长学制医学微生物学实验教学体系构建

针对目前医学微生物学实验教学中的突出问题,从实验内容和实验教学手段等方面入手,探索建立一整套适用于七年制及长学制学生的实验课程教学体系,体现创新教育教学的理念.     

长学制医学微生物学实验教学体系构建

针对目前医学微生物学实验教学中的突出问题, 从实验内容和实验教学手段等方面入手,探索建立一整套适用于七年制及长学制学生的实验课程教学体系, 体现创新教育教学的理念。     

本科植物细胞与基因工程研究型实验课程的构建与实践

在本科实验教学中开设研究型综合性实验课程是培养创新性人才的重要教改内容。作者利用自身的科研平台,为本科生开设了植物细胞与基因工程的专业选修课,主要讲授植物组织培养、原生质体分离与培养、植物遗传转化及转基因植物的筛选与鉴定等植物细胞与分子生物学技术原理及实验操作。通过整合植物组织、细胞和分子3个水平的实验教学内容和操作技术,采用集中讲解—独立操作—全天候开放的实验教学模式,并在实验教学中增加自主设计环节,培养本科生的综合性实验设计能力,训练独立操作技能,激发科研兴趣和自主创新意识,从而达到培养本科创新人才的目标。文章总结了开展植物细胞与基因工程实验教学的经验和教学效果,介绍了该实验教学的教学模式、教学内容和方法、考核评价体系,分析了存在的问题,阐述了以高水平科学研究促进实验教学对于深化本科教学改革和培养现代生物技术创新人才的重要性。     

Teaching about Scientific Origins: Taking Account of Creationism

The purpose of this study was to develop a model for measuring experimental design ability based on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during biological inquiry. More specifically, the researchers developed an experimental design task that measures experimental design ability. Using the developed experimental design task, they measured both the paper experimental design ability and the fMRI experimental design ability of subjects. Subjects’ paper experimental design ability was measured using the quotient equation of experimental design ability, and their fMRI experimental design ability using the brain connectivity coefficient. According to the fMRI results, differences in design ability existed among subjects in terms of brain connectivity coefficient level during the experimental design task. The experimental design ability brain connectivity coefficient level and quotient for each subject were analysed. Statistically significant correlations between subjects’ connectivity strength level among brain activation regions and quotient value guided the establishment of a measuring model. The model measured experimental design ability and could predict an individual’s experimental design ability quotient using his or her brain connectivity coefficient. Hence, the model developed for this study for measuring experimental design ability based on fMRI may serve as a practical measurement of students’ scientific experimental design ability. Furthermore, this study could serve as a founding theory for measuring models of other scientific processing abilities such as observation, question generation, classification, hypothesis generation and hypothesis evaluation.     

浅谈生物学实验教学改革策略

生物学实验教学具有重要地位和意义,针对当前实验教学存在问题,应从理念和实践两个层面采取有效策略来改革生物实验教学。如践行生物新课程实验标准,变验证性实验为探究性实验,着力培养学生创造性思维,重视实验课软硬件的建设与提升等。     

A Selection and Testing Procedure for Comparing Several Experimental Treatments with a Control

We consider a selection and testing procedure for comparing k experimental treatments with a control treatment where the treatments are assumed to be normally distributed with unknown means and a common, unknown variance. Stein‐type sampling is used in the selection phase to screen for an experimental treatment that exhibits evidence of being better than the control treatment and each of the other experimental treatments, where better is defined in terms of the largest mean. In the testing phase, the best experimental treatment is compared to the control using a hypothesis test. If no experimental treatment indicates that it is an improvement over the control during the selection phase, our procedure allows for early termination. We provide definitions of level and power appropriate for our hybrid procedure and compute procedure parameters required to implement our procedure.     

Grid Support for Collaborative Control Room in Fusion Science

The National Fusion Collaboratory project seeks to enable fusion scientists to exploit Grid capabilities in support of experimental science. To this end we are exploring the concept of a collaborative control room that harnesses Grid and collaborative technologies to provide an environment in which remote experimental devices, codes, and expertise can interact in real time during an experiment. This concept has the potential to make fusion experiments more efficient by enabling researchers to perform more analysis and by engaging more expertise from a geographically distributed team of scientists and resources. As the realities of software development, talent distribution, and budgets increasingly encourage pooling resources and specialization, we see such environments as a necessary tool for future science. In this paper, we describe an experimental mock-up of a remote interaction with the DIII-D control room. The collaborative control room was demonstrated at SC03 and later reviewed at an international ITER Grid Workshop. We describe how the combined effect of various technologies—collaborative, visualization, and Grid—can be used effectively in experimental science. Specifically, we describe the Access Grid, experimental data presentation tools, and agreement-based resource management and workflow systems enabling time-bounded end-to-end application execution. We also report on FusionGrid services whose use during the fusion experimental cycle became possible for the first time thanks to this technology, and we discuss its potential use in future fusion experiments.     

Prediction of physical protein-protein interactions

Many essential cellular processes such as signal transduction, transport, cellular motion and most regulatory mechanisms are mediated by protein-protein interactions. In recent years, new experimental techniques have been developed to discover the protein-protein interaction networks of several organisms. However, the accuracy and coverage of these techniques have proven to be limited, and computational approaches remain essential both to assist in the design and validation of experimental studies and for the prediction of interaction partners and detailed structures of protein complexes. Here, we provide a critical overview of existing structure-independent and structure-based computational methods. Although these techniques have significantly advanced in the past few years, we find that most of them are still in their infancy. We also provide an overview of experimental techniques for the detection of protein-protein interactions. Although the developments are promising, false positive and false negative results are common, and reliable detection is possible only by taking a consensus of different experimental approaches. The shortcomings of experimental techniques affect both the further development and the fair evaluation of computational prediction methods. For an adequate comparative evaluation of prediction and high-throughput experimental methods, an appropriately large benchmark set of biophysically characterized protein complexes would be needed, but is sorely lacking.     

做好实验准备工作,提高微生物学实验教学质量

完善的微生物学实验准备工作是确保实验成功的开始,也是提高微生物学实验教学质量的重要环节。从加强实验室管理,制定详细的实验准备内容,严格进行实验预做等方面介绍做好微生物学实验准备工作的经验,为提高实验教学质量,培养具有创新能力的人才提供参考和借鉴。     

Simultaneous estimation of sludge biological activity and influent nitrogen load using ORP and DO dynamics

This paper proposes a new optimization strategy to estimate nitrifiable nitrogen concentration in wastewater, nitrification rate, denitrification rate and/or COD available for denitrification of an activated sludge process submitted to intermittent aeration. The approach uses the oxydo-reduction potential and dissolved oxygen measurements only. The parameter identification is based on a Simplex optimization of a cost function related to the error between an experimental cycle (an aerobic period followed by an anoxic one) and a simulation of a reduced model derived from ASM1. Results show very good prediction of experimental oxygen, ammonium and nitrate profiles. The estimation of nitrifiable nitrogen and removal rates has been validated both on simulated data obtained from COST action 624 benchmark and on experimental data.     

Simulating the vapour–liquid equilibria of 1,4-dioxane

1,4-dioxane, a cyclic ether, is an emerging contaminant which is difficult to remove from water with conventional water treatment methods and resistant to biodegradation. Once a reliable force field is developed for 1,4-dioxane, molecular simulation techniques can be useful to study alternative adsorbents for its removal. For this purpose, we carried out Monte Carlo simulations in a constant volume Gibbs Ensemble to generate a force field which is capable of predicting the vapour–liquid coexistence curve and critical data of 1,4-dioxane. Results are given in comparison with experimental data and results from simulations with other force fields. Liquid densities and critical temperature are predicted in excellent agreement with experimental data using the new force field. At high temperatures, predicted vapour densities are in good agreement with experimental data, however, at lower temperatures the predicted vapour densities deviate about an order of magnitude from the experimental values. The critical density is slightly underestimated with our new force field. However, overall, the results of simulations with the new parameters give much better agreement with experimental data compared to the results obtained using other force fields.     

Comparing different approaches for determining joint torque parameters from isovelocity dynamometer measurements

Strength, or maximum joint torque, is a fundamental factor governing human movement, and is regularly assessed for clinical and rehabilitative purposes as well as for research into human performance. This study aimed to identify the most appropriate protocol for fitting a maximum voluntary torque function to experimental joint torque data. Three participants performed maximum isometric and concentric-eccentric knee extension trials on an isovelocity dynamometer and a separate experimental protocol was used to estimate maximum knee extension angular velocity. A nine parameter maximum voluntary torque function, which included angle, angular velocity and neural inhibition effects, was fitted to the experimental torque data and three aspects of this fitting protocol were investigated. Using an independent experimental estimate of maximum knee extension angular velocity gave lower variability in the high concentric velocity region of the maximum torque function compared to using dynamometer measurements alone. A weighted root mean square difference (RMSD) score function, that forced the majority (73-92%) of experimental data beneath the maximum torque function, was found to best account for the one-sided noise in experimental torques resulting from sub-maximal effort by the participants. The suggested protocol (an appropriately weighted RMSD score function and an independent estimate of maximum knee extension angular velocity) gave a weighted RMSD of between 11 and 13 Nm (4-5% of maximum isometric torque). It is recommended that this protocol be used in generating maximum voluntary joint torque functions in all torque-based modelling of dynamic human movement.     

Evaluation of experimental designs for two-color cDNA microarrays.

The major goal of two-color cDNA microarray experiments is to measure the relative gene expression level (i.e., relative amount of mRNA) of each gene between samples in studies of gene expression. More specifically, given an N-sample experiment, we need all N(N - 1)/2 relative expression levels of all sample pairs of each gene for identification of the differentially expressed genes and for clustering of gene expression patterns. However, the intensities observed from two-color cDNA microarray experiments do not simply represent the relative gene expression level. They are composed of signal (gene expression level), noise, and other factors. In discussions on the experimental design of two-color cDNA microarray experiments, little attention has been given to the fact that different combinations of test and control samples will produce microarray intensities data with varying intrinsic composition of factors. As a consequence, not all experimental designs for two-color cDNA microarray experiments are able to provide all possible relative gene expression levels. This phenomenon has never been addressed. To obtain all possible relative gene expression levels, a novel method for two-color cDNA microarray experimental design evaluation is necessary that will allow the making of an accurate choice. In this study, we propose a model-based approach to illustrate how the factor composition of microarray intensities changed with different experimental designs in two-color cDNA microarray experiments. By analyzing 12 experimental designs (including 5 general forms), we demonstrate that not all experimental designs are able to provide all possible relative gene expression levels due to the differences in factor composition. Our results indicate that whether an experimental design can provide all possible relative expression levels of all sample pairs for each gene should be the first criterion to be considered in an evaluation of experimental designs for two-color cDNA microarray experiments.     

Comparative systemic analysis of experimental models of chemical hepatic carcinogenesis in the rat

The aim of this work is to compare several experimental protocols inducing hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat. The results show that the experimental protocols using an initiator and a promotor are not equivalent (in term of latency period and premalignant lesions) to experimental protocols using a chronic administration of one carcinogenic compound.     

Evaluating experimental cerebral malaria using oxidative stress indicator OKD48 mice

Cerebral malaria is a fatal complication of malaria. Conventional methods for evaluating experimental cerebral malaria have several drawbacks. Therefore, we aimed to develop an easy-to-use method for evaluating experimental cerebral malaria using OKD48 (Keap1-dependent Oxidative stress Detector, No-48-luciferase) mice to evaluate oxidative stress. OKD48 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain (PbA) suffered from experimental cerebral malaria and oxidative stress was successfully detected in the brains of living OKD48 mice developing experimental cerebral malaria. Oxidative stress in the brain was dependent on the development of experimental cerebral malaria, as prevention of experimental cerebral malaria did not elicit oxidative stress. We provide a novel evaluation method for experimental cerebral malaria using oxidative stress indicator OKD48 mice.     

Design and analysis of multiple choice feeding preference data

Traditional analyses of feeding experiments that test consumer preference for an array of foods suffer from several defects. We have modified the experimental design to incorporate into a multivariate analysis the variance due to autogenic change in control replicates. Our design allows the multiple foods to be physically paired with their control counterparts. This physical proximity of the multiple food choices in control/experimental pairs ensures that the variance attributable to external environmental factors jointly affects all combinations within each replicate. Our variance term, therefore, is not a contrived estimate as is the case for the random pairing strategy proposed by previous studies. The statistical analysis then proceeds using standard multivariate statistical tests. We conducted a multiple choice feeding experiment using our experimental design and utilized a Monte Carlo analysis to compare our results with those obtained from an experimental design that employed the random pairing strategy. Our experimental design allowed detection of moderate differences among feeding means when the random design did not.     

自记录动物挂杠持久度测试装置的研制

目的：研制一种检测动物挂杠持久度的实验装置,用于相关医药研究中的动物静态抗疲劳实验。方法采用51系列单片微机控制和记忆,光耦传感器、电磁水阀等组合控制电路和技术。结果成功研制出一种适用于医学及药学研究领域的带微机控制和自记忆功能的动物挂杠持久度实验装置,经28例小白鼠实验证明,效果良好。结论该实验装置为动物抗疲劳实验提供了一种全新的方法。