咸水沟灌对棉田土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的影响

探明咸水沟灌对土壤水稳性团聚体的影响对实现咸水资源安全高效利用具有重要意义。本研究在棉花长期定位咸水沟灌试验(始于2006年)的基础上,分析了不同矿化度(1、2、4、6、8、10 g·L^-1)咸水连续灌溉第10年和第15年棉田土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性的变化特征。结果表明: 沟底0~30 cm土层土壤盐分随灌溉水矿化度的升高而增加,其中6、8、10 g·L^-1灌水处理与1 g·L^-1处理间差异达显著水平;随着土层深度的增加,各处理土壤盐分逐渐增大。咸水沟灌有降低沟底土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性的趋势,当灌溉水矿化度≥6 g·L^-1时,水稳性大团聚体(>0.25 mm)质量分数、团聚体平均重量直径和几何平均直径显著降低,分形维数和平均重量比表面积显著增大;随着土层深度的增加,各处理土壤水稳性团聚体稳定性下降。连续多年咸水沟灌条件下,各处理棉田沟底0~30 cm土层土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性未随灌水年限的增加而逐年积累与恶化。在本研究灌溉制度下,采用≤4 g·L^-1咸水沟灌对试验区棉田土壤盐分和水稳性团聚体稳定性指标无显著影响。     

Root distribution following spatial separation of water and nitrogen supply in furrow irrigated corn

Proper management of water and fertilizer placement in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching into the groundwater. Potential management practices tested in a two year field experiment included row or furrow fertilizer placement combined with every or alternate furrow irrigation. To understand how fertilizer availability to plants could be affected by these management practices, root growth and distribution in a Ulm clay loam soil were examined. Spring rains were greater than normal in both years providing adequate moisture for early root growth in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. As the non-irrigated furrow began to dry, root biomass increased as much as 126% compared with the irrigated furrow. The greatest increase was at lower depths, however, where moisture was still plentiful. When early season moisture was available, roots proliferated throughout the soil profile and quickly became available to take up fertilizer N in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. Root growth responded positively to fertilizer placement in the furrow in 1996 but not in 1995. Excessive N leaching in 1995 may have limited the response to fertilizer N.     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响

土壤团聚作用和土壤有机碳固定之间密切相关.对宁南山区不同植被恢复措施和年限下土壤团聚体粒径分布及稳定性、土壤团聚体中有机碳及其组分分布进行了研究,探讨了有机碳及其组分对植被恢复的响应.结果表明,不同植被恢复措施下,土壤团聚体粒径分布表现为“V”字分布:＞5 mm和＜0.25 mm这两个粒径的团聚体含量最多,5-2 mm、1-0.25 mm团聚体的含量次之,2-1 mm粒径的团聚体含量最少.坡耕地的平均重量直径(MWD)最低,为1.4,其他植被恢复措施下土壤的平均重量直径MWD在1.9-3.1之间.不同的植被恢复措施下,0-20 cm土层和20-40 cm土层全土有机碳含量在7.4-17.7 g/kg之间、微生物碳含量分布在50.3-664.7 mg/kg之间、腐殖质碳含量在0.9-2.5g/kg之间.胡敏酸碳含量分布在0.2-0.6 g/kg,富里酸碳含量在0.6-1.9 g/kg之间.全土有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳均为坡耕地最低,其他植被恢复措施的有机碳、微生物碳、腐殖质碳、富里酸碳含量分别是坡耕地的1.1-2.3倍、2.0-8.4倍、1.0-2.0倍、1.2-2.4倍.不同粒径团聚体有机碳相比较,大多呈现中间高两边低的变化趋势,最大值出现在中间粒径,即5-2 mm、2-1 mm、1-0.25 mm这3个粒径.逐步回归表明,5-2 mm团聚体和1-0.25 mm团聚体有机碳含量的提高有助于土壤水稳性团聚体的形成.研究结果表明,植被恢复提高了土壤团聚体有机碳含量,在碳形态上,富里酸碳和微生物生物量碳对不同植被恢复措施的敏感度较高,胡敏酸碳含量则相对稳定.     

半干旱地区膜垄和土垄的集雨效率和不同集雨时期土壤水分比较

于 2 0 0 2年 4月～ 8月在兰州大学干旱农业生态榆中试验站进行研究 ,在平地上形成沟垄相间的微地形 ,采用 3种沟垄比和两种下垫面材料 ,垄作为径流区 ,沟作为集水区 (沟内不种任何作物 )。采用平均产流率法分析了不同垄型集水面的集水效率 ,结果表明 ,膜垄的平均集水效率为 90 % ,土垄的平均集水效率为 16 .8% ;通过对不同垄型集水面垄中、沟边、沟中的土壤水分进行比较发现 ,对于膜垄在集雨的各个时期沟中的土壤含水量高于垄中 ,沟边的土壤含水量介于沟中和垄中土壤含水量两者之间。如 7月 14日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 2 0 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 10 .39%、10 .2 4 %和 9.4 2 % ;对于土垄 ,在集雨前期和集雨中期 ,沟中和沟边的土壤含水量相差不大 ,沟中和沟边的土壤含水量均低于垄中的土壤含水量 ,表现出和膜垄完全不一样的特性 ,如 7月 14日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 12 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 8.98%、8.6 8%和 10 .0 3% ,在集雨后期 ,沟边和沟中的土壤含水量大于垄中土壤含水量 ,如 8月 13日测定 ,沟中、沟边和垄中 0～ 12 0 cm土层土壤平均含水量分别为 9.76 % A、9.38% B和 7.94 % C,该试验表明土垄在集雨后期 ,在集雨和土壤水分分配方面表现出和膜垄的相似的特性     

地膜覆盖对北方旱地土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

研究不同地膜覆盖时间对北方旱作农田土壤团聚体粒级稳定性和有机碳的影响,可为提升旱作农田生产力和保护农田环境选择合适的管理方式提供科学依据。以辽宁阜新5年秋覆膜(AP)、春覆膜(SP)和不覆膜(CK)的定位试验为研究对象,分析不同覆膜时间对0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层中2 mm、0.25—2 mm、0.053—0.25 mm和0.053 mm粒级的土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性及有机碳的影响。结果表明,在北方旱作农田,连续5年的地膜覆盖可显著改变0—10 cm土层的土壤各级团聚体的分布、团聚体中有机碳的含量及其对土壤有机碳含量的贡献率,进而增加土壤水稳性团聚体的稳定性,而对10—20 cm土层影响不显著。与不覆膜相比,秋覆膜和春覆膜可显著提高0—10 cm土层2 mm的水稳性团聚体的含量,分别提高了36.3%、47.9%(P0.05),而对微团聚体无显著影响,说明地膜覆盖有利于提高大团聚体数量及稳定性。在0—10 cm土层,粒径2 mm团聚体有机碳含量及储量表现为秋覆膜最高,显著高于春覆膜和不覆膜处理(P0.05)。与裸地不覆膜相比,秋覆膜和春覆膜显著提高2 mm团聚体中有机碳含量对土壤有机碳的贡献率,分别提高了37%和26.1%(P0.05)。而在0—10 cm和10—20cm土层中,微团聚体中有机碳含量对土壤有机碳贡献率没有影响。在辽宁阜新土壤及种植条件下,秋覆膜处理不仅显著提高0—10 cm土壤水稳性大团聚体的含量和稳定性,还可以显著增加水稳性大团聚体有机碳含量及储量,促进有机碳的固存。     

Monitoring of changes in physical and microbiological properties of a Chernozem amended with different organic substrates

A soil microcosm study was made to monitor changes in soil physical and microbiological properties of a Chernozem during a period of up to 126 or 252 days following the addition of whey, straw or vegetable oil. In the whey treatment soil maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC) had decreased after seven and 28 days of incubation. At both dates, the differences to the untreated control were significant. Straw was able to increase MWHC of soil during incubation and after 42 and 126 days values differed significantly from those of the control. Compared with the control, whey, oil and straw treatments had higher meanweight diameter of dry aggregates. The differences were significant after seven, 28 and 126 days with whey, after 42, 126 and 252 days with oil, and after 126 days with straw. The sensitivity of dry aggregates to abrasion (SAA), representing a negative index of dry aggregate stability, was lower in the whey treatment than in the control after three and seven days incubation. In the later phase of incubation, whey tended to increase SAA. A trend to increase SAA also was observed with straw and after 126 days a significantly higher SAA for the straw than for the oil treatment was determined. This trend still was to observe after 252 days incubation. An increase in SAA observed for the oil treatment after 42 days was followed by a decrease till the end of incubation. Aggregates of organic treatments were more resistant to the dispersive effect of water than those of the control. Microbial biomass-C contents were high in the whey treatment, ranging between 1931 and 754 g g^–1 soil dry mass during incubation. With whey, fungal contributions to biomass-C increased from 40.5% after three to 76.5% after 126 days incubation. Addition of straw or oil stimulated biomass synthesis less than whey. High fungal contributions to biomass-C, approx. 70%, were sustained by straw during incubation. With oil, fungal contributions were 20.5% after three, 76% after 42 and less than 20% after 126 and 252 days incubation. Fungal contributions to biomass-C correlated positively with SAA. High sensitivity of the fungal biomass to mechanical stress is discussed as a cause for the low dry aggregate stability of soils amended with organic substrates encouraging fungal biomass development.     

膜下滴灌不同灌水控制下限对设施土壤团聚体养分、酶活性和球囊霉素含量的影响

灌溉是设施土壤水分的主要来源,但膜下滴灌条件下设施土壤团聚体养分、酶活性和球囊霉素的分布特征等缺乏系统的研究.本文以连续6年不同灌水下限20 kPa(D₂₀)、30 kPa(D₃₀)和40 kPa(D₄₀)下的膜下滴灌设施土壤为研究对象,分析了灌水下限对土壤团聚体稳定性及其脲酶、蔗糖酶、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和球囊霉素(GRSP)含量的差异.结果表明:不同灌水下限显著影响各粒级团聚体的分布,其中与D₂₀和D₄₀相比,D₃₀显著减少了微团聚体(<0.25 mm)含量,促进了大团聚体(>0.25 mm)的形成;且在D₃₀处理下土壤团聚体的稳定性也显著提高,表现为水稳性团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)分别比D₂₀和D₄₀提高了26.4%和13.4%.不同团聚体中的碳、氮、磷及GRSP含量也显著不同,SOC、TN、TP、GRSP含量在2～1 mm、1～0.25 mm、< 0.053 mm粒径中含量较高.总体来说,1～0.25 mm粒径团聚体SOC、TN、TP对全土的贡献率最高,分别达46.5%、53.3%、37.7%.不同团聚体中脲酶和蔗糖酶活性随粒径减少而逐渐增加,其中D₃₀和D₄₀处理显著增加了土壤团聚体酶活性,且1～0.25 mm粒径团聚体对全土酶活性的贡献率最高,分别达38.7%、41.2%.相关分析结果表明,土壤团聚体MWD与GRSP、SOC和脲酶活性之间呈显著正相关,且GRSP含量与SOC和脲酶活性也呈极显著正相关.综上,将土壤水吸力30 kPa设为灌水下限,有利于提高设施土壤团聚体稳定性,并增强团聚体对其中养分、酶活性和球囊霉素的保护作用.     

日光温室渗灌效果研究

对日光温室渗灌和沟灌的土壤环境,室内空气环境,作物生育及病毒状况,水分利用效率等进行了研究,结果表明,与沟灌相比,渗灌可增加土壤水稳定性团粒81．4％,降低土壤容重21．2％,增加土壤孔隙度29．0％,提高土壤温度1．1－1．7℃,降低空气湿度13．4％,节约灌溉用水36．7％,而且能促使作物早熟,提高作物产量,减少作物病害,降低生产成本,是目前日光温室理想的灌溉技术。     

红壤表土团聚体粒径对坡面侵蚀过程的影响

以湖北省咸宁市的3种典型红壤为研究对象,利用试验土槽,采用室内人工模拟降雨方法,研究土壤团聚体粒经对坡面径流和侵蚀的影响以及泥沙特性。结果表明,在前期含水量、坡度一致的条件下,随着团聚体粒径的增大其稳定性减小,坡面初始产流时间缩短;侵蚀量也随着团聚体粒径的增大而减小,供试3种土壤中〈2mm团聚体侵蚀量最大,依次为3.40、2.55、3.33gm^-2min^-1。侵蚀泥沙平均重量直径随着坡面表土团聚体初始粒径的增大而减小。研究结果有助于深入了解坡面侵蚀机理,为泥沙输移模型开发提供必要的土壤参数。     

水肥异区交替灌溉对夏玉米生理指标的影响

以夏玉米品种‘户单4号'为材料,通过防雨棚内微区试验研究了两种灌水量(450 m~3/hm~2和900 m~3/hm~2)条件下水肥异区交替灌溉和均匀灌溉对夏玉米生长以及某些生理指标的影响.结果显示:(1)在节水50%的条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉与高灌水量均匀灌溉的夏玉米生物量、产量均无显著差异.(2)低灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉下的玉米根系伤流液、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、硝酸还原酶活性、光合速率、蒸腾速率等均高于均匀灌溉施肥处理,而植株全氮含量及叶片水分利用效率与均匀灌溉施肥的差异不显著.(3)高灌水量时,水肥异区交替灌溉处理除根系活力、光合速率以及蒸腾速率高于均匀灌溉处理外,其他指标均低于后者.研究表明,在低灌水量条件下,水肥异区交替灌溉能使夏玉米保持较高的根系活力和正常生理代谢,提高其叶片水分利用效率,从而达到了节水增产的目的.     

黄土丘陵区人工柠条种植年限和坡位对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种植是黄土高原地区生态环境建设中重要的人工植被恢复措施。选择黄土丘陵区条带种植15、25和35年的柠条坡地,以荒草坡地为对照,运用Le Bissonnais法分析柠条种植不同年限和坡位对0—40 cm土层团聚体分布及其稳定性的影响。结果表明:长时间柠条种植对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响主要在0—20 cm土层;不同处理下土壤大团聚体(0.25 mm)含量总体表现为柠条35年柠条25年柠条15年荒草地,表明柠条种植年限增加促进了大团聚体的形成。从坡面尺度看,柠条平均重量直径整体表现为坡下坡上坡中;在上坡的柠条35年样地具有最大值(3.08 mm),但在下坡荒草地显著高于柠条林地(P0.05)。基于相对消散指数和相对机械破碎指数,上中坡土壤团聚体均对消散作用和机械破碎作用较敏感,而下坡的下层土壤团聚体对破碎作用更敏感。冗余分析表明,土壤有机碳和粘粒含量与柠条平均重量直径呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。种植年限是影响土壤团聚体稳定性的主要因素,解释了30.4%的变异;其次是土层(2.75%)和坡位(0.61%)。总体而言,柠条种植年限增加有利于促进黄土丘陵区土壤团聚体稳定性提升,但这种影响在不同坡位具有差异:在上中坡团聚体稳定性均随种植年限增加而增强,在下坡则先降后增。     

冻融交替对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响

应用Le Bissonnais法分析冻融循环(0、1、3、5和9)对3～5 mm黑龙江省黑土团聚体稳定性的影响,采用蜡封法分析黑土孔隙度的变化.结果表明: 不同粒径团聚体含量随冻融循环次数增加均呈波动状态,团聚体含量变化系数随冻融循环次数的增加逐渐趋于稳定;快速湿润、慢速湿润、预湿润震荡3种处理土壤中>0.25 mm团聚体含量有明显差异;孔隙度随冻融循环次数的增加而增大,变化范围在32.4%～41.4%.随冻融次数的增加,不同破碎方式下团聚体含量变化程度较低,团聚体平均重量直径与孔隙度呈负相关,表明冻融条件下孔隙度是影响团聚体稳定性的重要因素.     

Soil and crop response to stover removal from rainfed and irrigated corn

Excessive corn (Zea mays L.) stover removal for biofuel and other uses may adversely impact soil and crop production. We assessed the effects of stover removal at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% from continuous corn on water erosion, corn yield, and related soil properties during a 3‐year study under irrigated and no‐tillage management practice on a Ulysses silt loam at Colby, irrigated and strip till management practice on a Hugoton loam at Hugoton, and rainfed and no‐tillage management practice on a Woodson silt loam at Ottawa in Kansas, USA. The slope of each soil was <1%. One year after removal, complete (100%) stover removal resulted in increased losses of sediment by 0.36–0.47 Mg ha^?1 at the irrigated sites, but, at the rainfed site, removal at rates as low as 50% resulted in increased sediment loss by 0.30 Mg ha^?1 and sediment‐associated carbon (C) by 0.29 kg ha^?1. Complete stover removal reduced wet aggregate stability of the soil at the irrigated sites in the first year after removal, but, at the rainfed site, wet aggregate stability was reduced in all years. Stover removal at rates ≥ 50% resulted in reduced soil water content, increased soil temperature in summer by 3.5–6.8 °C, and reduced temperature in winter by about 0.5 °C. Soil C pool tended to decrease and crop yields tended to increase with an increase in stover removal, but 3 years after removal, differences were not significant. Overall, stover removal at rates ≥50% may enhance grain yield but may increase risks of water erosion and negatively affect soil water and temperature regimes in this region.     

隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布

为揭示根系对土壤环境的适应机制,研究了隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米根系形态性状及结构分布。以垄位和坡位的玉米根系为研究对象,利用Minirhizotrons法研究了根系（活/死根）的长度、直径、体积、表面积、根尖数和径级变化及其与土壤水分、土温和水分利用效率（WUE）的相关关系。结果表明,对于活根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系平均直径减小,而根系日均生长速率、单位面积土壤根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积均增大,并随灌水区域土壤水分的消退逐渐减小;对于死根,在坡位非灌水区域复水后根系日均死亡速率、根系体积密度、根尖数和表面积变化均减小,其中根系死亡速率和死根直径随土壤水分的消退逐渐降低,而死根体积密度、根尖数和表面积分布随土壤水分降低呈增大趋势;在垄位,根系形态分布趋势与坡位一致,除根系直径与与坡位比较接近外,其他根系形态值均小于坡位。将根系分成4个径级区间分析根系的形态特征,结果表明在根系长度和体积密度分布中以2.5－4.5 mm径级的根系所占比例最大,在根尖数和根系表面积分布中以0.0－2.5 mm径级的根系为主。通过显著性相关分析,死根直径、体积密度、活根表面积等根系形态与土壤含水率、土壤温度和WUE间均存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,部分根系形态指标（如根系的生长速率、活根体积密度）只与坡位土壤含水量、土壤温度具有明显的相关性,表明隔沟交替灌溉对坡位根系形态的调控作用比垄位显著。     

Using calcium carbide with the acetylene inhibition technique to measure denitrification from a sprinkler irrigated vegetable crop

The use of calcium carbide (CaC₂) pellets as a source of acetylene (C₂H₂) for the C₂H₂ inhibition technique to measure denitrification in the field was examined in a sandy loam soil cropped to lettuce. CaC₂ was used in combination with vented closed chambers. Three grams of 2–4 mm CaC₂ pellets were inserted at 7 and 20 cm for raised beds, and 6 and 15 cm for furrows, in four holes located at right angles, 2.5 cm outside a 20 cm dia. chamber pushed 4 cm into the soil. Acetylene concentrations were determined in the centre of the chamber 1.0 and 4.0 hours after applying CaC₂, in beds (two dates) and furrows (one date) at different depths to 20 and 15 cm, respectively, for beds and furrows. At soil matric potentials of ca. 0.01 and ca. 0.06 MPa, soil C₂H₂ concentrations were >1.0% (v/v) for all determinations. Weekly measurements of denitrification were made from a sprinkler irrigated lettuce crop for 8 weeks. Measurements were made 24 hours after irrigation and on one occasion 48 hours after. Measured mean rates of denitrification were generally <100 g N ha^–1 d^–1, much less than published data following furrow irrigation of vegetable crops in a nearby region. In another sandy loam soil at ca. 0.08 MPa, soil C₂H₂ concentrations were 2.0 % at 5 and 15 cm, 1.0 and 6.0 hours after adding CaC₂. Using CaC₂ to generate C₂H₂ in soil is a convenient approach for field measurements where the C₂H₂ inhibition technique is used with chambers to determine the nitrous oxide flux. In comparison with C₂H₂ supply via probe systems, CaC₂ overcomes the requirements for cylinders of pressurised C₂H₂ gas and complex on-site plumbing.     

风水交错侵蚀条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化特征

风蚀和水蚀是黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区土壤侵蚀的主要方式,研究风水交错侵蚀对土壤颗粒的影响对于准确评价该区土壤质量及环境影响有重要意义.本文采用风洞与模拟降雨试验相结合的方法,分析了风水交错侵蚀条件下侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化特征.结果表明： 在11、14 m·s^-1风速的风蚀下,坡面表层(0～1 cm)土壤颗粒粗化.其中,细颗粒(<0.01 mm)减小9.8%～10.8%,粗颗粒(>0.05 mm)增加16.8%～20.8%.风蚀改变了坡面物理性状,进而影响了降雨侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化.相对于未风蚀,风蚀处理的侵蚀泥沙细颗粒增加2.7%～189%,粗颗粒降低3.7%～9.3%.风蚀处理后,在不同雨强、不同降雨历时下,侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化趋势不同.雨强60、80、100 mm·h^-1时,侵蚀泥沙颗粒变化较大,而雨强150 mm·h^-1、产流>15 min时,变化趋势减缓.
     

灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质生产的影响

于2008-2010年通过田间试验,以高产中筋冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设等行距平作、宽窄行平作、沟播3种种植方式,每种种植方式下设不灌水(W₀)、拔节水(W₁)、拔节水+开花水(W₂)、拔节水+开花水+灌浆水(W₃)4种灌溉处理(每次灌水量为60 mm),研究不同灌溉和种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性及干物质积累与分配规律的影响.结果表明： 随灌水量的增加,3种植方式下农田总耗水量均增加,灌水量占总耗水量的比例也增加,而土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著降低;与W₀处理相比,各灌水处理提高了开花后干物质的积累量、小麦籽粒产量,而水分利用效率(WUE)降低.同一灌溉条件下,与其他两种种植方式相比,沟播方式土壤贮水量消耗比例、籽粒产量和WUE均较高.综合考虑小麦的籽粒产量和WUE,沟播结合灌拔节水+开花水是华北平原冬麦区较适宜的节水种植方式.     

黄土高原天然次生林植被演替过程中土壤团聚体有机碳动态变化

土壤团聚体物理保护是促进有机碳积累主要机制之一。以黄土高原子午岭林区天然次生林植被演替群落为对象,研究从农田、草地（白羊草,Bothriochloa ischaemum）、灌木林（沙棘,Hippophae rhamnoides）、先锋林（山杨,Populus davidiana）到顶级林（辽东栎,Quercus liaotungensis）5个植被演替阶段0-20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳的动态变化,并分析团聚体有机碳的影响因素。结果表明：土壤团聚体稳定性随着植被演替显著提高（P<0.05）,顶级林的团聚体稳定性最高;土壤有机碳含量和各粒径土壤团聚体（> 2 mm、2-0.25 mm、0.25-0.053 mm、<0.053 mm）有机碳含量均随着植被演替而增加。除草地0.25-0.053 mm团聚体有机碳含量最高外,其他演替阶段均为0.25-2 mm粒径最高。根系生物量、凋落物生物量、微生物生物量碳、团聚体稳定性均与团聚体有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。总体而言,长期植被演替有助于团聚体稳定性和团聚体有机碳累积。     

长期秸秆还田对水稻土团聚体及氮磷钾分配的影响

为了探究秸秆还田配施化肥条件下水稻土团聚体组成及其稳定性,以及土壤团聚体氮、磷、钾养分特征,本研究进行了34年定位试验,设置无肥(CK)、化肥(NPK)、秸秆还田+化肥(NPKS)3个处理。采用湿筛法测定0～20、20～40 cm土层水稳性团聚体组成,量化分析氮、磷、钾养分分配特征、贡献率和活化度。结果表明: 水稻土水稳性团聚体以>2 mm和0.25～1 mm粒级为主,<0.053 mm粒级含量最低。与CK相比,在0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层,NPKS处理增加了>2 mm和1～2 mm团聚体含量,降低了0.053～0.25 mm和<0.053 mm团聚体含量;NPK处理在0～20 cm土层也表现出与NPKS类似的规律。NPKS较NPK处理0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)提高3.9%～15.5%,几何平均直径(GMD)提高6.3%～41.7%,不稳定团粒指数(E_LT)降低5.7%～28.7%。NPKS处理显著提高了团聚体全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量,尤其是直径>0.25 mm部分,但对碱解氮和全钾的提升效果与NPK处理差异不显著。水稻土团聚体养分贡献率受到其团聚体组成的影响,NPKS处理明显增大了>1 mm团聚体氮、磷、钾养分贡献率。秸秆还田配施化肥可提高0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层团聚体稳定性,并增加团聚体氮、磷、钾养分含量,尤其是大团聚体(>1 mm)。该研究结果为调节土壤碳氮比来保障稻田土壤质量和资源可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳分布特征

以长期定位试验5、10、15、20、30年旱砂田为研究对象,研究了不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体及其有机碳的分布特征.结果表明:旱砂田土壤团聚体含量随粒级减小表现出“降-升-降”的变化趋势,10年以内旱砂田以>5 mm粒级团聚体为主,15年以上旱砂田以0.05～0.25 mm粒级团聚体为主,>0.25 mm团聚体含量(R_0.25)和团聚体平均质量直径(MWD)均随着覆砂年限的延长而减小.不同年限旱砂田土壤团聚体有机碳含量随团聚体粒级减小而增加,各粒级土壤团聚体有机碳含量、团聚体对有机碳的贡献率及团聚体有机碳储量均随着覆砂年限的延长和土层的加深而降低,>1 mm粒级团聚体有机碳对长期旱砂田有机碳变化响应敏感.10、15、20、30年较5 年旱砂田团聚体有机碳储量在0～10 cm土层分别降低了8.0%、24.4%、27.5%和31.4%,10～20 cm土层分别降低了1.4%、15.8%、19.4%和21.8%.综上所述,旱砂田土壤固碳能力随种植年限延长而降低,需加强15年以上旱砂田的土壤培肥工作.