基于代谢组学的两种罗布麻叶片类黄酮和酚酸成分分析

目的：类黄酮和酚酸物质是罗布麻中主要的活性物质,鉴定不同罗布麻品种中类黄酮和酚酸代谢物成分并比较代谢物含量差异,为有效利用罗布麻属药用资源提供理论依据。方法：以罗布麻和大麻状罗布麻叶片为材料,利用液相色谱质谱联用技术（LC-MS）检测次级代谢物成分并进行分析。结果：2种罗布麻中共检测出275种类黄酮和194种酚酸物质;PCA分析表明2种罗布麻的代谢物种类相似,但含量存在较大差异,结合OPLS-DA筛选出124种显著差异代谢物,其中有80种类黄酮和44种酚酸;富集分析发现,共有10条代谢通路被显著富集,主要体现在苯丙烷生物合成、类黄酮生物合成以及黄酮和黄酮醇生物合成等途径。结论：2种罗布麻药用成分种类相似,可为大麻状罗布麻作为药用植物开发提供理论依据。     

盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达分析北大核心CSCD

为探究盐胁迫条件下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达规律,以不同浓度NaCl(0,100,200,300 mmol/L)处理的水培宁夏枸杞幼苗为研究材料,利用高通量测序技术和qRT-PCR对盐胁迫下宁夏枸杞苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达进行分析,同时对该途径中关键酶活性及产物含量进行测定。结果表明,(1)宁夏枸杞在不同浓度NaCl处理下共有58个苯丙烷代谢相关基因差异表达,且随着盐胁迫程度的增加大部分基因表达水平上调或不变;(2)随着NaCl浓度的增加,宁夏枸杞叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT的活性均下降,而酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的含量在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下均显著积累。研究发现,宁夏枸杞可能通过调控苯丙烷代谢相关基因上调表达,增加酚类物质、类黄酮和木质素的合成,来清除过多活性氧和提升细胞壁强度以适应盐胁迫;宁夏枸杞可耐受的NaCl浓度在100~200 mmol/L之间。     

植物苯丙烷代谢及其对重金属胁迫的响应研究进展

苯丙烷代谢途径是植物中最重要的次生代谢途径之一,在植物抵抗重金属胁迫中直接或间接发挥了抗氧化作用,并能够提高植物对重金属离子的吸收与胁迫耐性。本文就苯丙烷代谢途径核心反应与关键酶系进行了总结,同时分析了木质素、类黄酮及原花青素等关键代谢产物的生物合成过程及相关机制,并以此为基础探讨了苯丙烷代谢途径关键产物响应重金属胁迫的相关机制。此外,结合当前研究现状,就苯丙烷代谢参与植物防御重金属胁迫的相关研究提出展望,以期为重金属污染环境的植物修复提供理论依据。     

3个三角梅品种中类黄酮的毛细管电泳分析比较研究

甜菜色素和属于类黄酮的花青素在自然界排斥分布,然而我们在甜菜色素代谢类型植物三角梅中发现积累多种类黄酮。为了进一步证实这一现象,本研究对3种白花三角梅（Bougainvillea sp.,Bougainvillea glabra‘Alba’,and Bougainvillea‘White Stripe’）中的5种类黄酮（槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素、杨梅素和芹菜素）采用毛细管电泳分析方法进行了调查。结果表明,只有3种类黄酮：槲皮素、山奈酚、异鼠李素被检测出。3个材料中,被探测出来的总黄酮含量最高的是Bougainvillea glabra‘Alba’,1 749 μg·g^-1,Bougainvillea‘White Stripe’ 1 241 μg·g^-1以及B.sp1 312 μg·g^-1。被探测出来的3种黄酮中,槲皮素含量最高852～1 114 μg·g^-1,异鼠李素161～628 μg·g^-1,而山奈酚之被检测出微量。本研究对于定性定量可食用的三角梅中的类黄酮组成是十分有意义的。甜菜色素和类黄酮在三角梅中的积累关系以及可能的功能本研究也做了讨论。     

不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果皮色泽形成的影响

研究了不同颜色果袋对‘云红梨2号’果实着色的影响,比较了不同套袋处理下果皮外观着色、叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚、花色素苷含量以及花色素苷合成相关酶活性的差异.结果表明: 发育期的黑暗处理有利于解袋后梨果皮着色;不同套袋处理中,采前解袋自然光照射下梨果皮中花色素苷含量最高,着色最好,白色纸袋次之.不同套袋处理显著影响果皮中叶绿素、类黄酮、总酚和花色素苷含量,从而影响梨果皮的外观色泽.不同套袋处理的花色素苷合成酶活性差异显著;相关性分析表明,果皮中花色素苷含量与二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶(DFR)和类黄酮3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶(UFGT)活性呈显著正相关,而与苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性相关性不显著.     

类黄酮代谢途径与棉花纤维发育

棉花纤维是最重要的天然纤维,育成五彩缤纷且品质优良的彩色棉花一直是棉花遗传育种研究的一个重要目标.类黄酮是植物重要的次生代谢物质,与色素形成相关.本文综述了类黄酮代谢途径与棉花纤维发育的研究进展:棕色棉纤维色素物质可能主要是氧化的原花青素;棉花人工驯化过程中,类黄酮代谢途径在白色棉花中下调,但白色棉花表达谱数据显示,类黄酮代谢相关基因在纤维发育过程中仍然非常活跃;一般认为,类黄酮含量与纤维品质负相关,柚皮素和二氢山柰酚可能是抑制纤维发育的主要类黄酮;类黄酮代谢和木质素代谢有共同的代谢前体,木质素代谢相关基因在纤维发育过程中也很活跃,有效调控类黄酮代谢的同时,协调木质素代谢的水平可能会促进纤维发育.     

高浓度臭氧对蒙古栎叶片酚类物质含量和总抗氧化能力的影响

采用开顶箱(OTC)法,研究了高浓度臭氧(80±8 nmol·mol^-1)熏蒸处理对蒙古栎叶片 中总酚、类黄酮、单宁及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,使用1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH) 法测定了蒙古栎叶片的总抗氧化能力.结果表明:蒙古栎叶片中总酚、类黄酮、缩合单宁和MDA的含量都有所增加,其中总酚和缩合单宁含量分别增加了48.17%和26.77%,差异显著（P<0.05）;类黄酮和MDA含量分别增加了24.66%和5.26%,差异不显著(P＞0.05);蒙古栎叶片总抗氧化能力显著增强(P<0.05),且与叶片中总酚和缩合单宁含量呈显著的正相关关系.     

荷花花粉的类黄酮组成

利用超高效液相色谱质谱联用(I-Class UPLC/Xevo TQ MS)技术, 对50个品种荷花干燥花粉中的类黄酮代谢产物进行了分离及结构鉴定。结果表明, 在荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)花粉中检测到了13种黄酮醇和2种黄酮, 这15种类黄酮化合物均为首次从荷花花粉中检出, 其中槲皮素3-O-葡萄糖醛酸苷(quercetin 3-O-glucuronide)、槲皮素3-O-新橙皮糖苷(quercetin 3-O-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-glucopyranoside)以及槲皮素3-O-阿拉伯糖-(1→2)-半乳糖苷(quercetin 3-O-arabinopy- ranosyl-(1→2)- galactopyranoside)含量较高, 且在所有品种中均有检出。不同品种花粉中检测到的类黄酮总含量(TF)差异较大, 绯云千叶类黄酮总含量最高, 为281.08 mg∙100 g^-1; 仙女散花最低, 仅为82.64 mg∙100 g^-1。通过聚类分析, 将50个品种聚为4组, B组类黄酮化合物种类最多, 而且该组总类黄酮含量最高, 其中绯云千叶、伯里小姐和蜀红莲的干燥花粉中总类黄酮含量均超过200 mg∙100 g^-1, 可推荐为采集荷花花粉用的优良品种。     

低温促进毛竹叶片类黄酮合成及相关基因的表达模式分析

类黄酮在植物耐低温胁迫方面发挥着重要作用,为揭示低温对毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)叶片中类黄酮合成的影响,采用分光光度法测定了不同生长时期和低温胁迫下毛竹幼苗叶片中的类黄酮含量,通过生物信息学方法对毛竹类黄酮早期生物合成关键酶基因进行了鉴定,并用q PCR方法分析了其表达模式。结果表明,随着叶片的生长,类黄酮含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而低温下,功能叶片中类黄酮含量则呈现上调趋势,且在8 h时达极显著水平。在毛竹基因组中鉴定了类黄酮早期生物合成3个酶基因家族共29个成员,包括20个查尔酮合酶基因(Pe CHSs)、8个查尔酮异构酶基因(Pe CHIs)和1个黄酮-3-烃化酶基因(Pe F3H1),这些基因的启动子中均含有响应低温及其他非生物胁迫的调控元件。Pe CHSs倾向在根和叶中表达,而PeCHIs为组成型表达。在不同生长时期的叶片中,仅PeCHS1表达与类黄酮的含量变化趋势一致;而低温胁迫下,3个PeCHSs、2个PeCHIs和PeF3H1在功能叶片中呈上调表达,与类黄酮含量变化趋势一致。因此,毛竹可能通过提高类黄酮早期生物合成酶基因的表达量促进类黄酮的合成来...     

基于广泛靶向代谢组学分析黑老虎不同部位成分差异

为提高黑老虎(Kadsura coccinea)资源的综合利用率，采用广泛靶向代谢组学技术鉴定并分析了根、茎、叶代谢组分差异及高度富集成分。结果表明，在根、茎和叶中分别鉴定出642、650和619个代谢物，以酚酸、脂质、类黄酮和有机酸为主；叶与根、茎与根的共有成分分别为566和650个，显著差异成分有442和393个，主要为酚酸、类黄酮和脂质，差异代谢物在苯丙烷生物合成、黄酮与黄酮醇生物合成通路中显著富集。代谢物总丰度和次生代谢物丰度均表现为叶>根>茎，叶中酚酸、类黄酮和脂质及茎中酚酸积累量显著高于根，而氨基酸及其衍生物、萜类、木脂素、香豆素、生物碱的丰度在根中显著上调。因此，黑老虎根、茎、叶有大量共有成分，叶和茎中酚酸、叶中类黄酮和脂质高度富集，含有新绿原酸、绿原酸、槲皮素等多个丰度较高且具有重要生物活性化合物，具有较高利用价值。     

Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant capacities of some benzimidazole derivatives

New, except 1d, melatonin analogue benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized in the present study. The potential role of melatonin as an antioxidant by scavenging and detoxifying ROS raised the possibility that compounds that are analogous to melatonin can also be used for their antioxidant properties. Therefore the antioxidant effects of the newly synthesized compounds were investigated in vitro by means of their inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (EMLP) and on various erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The synthesized benzimidazole derivatives showed remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro in the H2O2-induced EMLP system. Furthermore their effects on various antioxidant enzymes are discussed and evaluated from the perspective of structure- activity relationships.     

Can antioxidants be beneficial in the treatment of lead poisoning?

Recent studies have shown that lead causes oxidative stress by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species, reducing the antioxidant defense system of cells via depleting glutathione, inhibiting sulfhydryl-dependent enzymes, interfering with some essential metals needed for antioxidant enzyme activities, and/or increasing susceptibility of cells to oxidative attack by altering the membrane integrity and fatty acid composition. Consequently, it is plausible that impaired oxidant/antioxidant balance can be partially responsible for the toxic effects of lead. Where enhanced oxidative stress contributes to lead-induced toxicity, restoration of a cell's antioxidant capacity appears to provide a partial remedy. Several studies are underway to determine the effect of antioxidant supplementation following lead exposure. Data suggest that antioxidants may play an important role in abating some hazards of lead. To explain the importance of using antioxidants in treating lead poisoning the following topics are addressed: (i) Oxidative damage caused by lead poisoning; (ii) conventional treatment of lead poisoning and its side effects; and (iii) possible protective effects of antioxidants in lead toxicity.     

Synthesis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant capacities of some benzimidazole derivatives

New, except 1d, melatonin analogue benzimidazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized in the present study. The potential role of melatonin as an antioxidant by scavenging and detoxifying ROS raised the possibility that compounds that are analogous to melatonin can also be used for their antioxidant properties. Therefore the antioxidant effects of the newly synthesized compounds were investigated in vitro by means of their inhibitory effect on hydrogen peroxide-induced erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation (EMLP) and on various erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). The synthesized benzimidazole derivatives showed remarkable antioxidant activity in vitro in the H₂O₂-induced EMLP system. Furthermore their effects on various antioxidant enzymes are discussed and evaluated from the perspective of structure- activity relationships.     

Evidence that the antioxidant flavonoids in tea and cocoa are beneficial for cardiovascular health.

Epidemiologic studies suggest an inverse association of tea consumption with cardiovascular disease. The antioxidant effects of flavonoids in tea (including preventing oxidative damage to LDL) are among the potential mechanisms that could underlie the protective effects. Other possible mechanisms include attenuating the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, reducing thrombosis, promoting normal endothelial function, and blocking expression of cellular adhesion molecules. Cocoa and chocolate can also be rich sources of flavonoids. Flavanols and procyanidins isolated from cocoa exhibit strong antioxidant properties in-vitro. In acute feeding studies, flavanol-rich cocoa and chocolate increased plasma antioxidant capacity and reduced platelet reactivity. Based on limited data, approximately 150 mg of flavonoids is needed to trigger a rapid antioxidant effect and changes in prostacyclin. Some dose-response evidence demonstrates an antioxidant effect with approximately 500 mg flavonoids. Brewed tea typically contains approximately 172 mg total flavonoids per 235 ml (brewed for 2 min); hence, consumption of 1 and 3.5 cups of tea would be expected to elicit acute and chronic physiologic effects, respectively. Chocolate is more variable with some products containing essentially no flavonoids (0.09 mg procyanidin/g), whereas others are high in flavonoids (4 mg procyanidin/g). Thus, approximate estimates of flavonoid rich chocolate needed to exert acute and chronic effects are 38 and 125 g, respectively. Collectively, the antioxidant effects of flavonoid-rich foods may reduce cardiovascular disease risk.     

Anti-oxidative stress effects of Herba leonuri on ischemic rat hearts

Our current study was to test the hypothesis that the extract of Herba leonuri (HL) would have antioxidant and cardioprotective effects on ischemic myocardium. The extract of HL (400 mg/kg/day) was administered orally (daily) starting from 1 week before and continuing until 3 weeks after myocardial infarction (MI). Surviving rats were sacrificed at different time points to obtain left ventricles for biochemical assays. Our study demonstrates for the first time that HL does have antioxidant effects both in vitro and in vivo. The antioxidant effects of HL are exerted only under the condition of oxidative stress, by selectively preserving the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as depressing the formation of malondialdehyde, especially in the acute phase of acute MI. Its effects of scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the formation of reactive oxygen species may play a key role in protecting the endogenous antioxidant system from oxidative stress in vivo.     

Antioxidant effects of ubiquinones in microsomes and mitochondria are mediated by tocopherol recycling

Ubiquinones and tocopherols (vitamin E) are intrinsic lipid components which have a stabilizing function in many membranes attributed to their antioxidant activity. The antioxidant effects of tocopherols are due to direct radical scavenging. Although ubiquinones also exert antioxidant properties the specific molecular mechanisms of their antioxidant activity may be due to: (i) direct reaction with lipid radicals or (ii) interaction with chromanoxyl radicals resulting in regeneration of vitamin E. Lipid peroxidation results have now shown that tocopherols are much stronger membrane antioxidants than naturally occurring ubiquinols (ubiquinones). Thus direct radical scavenging effects of ubiquinols (ubiquinones) might be negligible in the presence of comparable or higher concentrations of tocopherols. In support of this our ESR findings show that ubiquinones synergistically enhance enzymic NADH- and NADPH-dependent recycling of tocopherols by electron transport in mitochondria and microsomes. If ubiquinols were direct radical scavengers their consumption would be expected. Further proving our conclusion HPLC measurements demonstrated that ubiquinone-dependent sparing of tocopherols was not accompanied by ubiquinone consumption.     

Study on the specificity of alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) acid succinate effects on melanoma, glioma and neuroblastoma cells in culture

d- and dl-alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibited growth and caused morphological changes in mouse melanoma (B-16), mouse neuroblastoma (NBP2), and rat glioma (C-6) cells in culture. To study whether the effects of alpha-tocopheryl (vitamin E) succinate on tumor cells are mediated by antioxidant mechanisms, the effects of lipid-soluble antioxidants, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were compared with those of vitamin E succinate. Results showed that these antioxidants produced alterations on the growth and morphology of neuroblastoma, melanoma, and glioma cells which are similar to those produced by vitamin E succinate; however, the extent of the effect depended upon the type of antioxidant and the form of tumor cells. These data suggest that the effects of vitamin E succinate on tumor cells may be mediated, in part, by antioxidant mechanisms.     

Bilirubin and oxidative stress in term and preterm infants

Hyperbilirubinemia is the most frequent clinical problem neonatologists must deal with during the newborn period. It has been suggested that bilirubin is involved in the balance between antioxidant and pro-oxidant agents due to its antioxidant properties. However, the relevance of these effects in vivo in term and preterm infants is still debated. We performed a literature review of studies that investigated the association between total serum bilirubin (TSB) and oxidative stress in newborn infants. We found that studies in term infants give contradictory results, while studies in preterm infants suggest that the TSB increase is associated with an oxidative stress increase due to concurrent factors other than bilirubin level, such as heme oxygenase (HO) activity. Moreover, it could be speculated that low physiologic TSB values are associated with antioxidant effects, while high pathologic TSB values are associated with pro-oxidant effects. Literature data do not allow the establishment of whether if the antioxidant properties of bilirubin are important from a clinical point of view and can affect the outcome in ill infants.     

In vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities of punicalagin, ellagic acid and a total pomegranate tannin extract are enhanced in combination with other polyphenols as found in pomegranate juice

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits are widely consumed as juice (PJ). The potent antioxidant and anti-atherosclerotic activities of PJ are attributed to its polyphenols including punicalagin, the major fruit ellagitannin, and ellagic acid (EA). Punicalagin is the major antioxidant polyphenol ingredient in PJ. Punicalagin, EA, a standardized total pomegranate tannin (TPT) extract and PJ were evaluated for in vitro antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidant activities. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated for antiproliferative activity at 12.5-100 microg/ml on human oral (KB, CAL27), colon (HT-29, HCT116, SW480, SW620) and prostate (RWPE-1, 22Rv1) tumor cells. Punicalagin, EA and TPT were evaluated at 100 microg/ml concentrations for apoptotic effects and at 10 microg/ml concentrations for antioxidant properties. However, to evaluate the synergistic and/or additive contributions from other PJ phytochemicals, PJ was tested at concentrations normalized to deliver equivalent amounts of punicalagin (w/w). Apoptotic effects were evaluated against the HT-29 and HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. Antioxidant effects were evaluated using inhibition of lipid peroxidation and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Pomegranate juice showed greatest antiproliferative activity against all cell lines by inhibiting proliferation from 30% to 100%. At 100 microg/ml, PJ, EA, punicalagin and TPT induced apoptosis in HT-29 colon cells. However, in the HCT116 colon cells, EA, punicalagin and TPT but not PJ induced apoptosis. The trend in antioxidant activity was PJ>TPT>punicalagin>EA. The superior bioactivity of PJ compared to its purified polyphenols illustrated the multifactorial effects and chemical synergy of the action of multiple compounds compared to single purified active ingredients.