云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性及其群体遗传结构分析

该研究采用CTAB法提取云杉矮槲寄生(Arceuthobium sichuanense)的基因组DNA,利用ITS1片段的序列信息对中国9个不同地理群体的62份云杉矮槲寄生样本的遗传多样性及群体遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:(1)62条ITS1序列共定义16个单倍型(H1~H16),表现出较低的遗传多样性水平(h=0.678 5,π=0.005 9),而群体间的遗传多样性水平则表现出较大差异(h=0~1.000 0,π=0~0.009 4);AMOVA分析显示云杉矮槲寄生群体内的遗传变异占到51.37%,群体间为48.63%。(2)Network单倍型网络分析表明,单倍型H1和H12较为古老,且所有群体对2种单倍型无共享现象;单倍型H1是广布单倍型,存在于青海和甘肃的6个群体中,单倍型H12仅在四川的2个群体中有分布。(3)基于最大似然法(ML)构建的群体聚类和中介邻接法构建的单倍型网络图均显示,四川的3个群体为独立类群,区别于青海、甘肃群体,且甘肃和青海的群体之间没有明显分化。该研究首次报道了云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性和遗传结构,为进一步研究其进化及后续的病害防控提供了一定的参考。     

云杉矮槲寄生内寄生系统的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片和显微观察的方法,以被云杉矮槲寄生侵染的青海云杉枝条为材料,从解剖学水平观察云杉矮槲寄生的内寄生系统。结果表明:云杉矮槲寄生的内寄生系统由分布在寄主皮层内的皮层根和镶嵌在寄主木质部中的吸根组成。皮层根可以沿着寄主枝条,通过挤压寄主皮层细胞的方式扩展,并穿透寄主表皮层形成云杉矮槲寄生的寄生芽;在靠近或接触寄主次生韧皮部时形成吸根,吸根顶端细胞定向穿透寄主韧皮部和形成层,侵染木质部,并沿木射线方向生长。当云杉矮槲寄生侵入寄主以及皮层根向外生长时,寄主表皮层发生加厚现象。随着云杉矮槲寄生侵染部位的寄主皮层细胞数增多,引起枝条膨大。研究认为,云杉矮槲寄生可以进行系统侵染,反映了云杉矮槲寄生与其寄主在组织水平上的相互作用。     

不同种源马尾松ISSR遗传结构及影响因素分析

应用ISSR分子标记技术,对来自广西、贵州3个种源的马尾松开展遗传多样性、遗传结构及遗传距离等研究。结果表明：从100条引物中筛选出12条引物,共扩增出92个条带,86条具有多态性。 POPGENE分析显示：马尾松群体水平上的Nei’ s基因多样性指数的变化范围为0.1824~0.2065,Shannon遗传多样性指数的变化范围为0.2818~0.3178,3个群体的多态性水平差异不大;物种水平上的多态性百分率为93.48％, Nei’ s基因多样性指数为0.2842,Shannon信息指数为0.4381;表明马尾松在物种水平上具有较高水平的遗传多样性。遗传结构分析显示：马尾松的基因分化系数( Gst)为0.3153,表明遗传变异主要来源于群体内;基因流Nm为1.0853,表明不同群体间存在一定的基因流动。 AMOVA分析显示：马尾松的遗传分化指数( Fst)为0.246( P＝0.001),表明群体间已出现明显的遗传分化。 UPGMA聚类和Mantel检测结果显示：每个群体内的个体均能很好地首先聚集为一个分支,群体间的遗传距离与地理距离之间存在显著相关性( r＝0.972, P＝0.001)。这说明马尾松在裸子植物界中具有较高水平的遗传多样性,遗传变异主要分布于群体内,群体间已出现了明显的遗传分化,这种分化并非由遗传漂变引起,可能与地理生境的差异有关。     

四川牡丹和圆裂四川牡丹遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用9条ISSR引物对四川牡丹(Paeonia decomposita)5个居群和圆裂四川牡丹(Paeonia decomposita subsp.rotundiloba)4个居群的遗传多样性进行了初步检测。结果表明:(1)四川牡丹在物种水平上的多态位百分率(PPB)为89.36%,Neis基因多样度(H)为0.291 4,Shannons多样性信息指数(I)为0.441 3;圆裂四川牡丹在物种水平上的多态位百分率(PPB)为81.91%,Neis基因多样度(H)为0.285 7,Shannons多样性信息指数(I)为0.428 5;圆裂四川牡丹的各项多样性参数略低于四川牡丹,而且居群水平上,四川牡丹与圆裂四川牡丹的遗传多样性相对较低。(2)四川牡丹和圆裂四川牡丹居群间遗传分化系数(Gst)分别为0.355 5和0.379 1,2个物种居群内的遗传分化都大于居群间的遗传分化;这2个物种居群间的基因流(Nm)非常有限,其中四川牡丹为0.906 5,圆裂四川牡丹为0.819 0。(3)经Mantel检测,四川牡丹居群间遗传距离与地理距离具有显著正相关关系(r=0.776,P=0.01),而圆裂四川牡丹则不存在显著相关性(r=-0.344,P=0.402)。(4)UPGMA聚类结果显示,四川牡丹与圆裂四川牡丹在分子水平上出现了明显分化,二者为相互独立的物种。研究表明,四川牡丹受到的人为干扰和自然灾害是其濒危的重要原因,与四川牡丹相比,圆裂四川牡丹居群受到的破坏更为严重;建议及时就地保护四川牡丹和圆裂四川牡丹居群的所有个体,而在迁地保护时,因遗传变异主要存在于居群内,应尽可能大量采样,达到最大限度保存其遗传多样性的目的。     

草鱼野生群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用12个微卫星标记, 对来自长江水系(邗江、吴江、九江、石首、木洞和万州)、珠江水系(肇庆)和黑龙江水系(嫩江)的8个草鱼野生地理群体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构等分析。遗传多样性分析显示, 12个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点(PIC=0.755~0.930), 8个草鱼野生群体显示出较高的遗传多样性水平(Ho=0.839~0.893), 其中长江水系的6个群体和肇庆群体的多样性水平高于嫩江群体。瓶颈效应分析显示, 嫩江、肇庆群体及2个长江上游群体(木洞、万州)近期出现了瓶颈效应, 群体数量发生下降。群体间遗传分化指数F^ST及AMOVA分析显示, 群体间出现极显著遗传分化(P<0.01), 整体分化水平较低(F^ST<0.05)。遗传距离分析结果显示, 长江水系的6个群体与肇庆群体遗传距离较近, 与嫩江群体较远; 基于此的UPGMA聚类树显示, 长江水系下游、中游和上游的群体依次聚类, 然后与肇庆群体聚类, 最后与嫩江群体聚类, 遗传距离与地理距离呈现出较强的正相关性。遗传结构分析显示, 所有样本被划分为5个理论群, 肇庆和嫩江群体中个体的遗传结构相对独立, 而长江上游、中游和下游群体中个体的遗传结构则存在一定程度的混杂。综上所述, 中国草鱼野生资源具有较高的遗传多样性, 地理群体间存在遗传分化, 具有进一步遗传改良的潜力; 但部分群体出现的瓶颈效应也需要引起重视。     

我国沿海缢蛏群体遗传结构的mtDNA-COⅠ分析

采集了我国沿海共计9个缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)地理群体的197个样本,分别是北部组群的3个群体:辽宁省庄河群体(ZH),天津市汉沽群体(HG),山东省海阳群体(HY);中部组群的3个群体:江苏省盐城群体(YC),上海市崇明县东滩群体(DT)和堡镇群体(BZ);以及南部组群的3个群体:浙江省宁波群体(NB),浙江省台州群体(TZ)以及福建省宁德群体(ND)。利用线粒体COⅠ标记分析了9个群体的遗传多样性和遗传分化。结果表明,在共计197个个体中检测到125个单倍型和96个变异位点,核苷酸多样性指数位于2.1764～7.4970之间,其中中部组群的群体遗传多样性指数最高。AMOVA分析结果显示,组间遗传变异量占总变异的80.27%,18.74%来自于群体内,只有0.99%来自于组内群体间。群体间遗传分化系数位于0.0219～0.8706之间,不同群体间具有一定的遗传分化,尤其是中部群体与其他群体间遗传分化值达到了0.8以上,为极高度分化。遗传距离和聚类结果显示,北部3群体和南部3群体首先聚在一起,之后与中部3群体聚类。     

三种兰科植物的保护遗传学研究初探

采用随机扩增多态 DNA(RAPD)分析研究了中国3种珍稀濒危兰科植物硬叶兜兰(Paphiopedilum micranthum Tang et Wang)、麻栗坡兜兰(P. malipoense S.C.Chen et Tsi)和独花兰(Changnienia amoena Chien)的遗传多样性与群体遗传结构.12个RAPD引物在2种兜兰中共扩增出131条带.对4个硬叶兜兰群体的检测表明其物种水平的多态条带百分率(PPB)为 71.6%,Nei 的基因多样度(h)为 0.217 1,Shannon多样性指数 (I) 为 0.330 1;4个群体的平均多样性水平为 PPB = 45.2%,h = 0.145 7,I = 0.220 4,低于远交兰花的平均水平.在总遗传变异中,群体间遗传变异占20.31%,略高于远交物种的平均水平.在物种水平上,麻栗坡兜兰的PPB为49.5%,h为0.117 4,I为0.176 4,均大大低于硬叶兜兰.对11个独花兰群体采用16个RAPD引物共扩增出119条带.物种水平PPB=76.5%,h=0.194 1,I=0.305 8;在群体水平上,上述3个指标的平均值则分别为37.2%、0.119 7和0.181 0,均低于远交兰花的平均水平.群体间的遗传变异占45.27%,遗传分化明显高于远交物种的平均水平.导致3个物种遗传多样性偏低而群体间遗传分化较高的主要原因在于人为的过度采挖和生境的片断化.研究结果为兰花保护策略和措施的制定提供了理论基础.     

基于LSU和ITS的青藏高原黄绿卷毛菇种群遗传多样性分析

为研究黄绿卷毛菇群体遗传结构,以青海、西藏、四川3个省份的10个地理群共91个样本黄绿卷毛菇为实验材料,采用分子生物学方法测定和分析所有样本的LSU和ITS序列。结果显示:1 995bp的LSU和ITS基因序列共有8个变异位点,得到20个基因型。单倍型多样性指数(Hd)和核苷酸多样性指数(pi)分别为0.538±0.026和0.00029±0.00002;青海玉树和青海兴海的遗传多样性指数最高。分子变异分析结果表明黄绿卷毛菇群体遗传变异主要来自种群内(75.70%),种群间遗传分化较大。系统进化树结果也表明,10个地理群分成2个支系,黄绿卷毛菇群体存在明显的地理结构。中性检测结果进一步证实,黄绿卷毛菇群体有着复杂的群体历史,曾发生过种群数量扩张,近期种群数量正在衰减。     

基于AFLP方法对不同地理种群棉褐带卷蛾遗传分化的研究

利用3对AFLP引物对我国棉褐带卷蛾Adoxophyes orana(Fischer von Rosslerstamm)4个地理种群进行了遗传分化研究。共扩增得到224个DNA条带,其中多态条带195个;遗传多样性分析表明各群体均具有较高的遗传多样性水平,Nei遗传多样性指数为0.1425⁰.1578,Shannon多样性指数为0.21370.1578,Shannon多样性指数为0.2137⁰.2383。群体间的遗传分化系数(Gst)和基因流(Nm)分析结果表明,北方的苹小卷叶蛾与南方茶小卷叶蛾之间产生了明显的遗传分化,而北方的苹小卷叶蛾不同种群间则存在着大量的基因交流,遗传分化程度很弱。AMOVA分析结果显示66.81%的变异来源于种群内。UMAGA聚类分析表明,北京种群、陕西种群和山东种群间遗传距离较小,聚在一起为一分支,福建的茶小卷蛾单独为一分支。推测棉褐带卷蛾种群间的遗传分化与寄主有关联,与地理距离不相关。     

五个罗氏沼虾群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用16对微卫星标记对来自泰国(CP)、缅甸(MN)、孟加拉(BD)和中国(MP和DP)的共5个罗氏沼虾群体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析。结果显示, 16个微卫星位点均具有较高的多态性, 平均等位基因数(N_a)、期望杂合度(H_e)、Shannon信息指数(I)和多态信息含量(PIC)分别为17.563、0.8316、2.1662和0.7328。5个群体的期望杂合度(H_e)介于0.7025—0.8594, 多态信息含量(PIC)介于0.6538—0.8048, 表明所有群体均具有高度遗传多样性, 遗传多样性水平CP>MP>BD>MN>DP。遗传分化指数(F_st)值介于0.03430—0.17333, 表明所有群体间均有不同程度的遗传分化。16个微卫星位点的F_st值均大于0.05, 均值为0.0977, 与群体间有遗传分化相符。AMOVA分析显示群体间变异占总变异的6.22%, 群体内个体间的变异占总变异的40.72%, 个体内部的遗传变异占总变异的53.07%。基于Nei氏遗传距离构建的UPGMA系统进化树显示, MN群体首先与MP群体聚为一类, 再与DP群体聚为一类, 之后再与BD群体聚为一类, 最后与CP群体聚为一类, 表明中国群体与泰国群体亲缘关系较远。遗传结构分析显示, 参试样本被划分为5个理论群体, 除MP群体中个体遗传结构混杂外, 其余群体中个体遗传结构相对独立。研究为罗氏沼虾种质资源的开发利用和优良品种的选育提供了参考数据。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.