Degradation of abnormal proteins in HeLa cells.

The experiments show that abnoramal proteins are degraded faster than normal ones in HeLa cells. Among the fragmentary proteins made in the presence of puromycin, those with low molecular weight are least stable. Proteins made after incubation with 5-fluorouracil or in the presence of some amino acid analogues are also unstable. Breakdown of proteins made in the presence or absence of puromycin is nearly unaffected by cycloheximide and is independent of pH between 7 and 8.     

Using Ranks in Parallel Line Assays

An approximation to the likelihood of a sample, based on the ranks of the observations only, is used to analyze data from a biological assay. Inferences, depending only on the ranks of the observations, are made about the potency and about the validity of assumptions made in the analysis. Inferences are made in both Bayesian and sampling theory frameworks. An example of parallel line assay is given.     

Damped oscillating processes in biological and biochemical systems

Damped nonlinear oscillations in biological and biochemical systems are investigated by the extended Krylov-Bogoliubov-Mitropolskii (KBM) method. A review on the extension made by Popov to the KBM method is given and also further improvements are presented. Applications are made to models of oscillating chemical reactions (Lefever and Nicolis, 1971), FitzHugh (1961) equations, and population dynamics (Gatto and Rinaldi, 1977). Comparison to damped oscillating physical and engineering systems is made.     

THE BEHAVIOUR AND BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE ICELAND WREN.

The behaviour and early breeding biology of the Iceland Wren are described from observations made in the field during June 1949, data obtained by previous observers are discussed, and comparisons are made between the characteristics of the Iceland Wren and related subspecies.     

Inaccuracies in Measurement of Dried Milk Powders

Infant feeds made up from dried milk are known to be hazardous if the mixture is too concentrated. Tests with five commercial brands of dried milk showed that nurses, midwives, and mothers often made up feeds incorrectly; in most cases the amount of powder used was excessive.Fewer mistakes would be made if scoops were standardized or, better, if the milk was made up in small, accurately weighed packets.     

Appendage morphology of the trilobite Cryptolithus and its implications

The appendages of the Ordovician trilobite Cryptolithus tesselatus are restudied, and particular reference is made to the exite branch. Details formerly borrowed from Triarthrus to complete the reconstruction of the appendages of Cryptolithus are now found in part to be significantly different in the two trilobites. The exite 'filaments' of Cryptolithus evidently are strong spines that pointed ventrally and may have been used to stir up deposited mud. The broadened view of trilobite appendages indicates that some trace fossils (Cruziana semi-plicata type) may be interpreted as being partly made by the exites, while others (C. rugosa type) are perhaps made exclusively by the exites.     

So,why is water biologically important?

Some brief impressionistic and necessarily subjectively based comments on the content of the Discussion Meeting are made. It is pointed out that the principal thrust of most of the presentations was directed towards structural aspects of proteins in various media. Comments are also made on the necessary interplay between the medium in which biomolecules occur and the interatomic forces between the atoms comprising the biomolecules. Some speculation is made on the possibility of life-forms existing in extreme environments.     

Notes on TYachoma, Tüberolabium and Parapteroceras (Orchidaceae)

The genus Trachoma is considered congeneric with Tüberolabium. All necessary transfers to Tüberolabium are made. Four new combinations are made in the recently established Parapteroceras. A key to the species of Parapteroceras and a key to Parapteroceras and allied genera are provided.     

Comparative evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of 3 preparations of E. coli L-asparaginase

Preparations of L-asparaginase made in the USSR, FRG and Japan were studied comparatively in 277 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcomas. It was shown that the clinical characteristics of the preparation made in the USSR and the preparation (crasnitin) made in the FRG were identical. By the antileukemic action the preparation made in the USSR was superior to the preparation (leunase) made in Japan in the treatment of adult patients with such hemoblastosis forms. The effect of the three drugs in the treatment of children was analogous. The nature of the side effects of the three drugs was the same. However, their level was different. The allergenic effect of leunase on the patients was the most pronounced. L-Asparaginase made in the USSR and crasnitin are recommended for wide use in clinical practice.     

广东和平黄石坳省级自然保护区植被研究

用样方调查法对广东省和平县黄石坳省级自然保护区的植被进行了研究,结果表明该地区具有8种植被型,地带性植被是亚热带常绿阔叶林。植被优势科为壳斗科(Fagaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)和金缕梅科(Hamameli-daceae)等,主要优势种为黧蒴(Castanopsis fissa)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、木荷(Schima superba)、广东琼楠(Beilschmiedia fordii)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和铁椆(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)等。植被优势科、属的地理成分较复杂,以泛热带、热带亚洲和北温带分布型等占优势,体现了中亚热带的典型特征。     

SPRING MIGRATION AT THE BOSPHORUS

During observations made at the Bosphorus from 23 March to 6 April 1965, 3473 raptors were seen; the majority were Spotted/Lesser Spotted Eagles and Honey Buzzards. The migration of the main species is considered in some detail and attempts are made to correlate this with the prevailing weather. Comparisons are made with the records of observers both in spring and autumn at the Bosphorus and in spring at Gibraltar. Honey Buzzards pass in spring a month later at Gibraltar than at the Bosphorus. It is suggested that this is related to the timing of spring in the breeding areas to which these birds are returning. Notes on the observations of passerine movements and a night migration of Black Storks are also included.     

两种鼠耳蝠的核型、G带和C带研究

使用肺、心脏等组织进行培养,用空气干燥法制作染色体标本,以胰酶法制作G带,BSG法制作c带,分析了贵州2种鼠耳蝠的核型、G带和c带.水鼠耳蝠Myotis daubentoni和小鼠耳蝠Myotis dividii的染色体数均为2n=44,拥有3对大型和1对中型中着丝粒染色体,染色体臂数(FN)=52;这2种鼠耳蝠的G带...     

The future of ECVAM: a personal perspective

Progress made in the practical application of the validation process is summarised, and some of the remaining problems are considered. Highlights of the first ten years of ECVAM are reviewed, andECVAM's activities as a route of communication on the Three Rs are discussed. Finally, some suggestions are made for maintaining ECVAM's momentum in the future, especially in relation to the challenge and opportunity for alternative methods afforded by the new EU Chemicals Policy.     

Synthesis and assembly of cytochrome c oxidase in synchronous cultures of yeast

Yeast cells growing synchronously in glucose medium accumulate in the cytosol, the cytosolically made subunits of cytochrome oxidase, during the G1 and early-S phases. The mitochondrially made subunits, on the other hand, are detected only after the mid-S phase. The cytosolically synthesized subunits are integrated into the membrane after the mid-S phase.     

The modulation of contraction of fibroblast populated collagen lattices by types I, II, and III collagen

Human dermal fibroblasts incorporated in a polymerized collagen lattice reduce the size of that matrix. When cell number, collagen concentration, and medium are identical, lattices made with type III collagen contract faster and to a greater degree than those made with type I collagen. The latter contract faster and to a greater degree than those made with type II collagen.     

Rice wine brewing with sprouting rice and barley malt

Though alcoholic beverages are widely made with barley malt in Western countries, as well as in Asiatic countries today, alcoholic beverages are rarely made with sprouting rice. Rice wines were obtained from cooked nonglutinous rice using sprouting rice and barley malt as saccharifying agents with compressed baker's yeast and Kyokai no. 9 yeast, and a comparative study was conducted of the resulting rice wines. The saccharifying activity of barley malt was higher than that of sprouting rice. The amounts of ethyl alcohol, volatile aromatic components, and reducing sugars in the rice wine made with barley malt were higher than those in the wine made with sprouting rice. The rice wine made with barley malt was faintly brownish in color and had heavy, complicated and vulgar characteristics. By contrast, sprouting rice wine was colorless and had light, simple and refined characteristics in terms of both aroma and taste. Sprouting rice wine made with Kyokai no. 9 yeast contained about 8% ethanol with an acidity of around 4.1. Sprouting rice was found to be applicable as a saccharifying agent for ethanol fermentation, as is barley malt. The quality of the sprouting rice wine was further improved through the use of Kyokai no. 9 yeast.     

Molecular recognition of anions by synthetic receptors

Over the past year, several significant developments have been made in the field of anion binding. The fundamental principles of molecular recognition are increasingly being better understood, and of particular interest are reports of several synthetic anion receptors able to perform their task in complex natural media. Additionally, macroscopic devices such as anion specific electrodes and membranes based on a molecular recognition approach are now being made.     

The application of stable isotopes in biomedical research

Many of the ways in which isotopes are used in biomedical research are reviewed. The use of stable isotopes in stable isotope dilution assays, for metabolite identification and in pharmacokinetic studies, is discussed and relevant examples are given to illustrate the various points made. Isotope effects and their implications for future drug design are considered. Some of the toxicity problems associated with the use of stable isotopes are also considered. Finally, a brief subjective view of possible future advances is made.     

Phase-shift in Geotropical Oscillations - A Theoretical and Experimental Study

Geotropically induced phase-shifts in circumnutations of Heliauthus annuus hypocotyls are studied. - Theoretical deductions from a previously developed theory for geotropical movements are made for the case of a short gravitational stimulation in different phase positions of an oscillating hypocotyl. - Experimental studies are performed to test the theoretical results. - The conclusions are drawn, that the theory mentioned can satisfactorily describe geotropically induced phase-shifts. A comparison with phase-shifts in photoperiodic systems is made.     

Involvement of nitrogen-containing compounds in beta-lactam biosynthesis and its control

Biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics by fungi and actinomycetes is markedly affected by compounds containing nitrogen. The different processes employed by the spectrum of microbes capable of making these valuable compounds are affected differently by particular compounds. Ammonium ions, except at very low concentrations, exert negative effects via nitrogen metabolite repression, sometimes involving the nitrogen regulatory gene nre. Certain amino acids are precursors or inducers, whereas others are involved in repression and, in certain cases, as inhibitors of biosynthetic enzymes and of enzymes supplying precursors. The most important amino acids from the viewpoint of regulation are lysine, methionine, glutamate and valine. Surprisingly, diamines such as diaminopropane, putrescine and cadaverine induce cephamycin production by actinomycetes. In addition to penicillins and cephalosporins made by fungi and cephamycins made by actinomycetes, other beta-lactams are made by actinomycetes and unicellular bacteria. These include clavams (e.g., clavulanic acid), carbapenems (e.g., thienamycin), nocardicins and monobactams. Here also, amino acids are precursors and inhibitors, but only little is known about regulation. In the case of the simplest carbapenem made by unicellular bacteria, i.e., 1-carba-2-em-3-carboxylic acid, quorum sensors containing homoserine lactone are inducers.