磷酸化蛋白质及多肽相关研究的技术进展

磷酸化修饰是一种重要的蛋白质化学修饰, 对蛋白质功能的完成或改变起到重要作用。该领域的研究存在很多技术难点, 对该领域研究形成了挑战。近年来相关技术有了很多突破, 磷酸化研究也取得了很多新的成就。文章将从磷酸化蛋白的检出、磷酸化蛋白质和肽段的富集、生物质谱技术的改进以及磷酸化蛋白和多肽的定量与比较几个方面介绍该研究领域的技术进展。     

DNA条形码技术及其在微生物资源鉴别保护中的应用研究

DNA条形码作为一种新型的物种鉴定、分类、鉴别和溯源方法,通过生物信息学分析将标准DNA片段进行分析比对实现。经过多年的发展,该技术现已成为物种鉴定和分类的研究热点。回顾十余年来DNA条形码技术的发展历程,介绍了这一技术的进展与成果,分析了该技术的优势及局限,并展望了DNA条形码的应用前景,为后续研究提供参考。     

微透析技术在脑靶向中应用

微透析技术作为一门新兴的技术,近年来多用于靶向分布和体内代谢等方面,尤其是在药物的脑部研究方面,该技术显得尤为重要。如今,随着新型探针的不断出现,以及微量、快速、灵敏的分析检测手段的发展,微透析技术已日益成为药物脑部研究的重要工具。现通过检索近十年来的相关文献,对脑微透析技术的概况、原理、脑微透析探针以及其应用作一综述,希望能为从事该方面研究的药学工作者提供相关参考。     

AFLP Fingerprinting for Assessing Intraspecific Variation and Genome Mapping in Mites

Molecular genetic techniques have come a long way in the last decade. With the advent of PCR, genetic markers are now accessible for all organisms, including mites. However, there is usually a trade-off between the accuracy of the molecular technique or genetic marker and expediency. In mites, many molecular techniques are not applicable due to their small size. Here we describe a relatively new molecular fingerprinting technique, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), which is currently used widely in plant genomic research. We outline the AFLP procedure adapted for mites, show results using this technique from our own research and discuss the benefits and limitations of AFLPs for assessing genetic variation and for genome mapping. It is our intention to highlight the possible use of AFLPs as genetic markers with a broad application in acarological research.     

食用菌原生质体技术的研究进展

综述了食用菌原生质体再生、诱变、融合技术以及原生质体技术与其他生物技术相结合的研究进展,提出了在现有研究中存在的问题,并展望了原生质体技术的发展趋势.     

Two-dimensional intraventricular flow pattern visualization using the image-based computational fluid dynamics

The image-based computational fluid dynamics (IB-CFD) technique, as the combination of medical images and the CFD method, is utilized in this research to analyze the left ventricle (LV) hemodynamics. The research primarily aims to propose a semi-automated technique utilizing some freely available and commercial software packages in order to simulate the LV hemodynamics using the IB-CFD technique. In this research, moreover, two different physiological time-resolved 2D models of a patient-specific LV with two different types of aortic and mitral valves, including the orifice-type valves and integrated with rigid leaflets, are adopted to visualize the process of developing intraventricular vortex formation and propagation. The blood flow pattern over the whole cardiac cycle of two models is also compared to investigate the effect of utilizing different valve types in the process of the intraventricular vortex formation. Numerical findings indicate that the model with integrated valves can predict more complex intraventricular flow that can match better the physiological flow pattern in comparison to the orifice-type model.     

Continuous beds (monoliths): stationary phases for liquid chromatography formed using the hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism

The pioneering research work published by Hjertén et al. [J. Chromatogr. 473 (1989) 273] in 1989 dealing with development and application of the continuous bed (monolithic) technique as an attractive alternative for the classical packed columns in chromatography, stimulated further investigations in this direction. The research data published since that time on the development and application of the continuous beds formed using hydrophobic interaction-based phase separation mechanism are reviewed. Some innovative species of the beds, such as polyrotaxane beds or nonparticulate restricted-access materials for direct analysis of the biological fluids in the capillary format are also discussed. Characteristic features and practical details of the continuous bed technique are revealed. Due to many advantages, the continuous bed technique became a competitor with the traditional packings in capillary or chip-based microanalysis. The importance of the continuous bed morphology on the chromatographic characteristics is shown. The applicability of modern microscopic analysis to evaluate the morphology of the continuous beds is demonstrated.     

开发未可培养微生物技术的研究进展

细菌的"活的非可培养状态"(VBNC, viable but nonculturable)发现于20世纪80年代,处于此状态的细菌不但丧失了在培养基上生长繁殖的能力,而且具有与原菌相似的致病性,成为可以逃避检测的"隐性"传染源,对周围的环境及人类安全构成潜在威胁.作为公认的未可培养微生物,它一直是预防医学、流行病学、微生物生态学以及公共卫生检验检疫方面研究的热点问题之一.现代分子生物学技术和基因组学的深入研究,为开发环境中的未可培养微生物提供了新的研究方法和机遇.其中遗传指纹图谱技术、宏基因组技术显示出一定的优势,同时,随着各种细菌的非可培养状态的实验室模型已日臻成熟,这为开发和利用未可培养微生物资源提供了新的研究思路.     

开发未可培养微生物技术的研究进展

细菌的“活的非可培养状态”(VBNC, viable but nonculturable)发现于20世纪80年代, 处于此状态的细菌不但丧失了在培养基上生长繁殖的能力, 而且具有与原菌相似的致病性, 成为可以逃避检测的“隐性”传染源, 对周围的环境及人类安全构成潜在威胁。作为公认的未可培养微生物, 它一直是预防医学、流行病学、微生物生态学以及公共卫生检验检疫方面研究的热点问题之一。现代分子生物学技术和基因组学的深入研究, 为开发环境中的未可培养微生物提供了新的研究方法和机遇。其中遗传指纹图谱技术、宏基因组技术显示出一定的优势, 同时, 随着各种细菌的非可培养状态的实验室模型已日臻成熟, 这为开发和利用未可培养微生物资源提供了新的研究思路。     

"Brain reading": achievements, perspectives and ethical problems

The new trend in brain research designated as brain reading is considered. This research deals with decoding the informational content of the brain processing via its physiological parameters. Such studies are based on rather complicated methods of mathematical analysis. Single records rather than averaged data are used to reveal their content. Three main streams of studies are distinguished, i.e. the object classification, the emotion recognition and brainotyping. Particularly, the studies directed to recognizing the type of thinking via EEG spectra, carried out in the author's laboratory, are reviewed. The possible outcome of the brain reading technique is considered. Finally it is argued that in the future, the broad application of this technique needs to be controlled with some ethical rules.     

荧光原位杂交技术在植物细胞遗传学和绘制基因图谱中的应用现状与展望

荧光原位杂交是在分子水平上检测外源染色质的一种有效方法。其探针主要有染色体重复序列、总基因组DNA、寡单拷贝序列和染色体涂色集中等,该技术在研究植物细胞遗传学、基因扩增、基因作图及植物进化和亲缘关系的鉴定上已广泛应用。简要概述了荧光原位杂交技术在植物细胞遗传学和绘制基因图谱中的应用现状与展望。     

膜片钳技术与其它技术的结合在神经科学中的应用

膜片钳技术作为一种先进的电生理技术,在生命科学研究中不仅已得到了广泛的应用,而且已与其它许多技术如Ｆｕｒａ－２显微荧光测钙技术、碳纤电极局部电化学微量检测技术以及单细胞逆转录多聚酶链式反应技术等进行了有机的结合。本文仅就此技术与其它技术的结合及在解决神经生物学跨膜信号转导问题中的应用情况作一综述。     

Micro-computed tomography: Introducing?new?dimensions to taxonomy

Continuous improvements in the resolution of three-dimensional imaging have led to an increased application of these techniques in conventional taxonomic research in recent years. Coupled with an ever increasing research effort in cybertaxonomy, three-dimensional imaging could give a boost to the development of virtual specimen collections, allowing rapid and simultaneous access to accurate virtual representations of type material. This paper explores the potential of micro-computed tomography (X-ray micro-tomography), a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique based on mapping X-ray attenuation in the scanned object, for supporting research in systematics and taxonomy. The subsequent use of these data as virtual type material, so-called “cybertypes”, and the creation of virtual collections lie at the core of this potential. Sample preparation, image acquisition, data processing and presentation of results are demonstrated using polychaetes (bristle worms), a representative taxon of macro-invertebrates, as a study object. Effects of the technique on the morphological, anatomical and molecular identity of the specimens are investigated. The paper evaluates the results and discusses the potential and the limitations of the technique for creating cybertypes. It also discusses the challenges that the community might face to establish virtual collections. Potential future applications of three-dimensional information in taxonomic research are outlined, including an outlook to new ways of producing, disseminating and publishing taxonomic information.     

微量元素标记技术及其在昆虫生态学中的应用

微量元素标记技术花费低、易操作、对环境安全,是昆虫生态学研究中的一种常用技术。本文对微量元素标记昆虫的原理、方法、标记特点等进行了介绍,并对微量元素标记技术在研究昆虫迁飞扩散、配偶竞争等方面的应用进行了综述。     

Raman spectroscopic monitoring of Lactarius latex

Lactarius is a genus of Basidiomycotina with mainly agaricoid representatives, which are characterised by the excretion of a typical milky fluid. In particular, the colour, changes and taste of this latex-like milk are often used as a taxonomically important character. When it is exuded several chemical reactions occur. To date, NMR spectroscopy is generally used for chemical investigation of this latex. However, as a vibrational spectroscopic technique Raman spectroscopy has several advantageous properties for this type of research. The aim of this study is to investigate whether Raman spectroscopy can be used as an alternative analytical technique to monitor the chemical reactions in Lactarius latex. Therefore, this paper presents the first Raman spectra of Lactarius latex and provides an interpretation of the Raman bands that are present. L. lacunarum latex spectra are thoroughly investigated by 2D correlation analysis and are compared with latex spectra of other species (L. chrysorrheus, L. deterrimus, L. fluens, L. glyciosmus and L. salmonicolor).     

An emerging method for rapid characterization of feed structures and feed component matrix at a cellular level and relation to feed quality and nutritive value

Feed quality, feed characteristics, nutrient utilization and digestive behaviour are closely related to: (i) total feed composition, (ii) feed intrinsic structures, and (iii) biological component matrix (such as protein to starch matrix, protein to carbohydrate matrix). Conventional "wet" chemical analysis can determine total chemical composition, but fails to detect the feed intrinsic structures and biological component matrix due to destruction of feed samples during the processing for chemical analysis and the "wet" chemical analysis cannot link structural information to chemical information within intact feed tissue. Recently, advanced synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy has been developed as a non-destructive and non-invasive structural-chemical analytical technique. This technique can link chemical information to structural information of biological samples within intact tissue within cellular dimensions. It can provide four kinds of information simultaneously: tissue composition, tissue structure, tissue chemistry and tissue environment. However, this novel technique has been found mainly for medical science research, extremely rare for feed science and nutrition research. The objective of this review article was to illustrate synchrotron-based FTIR microspectroscopy as a novel research tool for rapid characterization of feed structures at a cellular level and for detection of chemical features and molecular chemical make-up of feed biological component matrix and nutrient interaction. The emphasis of this article was to show that feed structural-chemical features at a cellular level are closely related to feed characteristics, feed quality and nutritive value in animals. The synchrotron-based technology will provide us with a greater understanding of the plant-animal interface.     

Identification of proteins in cell-free extracts using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

A rapid method for the identification and characterization of proteins in bacterial cell-free extracts has been developed using directly combined liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. The usefulness of this technique is demonstrated for monitoring the expression and chemical modification of phosphoenolpyruvate-sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) proteins from E. coli with molecular masses ranging from 9-65 kDa. The technique is characterized by minimal sample preparation, remarkable mass accuracy and resolution, reproducibility and the ability, unlike gel electrophoresis, to directly identify posttranslational modifications. The advantages of this technique over analogous matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry approaches and its potential as a standard tool in the biomolecular research laboratory are discussed.     

固定化微生物技术修复多氯联苯污染土壤的应用前景

多氯联苯(PCBs)是一类持久性有机污染物,生物危害性极大,流入环境后易被土壤颗粒吸附而长期蓄积在土壤中.运用生物技术修复PCBs污染土壤一直是国内外学者研究的热点.其中固定化微生物技术因其独特的优势而具备了较高的开发与应用价值.本文简要评述了当前PCBs污染土壤的主要修复技术,并通过分析固定化微生物技术的特点及其在有机污染土壤修复方面的研究进展,论述了运用该技术修复PCBs污染土壤的可行性以及所面临的关键科学问题.     

A Review of Aspects of Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampus via mT Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields

The subthreshold magnetic modulation technique stimulates cells with mT extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), which are insufficient to induce neuronal action potentials. Although they cannot directly induce resting neurons to discharge, mT magnetic stimulation can regulate the excitability of the nervous system, which regulates learning and memory by some unknown mechanisms. Herein, we describe the regulation of mT ELF-MFs with different parameters on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Additionally, we summarize the latest research on the possible mechanism of the effect of ELF-MFs on synaptic plasticity. Some studies have shown that ELF-MFs are able to inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP) by increasing concentration of intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i), as well as concentration of reactive oxygen species. The research in this paper has significance for the comprehensive understanding of relevant neurological mechanisms of learning and memory by mT ELF-MFs stimulation. However, more high-quality research is necessary to determine the regulatory mechanism of mT ELF-MFs on synaptic plasticity in order to optimize this technique as a treatment for neurological diseases. © 2023 Bioelectromagnetics Society.