the Thanetian marly limestones of the river El Haï. The micropaleontological inventory of these Red Marls establishes the co-occurrence of subaerian (Microcodium = Paronipora), fresh-water (Charophyta) and marine microfossils (Foraminifers). The stratigraphical significance of these microfossils is discussed. The upper part of the Red Marls, yielding abundant Valvulina and scarce Glomalveolina, is of Thanetian age. The age of the lower part is less established, but the occurrence of Microcodium suggests a Thanetian age too. Located at the margin of the northern opening of the trans-Saharan epeiric sea, the El Kantara section establishes a Thanetian age for the beginning of the Paleocene transgression. Danian deposits are missing, in spite of the absence of an obvious hiatus on the field. After general emersion during the early Paleocene, the Thanetian transgression starts with the set up of lakes at the depositional area of the Red Marls. Marine influences, limited at first, become gradually prevailing, and end with the deposition of neritic marly limestones of river El Haï.     

Respiratory organs in wolf spiders: morphometric analysis of lungs and tracheae in Pardosa lugubris (L.) (Arachnida, Araneae, Lycosidae)

The respiratory system of the wolf spider Pardosa lugubris consists of a pair of well-developed lungs and four unbranched tube tracheae. We used stereological morphometric methods to investigate the morphological diffusing capacity of the lungs and of the walls of the tracheae ('lateral diffusing capacity'). We examined three groups of female P. lugubris with different mean body masses. The barrier thickness of the gas-exchange epithelium of the lungs was 0.17 microm for the total diffusion barrier and the calculated oxygen diffusing capacity (D(O2)) for the lungs was between 12.9 and 13.4 microl min(-1)g(-1)kPa(-1). Measured metabolic rates compared with the D(O2) of the lungs result in necessary oxygen partial pressure differences of 0.2 kPa during rest and 2.1 kPa during maximum measured activity. The diffusion barrier of the entire tracheal walls was 0.31-0.50 microm and the calculated lateral D(O2) was 0.05-0.2 microl min(-1)g(-1)kPa(-1). Therefore, tracheae are of no importance for the overall oxygen exchange. However, they might be of some importance in local oxygen supply or in overall carbon dioxide release. The comparison with the respiratory system of the jumping spider Salticus scenicus reveals that the lungs have very similar mass-specific D(O2) in both species, and that, in addition, jumping spiders possess a much better developed tracheal system.