土壤中产脂肪酶洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的分离与鉴定

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌(Burkholderia cepacia)在生物防治、生物降解等农业领域有着广泛的应用,它产生的脂肪酶则在有机合成、精细化工等领域潜力巨大。采用改良的TB-T平板筛选法从土壤中初步筛选出300株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌,然后用脂肪酶活性检测平板对300株菌进行筛选,最终获得6株脂肪酶产量高的菌,通过发酵发现6株菌均有较好的产脂肪酶能力。随后通过16S rDNA比对的方法将6株全部鉴定为B.cepacia。在此基础上,采用HaeⅢ-recA RFLP和基因种特异性PCR对6株菌进行了基因种鉴定,结果表明JWT16、G63YL、WJ158和JWT137属于Burkholderia cenocepacia菌,JWP9属于Burkhold-eria vietnamiensis,JWT267则属于Burkholderia multivorans。     

耐受有机溶剂洋葱伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002全细胞脂肪酶酶学性质

一株对多种有机溶剂具有良好耐受能力的产脂肪酶菌株ZYB002经分子鉴定为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。其产生的细胞结合脂肪酶最适温度为65°C,最适pH为8.0,在低于70°C和pH3-8.5的范围内,全细胞脂肪酶保持稳定。Ca2+、K+、Na+和NO3-等离子对脂肪酶活性有激活作用,而Zn2+有抑制效应。全细胞脂肪酶对正丁醇有较强的耐受能力,但曲拉通X-100对脂肪酶活性有强烈的抑制效应。洋葱伯克霍尔德菌ZYB002全细胞脂肪酶良好的碱稳定性、热稳定性和有机溶剂耐受性,表明该全细胞脂肪酶具有重要的工业应用潜力。     

三种蓝莓根际细菌的分离及其对蓝莓苗生长发育的影响

【目的】从3种蓝莓根际土壤中分离细菌,探究蓝莓根际土壤细菌多样性,并筛选具有产酸、促生长、抑菌性能的菌株,为蓝莓专用微生物肥料的研究提供优质菌株资源和理论基础。【方法】选用5种培养基分离3种蓝莓根际土壤细菌,并进行16S rRNA基因测序和系统发育分析。筛选产酸、产吲哚-3-乙酸（indole-3-acetic acid,IAA）和铁载体、固氮、溶磷和抑制灰葡萄孢生长的菌株,挑选最适菌株制备菌剂进行蓝莓苗盆栽实验验证促生能力,并检测菌剂对蓝莓元素吸收和根际土壤肥力的影响。【结果】从3种蓝莓根际土壤分离得到124株细菌,挑选70株代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因测序,分布于3个门21个属,其中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）和红球菌属（Rhodococcus）为优势分离菌群。代表性菌株中,21.4%的菌株能产酸,21.4%的菌株产吲哚-3-乙酸,47.1%的菌株具有固氮潜力,65.7%的菌株具有解磷能力,14.3%的菌株能产铁载体。少量菌株同时具有产酸、产IAA、固氮、解磷和抑菌等能力。选取具有产酸和多种促生特征的菌株绿针假单胞菌CSM-70和双鱼假单胞菌CSM-129进行盆栽蓝莓苗处理,发现2株菌均能显著促进蓝莓苗的生长发育并调控根际土壤pH,其中菌株CSM-70处理还显著促进了蓝莓叶片氮、磷元素的吸收,提升了土壤速效钾、碱解氮的含量。【结论】蓝莓根际细菌多样性高且蕴藏着丰富的促生长菌株,绿针假单胞菌CSM-70和双鱼假单胞菌CSM-129能够促进蓝莓苗生长、调控根际土壤pH和肥力,并促进植株养分吸收,具有蓝莓专用微生物菌剂研制与应用的潜力。     

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌致恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染的耐药性分析

目的分析我院恶性肿瘤患者医院获得性感染洋葱伯克霍尔德菌的临床特点及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011年1月至2013年12月,从我院恶性肿瘤感染患者送检的细菌培养标本;细菌鉴定用美国BD公司phoenix-100全自动细菌鉴定药敏系统,药敏试验采用纸片法,同时使用WHONET 5.6软件对相关资料进行统计。结果从检测部位分析主要分布在下呼吸道（74.1%）,其次为血液（9.4%）;药敏试验表明139株洋葱伯克霍尔德菌对米诺环素、氯霉素、美罗培南、头孢他啶和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦仍较敏感,可作为临床治疗洋葱伯克霍尔德菌感染的首选药物,其余15种抗菌药物的耐药率高达30.0%~100%。结论洋葱伯克霍尔德菌在恶性肿瘤患者中的耐药现象非常严重,临床应引起高度关注,及早进行微生物学检测,并根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

套作不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱对黄瓜生长及土壤微环境的影响

盆栽试验以黄瓜为主栽作物,分蘖洋葱为套作作物,研究了套作不同化感潜力分蘖洋葱对黄瓜生长及土壤微环境的影响.结果表明:与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,黄瓜根际土壤电导率降低、pH值提高;根际土壤过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性提高,过氧化物酶活性降低;根际土壤细菌丰富度增加.DGGE条带测序显示,黄瓜根际土壤细菌大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,共有条带的测序比对推测为放线菌纲和变形菌纲,差异条带的测序比对推测为变形菌纲和酸杆菌纲,红螺旋菌目、酸杆菌属只出现在与化感潜力弱的分蘖洋葱套作的黄瓜根际土壤中.相关分析表明,土壤脲酶与黄瓜幼苗株高、全株干质量、叶面积、DGGE条带数呈显著正相关.综上,与化感潜力强的分蘖洋葱套作,可为黄瓜生长创造良好的根际微环境,显著促进黄瓜幼苗生长.     

1株蛇足石杉根际铁载体细菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

对蛇足石杉根际铁载体细菌进行了分离、筛选与鉴定,以期筛选到潜在高效促生细菌.采用梯度稀释涂平板法从蛇足石杉根际土中分离细菌,再通过CAS检测平板分析,从中筛选出1株产生铁载体能力较强的菌,并结合16S rDNA基因系统发育分析对可产铁载体的蛇足石杉根际细菌初步鉴定.从蛇足石杉根际中筛选到1株产铁载体细菌JSX 389,经鉴定为Lysinibacillus属菌株.     

油茶根际溶磷菌的分离、鉴定及溶磷能力研究

采用传统的微生物分离培养法,对油茶根际溶磷细菌进行了分离,共筛选得到17株溶磷细菌。利用透明圈法对油茶根际土壤中具有溶磷能力的细菌进行初筛;采用钼锑抗比色法测定发酵液的可溶性磷含量,对解磷菌株进行复筛,得出菌株6-Y-09溶磷活性最强。根据进行菌落形态特征、生理生化特征、16S r DNA序列和系统发育分析等研究,初步鉴定菌株6-Y-09为洋葱伯克霍尔德菌。该菌株在后续微生物菌肥研制中具有较大潜力,为通过生物途径改善油茶磷素供应,促进油茶生长提供了优良的菌株资源。     

高产铁载体根际菌的筛选鉴定及硒活化特性评价

通过对高产铁载体根际菌的分离鉴定及其活化土壤硒的性能研究,揭示根际菌产铁载体与活化硒素性能的相关性。利用铬天青(chrome azural S,CAS)平板法从贵州开阳地区玉米根际土壤中筛选出产铁载体菌株,而后定量检测其产铁载体能力,采用Salkowski比色法检测其产吲哚乙酸能力,通过16S rRNA序列对其进行分析鉴定;另外,通过浸提剂提取的水溶态硒、有效硒含量高低反应菌株对土壤硒的活化能力。研究结果显示:5株菌株具有较强的铁载体分泌能力,其中菌株WD06铁载体活性单位高达73%,达到产铁载体能力较高级;各菌株均具有一定的产吲哚乙酸的能力;各菌株可对土壤中的硒起到较强的活化作用,将水溶态硒含量提高2.50~7.85倍、有效硒含量提高0.46~4.72倍;3株硒活化效果较好的菌株中,WD01经鉴定为Klebsiella michiganensis,WD06为Serratia marcescens,WD07为Enterobacter xiangfangensis。该研究结果为土壤硒微生物强化策略提供了一定的参考。     

基于核糖体基因序列快速鉴定产脂肪酶微生物

利用含罗丹明B的橄榄油检测平板从中国各省市油污土壤中分离、筛选产脂肪酶微生物菌株,扩增细菌的核糖体基因16S rDNA序列和真菌的ITS2序列,分析核糖体基因簇DNA,并结合形态学特征从而对产脂肪酶菌株进行分子生物学鉴定.核糖体基因16S rDNA序列分析及系统发育分析表明,分离得到的产脂肪酶细菌分别属于枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、产碱假单胞菌(Pseudomonas alcaligenes)、洋葱伯克霍尔德氏(Burkholderia cepacia)、琼氏不动杆菌(Acinetobater jurii)、嗜麦芽窄食单孢菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.);真菌核糖体基因转录间隔区(ITS2)序列及同源性分析表明产脂肪酶真菌分别属于黑曲酶(Aspergillus niger)、白地酶(Galactomyces geotrichum)、解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、丝孢酵母(Trichosporon guehoae)和假丝酵母(Candida sp.).研究结果表明,核糖体基因簇的DNA分析技术为从自然界分离、鉴定产脂肪酶菌种提供了一种快速有效的手段,为产脂肪酶微生物资源开发利用奠定了技术基础.     

一株解磷细菌的筛选、鉴定及其溶磷培养条件的优化

从土壤作物根际筛选分离出的一株解磷能力较强的溶磷菌P0417,对其进行16S r DNA基因水平上的初步鉴定,测定其溶解磷的能力,并对该菌的溶磷培养基条件进行优化。结果表明,经序列分析,确定该菌株P0417为洋葱伯克霍尔德氏菌。且其溶磷能力与培养液p H呈显著相关性,当培养基条件为葡萄糖10 g/L、草酸铵0.5 g/L、Na Cl 1.0 g/L时,菌株P0417对Ca3(PO4)2盐培养基具有较好的解磷能力,其解磷能力可达791.84μg/m L。     

A selective medium for enumeration and recovery of Pseudomonas cepacia biotypes from soil.

TB-T medium provides a high degree of selectivity for and detection of Pseudomonas cepacia biotypes upon initial plating from soil. TB-T medium consists of a basal medium with glucose as the sole carbon source and asparagine as the sole nitrogen source. The selectivity of TB-T medium is based on the combination of trypan blue (TB) and tetracycline (T) (pH 5.5). On TB-T medium, 216 of 300 isolates (72%) from five different soil types were identified as P. cepacia. The remaining 28% were facultative organisms that could be separated readily from P. cepacia by anaerobic glucose fermentation and by their inability to grow at 41 degrees C. Molds were controlled on low soil dilutions by adding crystal violet, nystatin, or both. Elimination of either ingredient or elevation of the pH to 7.5 resulted in a pronounced loss of selectivity. The efficiency of recovery varied considerably among P. cepacia strains but was high enough for some strains (76 to 86%) to permit quantitative studies. TB-T medium combines a defined formulation with high selectivity and allows recovery of P. cepacia biotypes from low soil dilutions (10(1) to 10(3)).     

A selective medium for enumeration and recovery of Pseudomonas cepacia biotypes from soil

TB-T medium provides a high degree of selectivity for and detection of Pseudomonas cepacia biotypes upon initial plating from soil. TB-T medium consists of a basal medium with glucose as the sole carbon source and asparagine as the sole nitrogen source. The selectivity of TB-T medium is based on the combination of trypan blue (TB) and tetracycline (T) (pH 5.5). On TB-T medium, 216 of 300 isolates (72%) from five different soil types were identified as P. cepacia. The remaining 28% were facultative organisms that could be separated readily from P. cepacia by anaerobic glucose fermentation and by their inability to grow at 41 degrees C. Molds were controlled on low soil dilutions by adding crystal violet, nystatin, or both. Elimination of either ingredient or elevation of the pH to 7.5 resulted in a pronounced loss of selectivity. The efficiency of recovery varied considerably among P. cepacia strains but was high enough for some strains (76 to 86%) to permit quantitative studies. TB-T medium combines a defined formulation with high selectivity and allows recovery of P. cepacia biotypes from low soil dilutions (10(1) to 10(3)).     

Detection of cultured and uncultured Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria naturally occurring in the maize rhizosphere

The species composition of a Burkholderia cepacia complex population naturally occurring in the maize rhizosphere was investigated by using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. B. cepacia complex isolates were recovered from maize root slurry on the two selective media Pseudomonas cepacia azelaic acid tryptamine (PCAT) and trypan blue tetracycline (TB-T) and subjected to identification by a combination of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis and species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests of the recA gene. DNA extracted directly from root slurry was examined by means of nested PCR to amplify recA gene with species-specific B. cepacia complex primers and to obtain a library of PCR amplified recA genes. Using the culture-dependent method the species Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia ambifaria and Burkholderia pyrrocinia were identified, whereas using the culture-independent method also the species Burkholderia vietnamiensis was detected. The latter method also allowed us to highlight a higher diversity within the B. cenocepacia species. In fact, by using the culture-independent method the species B. cenocepacia recA lineages IIIA and IIID besides B. cenocepacia recA lineage IIIB were detected. Moreover, higher heterogeneity of recA RFLP patterns was observed among clones assigned to the species B. cenocepacia than among B. cenocepacia isolates from selective media.     

Bias Caused by Using Different Isolation Media for Assessing the Genetic Diversity of a Natural Microbial Population

Abstract The influence of isolation medium on the biodiversity of Burkholderia cepacia strains recovered from the rhizosphere of Zea mays was evaluated by comparing the genetic diversity of isolates obtained by plating serial dilutions of root macerates on the two selective media TB-T and PCAT. From each medium, 50 randomly chosen colonies were isolated. On the basis of the restriction patterns of DNA coding for 16S rRNA (16S rDNA) amplified by means of PCR (ARDRA), all strains isolated from TB-T medium were assigned to the B. cepacia species, whereas among PCAT isolates only 74% were assigned to the B. cepacia species. Genetic diversity among the PCAT and TB-T isolates was evaluated by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) method was applied to determine the variance component for RAPD patterns. Most of the genetic diversity (90.59%) was found within the two groups of isolates, but an appreciable amount (9.41%) still separated the two groups (P < 0.001). Mean genetic distances among PCAT isolates (10.39) and TB-T isolates (9.36) were significantly different (P < 0.0001). The results indicate that the two different isolation media select for B. cepacia populations with a different degree of genetic diversity. Moreover, a higher degree of genetic diversity was observed among strains isolated from PCAT medium than among those isolated from TB-T medium. Received: 29 April 1999; Accepted: 27 January 2000; Online Publication: 28 August 2000     

Identification and onion pathogenicity of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates from the onion rhizosphere and onion field soil

Burkholderia cepacia complex strains are genetically related but phenotypically diverse organisms that are important opportunistic pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF,) as well as pathogens of onion and banana, colonizers of the rhizospheres of many plant species, and common inhabitants of bulk soil. Genotypic identification and pathogenicity characterization were performed on B. cepacia complex isolates from the rhizosphere of onion and organic soils in Michigan. A total of 3,798 putative B. cepacia complex isolates were recovered on Pseudomonas cepacia azelaic acid tryptamine and trypan blue tetracycline semiselective media during the 2004 growing season from six commercial onion fields located in two counties in Michigan. Putative B. cepacia complex isolates were identified by hybridization to a 16S rRNA gene probe, followed by duplex PCR using primers targeted to the 16S rRNA gene and recA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the recA sequence. A total of 1,290 isolates, 980 rhizosphere and 310 soil isolates, were assigned to the species B. cepacia (160), B. cenocepacia (480), B. ambifaria (623), and B. pyrrocinia (27). The majority of isolates identified as B. cepacia (85%), B. cenocepacia (90%), and B. ambifaria (76%) were pathogenic in a detached onion bulb scale assay and caused symptoms of water soaking, maceration, and/or necrosis. A phylogenetic analysis of recA sequences from representative B. cepacia complex type and panel strains, along with isolates collected in this study, revealed that the B. cenocepacia isolates associated with onion grouped within the III-B lineage and that some strains were closely related to strain AU1054, which was isolated from a CF patient. This study revealed that multiple B. cepacia complex species colonize the onion rhizosphere and have the potential to cause sour skin rot disease of onion. In addition, the onion rhizosphere is a natural habitat and a potential environmental source of B. cenocepacia.     

Sensitivity of the Burkholderia cepacia complex and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to transducing bacteriophages

Burkholderia cepacia is now recognised as a life-threatening pathogen among several groups of immunocompromised patients. In this context, the proposed large-scale use of these bacteria in agriculture has increased the need for a better understanding of the genetics of the species forming the B. cepacia complex. Until now, little information has been available on the bacteriophages of the B. cepacia complex. Transducing phages, named NS1 and NS2, were derived from the lysogenic B. cepacia strains ATCC 29424 and ATCC 17616. The frequency of transduction per phage particle ranged from 1.0x10(-8) to 7.0x10(-6) depending on the phage and recipient strain used. The host range of NS1 and NS2 differed but in each case included environmental and clinical isolates, and strains belonging to several species and genomovars of the B. cepacia complex. The host range of both phages also included Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Some B. cepacia complex isolates were sensitive to the well-characterised P. aeruginosa transducing phages, B3, F116L and G101. The lytic activity of NS1 and NS2 was inhibited by B. cepacia lipopolysaccharide suggesting that this moiety is a binding site for both phages. The molecular size of the NS1 and NS2 genomes was approximately 48 kb.     

Identification of aquatic Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia by hybridization with species-specific rRNA gene probes.

Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is a common environmental bacterium which can be pathogenic for plants and humans. In this study, four strategies were used to identify aquatic isolates: API test strips, hybridization with species-specific DNA probes for the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles, and growth on selective medium (TB-T agar [C. Hagedorn, W. D. Gould, T. R. Bardinelli, and D. R. Gustarson, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:2265-2268, 1987]). Only 59% of the isolates identified as B. cepacia with the API test strips were confirmed as B. cepacia by using fatty acid profiles. The 23S rRNA probe generated a few false-positive results but dramatically underestimated the number of B. cepacia isolates (i.e., 40% of the colonies that did not hybridize to the probe were B. cepacia, as determined by FAME). The 16S rRNA probe generated more false-positive results than the 23S rRNA probe but was effective in identifying the majority of the B. cepacia isolates. The selective medium was only partially successful in recovering B. cepacia. Use of the B. cepacia-specific 16S rRNA probe was the most efficient and accurate way of identifying B. cepacia.     

A novel strategy for the isolation and identification of environmental Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel strategy for the isolation and identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteria from the home environment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Water and soil samples were enriched in a broth containing 0.1% l-arabinose, 0.1% l-threonine, and a mixture of selective agents including 1 microgml(-1) C-390, 600U ml(-1) polymyxin B sulfate, 10 microgml(-1) gentamycin, 2 microgml(-1) vancomycin and 10 microgml(-1) cycloheximide. On selective media (consisting of the same components as above plus 1.8% agar), several dilutions of the enrichment broth were inoculated and incubated for 5 days at 28 degrees C. Isolates with different randomly amplified polymorphic DNA patterns were inoculated in Stewart's medium. Putative B. cepacia complex bacteria were confirmed by means of recA PCR and further identified by HaeIII-recA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Our results suggest that these organisms may be more widespread in the home environment than previously assumed and that plant associated soil and pond water may be reservoirs of B. cepacia complex infection in CF patients.     

Burkholderia cepacia complex: distribution of genomovars among isolates from the maize rhizosphere in Italy

Burkholderia cepacia is a 'complex' in which seven genomic species or genomovars have so far been identified. It appears that all seven B. cepacia genomovars are capable of causing infections in vulnerable persons; in particular, the importance of Burkholderia multivorans (genomovar II) and B. cepacia genomovar III among cystic fibrosis isolates, especially epidemic ones, has been emphasized. In order to acquire a better comprehension of the genomovar composition of environmental populations of B. cepacia, 120 strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of maize plants cultivated in fields located in northern, central and southern Italy. The identification of the different genomovars was accomplished by a combination of molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques, such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA (ARDRA), genomovar-specific PCR tests and RFLP analyses based on polymorphisms in the recA gene whole-cell protein electrophoresis. ARDRA analysis allowed us to distinguish between all B. cepacia genomovars except B. cepacia genomovar I, B. cepacia genomovar III and Burkholderia ambifaria (genomovar VII). The latter genomovars were differentiated by means of recA PCR tests and RFLP analyses. Among the rhizospheric isolates of B. cepacia, we found only B. cepacia genomovar I, B. cepacia genomovar III, Burkholderia vietnamiensis (genomovar V) and B. ambifaria. B. cepacia genomovars I and III and B. ambifaria were recovered from all three fields, whereas B. vietnamiensis was detected only in the population isolated from the field located in central Italy. Among strains isolated from northern and southern Italy, the most abundant genomovars were B. ambifaria and B. cepacia genomovar III respectively; in contrast, the population isolated in central Italy showed an even distribution of strains among genomovars. These results indicate that it is not possible to differentiate clinical and environmental strains, or pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains, of the B. cepacia complex simply on the basis of genomovar status, and that the environment may serve as a reservoir for B. cepacia genomovar III infections in vulnerable humans.