Mesocriconema kirjanovae (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Southeastern Spain

An abundant female population of a criconematid species identified as Mesocriconema kirjanovae (Andr ssy, 1962) Loof &De Grisse, 1989 is reported from a natural habitat in southeastern Spain. Measurements and morpho-anatomy obtained with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy are included and compared with previous data on this species.     

Mesocriconema ornicauda n. sp. and Ogma floridense n. sp. (Nematoda: Criconematidae) from Two Florida Habitats

Mesocriconema ornicauda n. sp. and Ogma floridense n. sp. are described from two native habitats of central and northwestern Florida. Mesocriconema ornicauda is closest to M. annulatiforme (De Grisse &Loof, 1967) Loof &De Grisse, 1989, but differs by the shorter stylet of the female (43-50 vs. 54-65 μm) and the moderately conoid tail of the male, which is pointed in M. annulatiforme. Ogma floridense is closest to O. hungaricum (Andrassy, 1972) Siddiqi, 1986. Females differ from those of O. hungaricum by the first of two labial annuli being wider, whereas they are subequal in O. hungaricum. Ogma floridense females differ also by entire or bifid cuticular scales, which are consistently divided into two or four projections in O. hungaricum, the shorter body (360-471 vs. 480-550 μm), the shorter stylet (87-98 vs. 95-100 μm), and the more anteriorly located excretory pore (Rex = 17-19 vs. 21-23).     

Revision of the genus Discocriconemella De Grisse & Loof, 1965 and the erection of the new genus Acrozostron (Nematoda: Criconematoidea)

Summary The form of the head disc and its taxonomic significance in the genus Discocriconemella De Grisse & Loof, 1965 is discussed. A new genus, Acrozostron, is proposed for the former macramphidia group of Discocriconemella species distinguished primarily by the distinctive cephalic region. The following new combinations are made: A. caudaventer, A. hensungicum, A. macramphidia, A. pannosum and A. retroversum. Discocriconemella sensu stricto is rediagnosed D. sphaerocephaloides is transferred to Macroposthonia. The type species of Madinema Khan, Chawla & Saha, 1976 is synonymized with Macroposthonia citricola and the other species of this genus reassigned or synonymized.     

Criconematina (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the Aleutian Islands

A new genus (Cerchnotocriconenta) and three new species (C. psephinum, Hemicycliophora amchitkaensis, and Paratylenchns amundseni) are described from Adak and Amchitka Islands in the Aleutian chain. The new genus differs from all other criconematid genera in having irregular, convex sculpturing consisting of small, oval plates on the anterior and posterior regions of each annule, with the mid-annular region minutely punctate or dentate. H. arnchitkaensis n. sp. resembles H. similis Thorne and H. zuckermani Brzeski, but has only one head annule, instead of two. P. antundseni n. sp., which has a stylet 17-19 μm long, is similar to P. tateae Wu &Townshend and P. labiosus Anderson &Kimpinski, but differs by the presence of males and the possession of conoid-truncate lip region, functional spermatheca, and long male tail (c = 8.5-9.5). Seriespinula seymouri Wu (Mehta &Raski), Nothocrieonema longulum (Gunhold) De Grisse &Loof, and Macroposthonia xenoplax (Raski) De Grisse &Loof are also reported from the islands.     

Species of criconematids (Nematoda: Criconematina) from Haryana,India

Ten known, viz. Criconema (Nothocriconemella) mutabile (Taylor, 1936) Raski & Luc, 1985, Neolobocriconema aberrans (Jairajpuri & Siddiqi, 1963) Andrássy, 1979, Macroposthonia sphaerocephala (Taylor, 1936) De Grisse & Loof, 1965, Nothocriconemoides basili (Jairajpuri, 1963) Loof & De Grisse, 1974, Hemicriconemoides cocophillus Loos, 1949, H. litchi Edward & Misra, 1963, H. mangiferae Siddiqi, 1961, Aulosphora indica (Siddiqi, 1961) Siddiqi, 1980, Paratylenchus obtusicaudatus Raski, 1975, and Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb, 1913, plus three new species of criconematids are recorded from Haryana state, India. Larvae of N. aberrans and N. basili are described for the first time. The main distinguishing features of the new species are as follows. M. paronostris n. sp.: R=117–128, R V=7–9, spear=55–62 μm, submedian lobes present, larvae with smooth annules; Criconemoides punicus n. sp.: R=75–85, R V=5–7, spear=73–81 μm, larvae with crenate annules: Hemicycliophora siddiqii n. sp.: R=185–198, R V=33–42, spear=57–59 μm, one incisure plus longitudinal lines on the cuticle. ac]19860702     

Taxonomy of Discocriconemella (Nematoda: Criconematoidea) with a Redescription of D. mauritiensis

The form of the cephalic disc and its taxonomic significance at the species level in the genus Discocriconemella De Grisse &Loof, 1965 is discussed. By light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), four groups of disc configurations in females and juveniles are distinguishable. The disc is either round with an uninterrupted margin (group 1), has a deep dorsal and ventral indentation (group 2), is indented medially and laterally giving a four-lobed appearance (group 3), or is round with paired dorsal and ventral projections (group 4). There is no apparent correlation between groups of cephalic discs and other characters such as tail shape or number of body annules. Discocriconemella mauritiensis (Williams, 1960) De Grisse &Loof, 1965 is redescribed from a sugar cane population collected in Mauritius, and the diagnosis of the genus is emended.     

Observations on species of Discocriconemella De Grisse & Loof, 1965 and Macroposthonia de Man, 1880 (Nematoda: Tylenchida: Criconematidae) from Ecuador, with the proposal of M. napoensis n. sp. and M. planilobata n. sp.

Macroposthonia napoensis n. sp. and M. planilobata n. sp. from Ecuador are described and illustrated. Differential characters of M. napoensis are: first annule with four enlarged submedian lobes but not giving the lip region a disc–like appearance , vagina sigmoid, none or very few anastomoses, a poorly–developed spermatheca, L = 0.33–0.42 mm, V = 89–93, stylet = 55–74 µ and R = 73–79. M. planilobata n. sp. can be distinguished by the four large and anteriorly flattened submedian lobes which give the lip region a disc–like appearance, a sigmoid vagina, a conoid–rounded tail with coarse annules, L = 0.41–0.49 mm, a = 11.3–13.3, V = 90–94, stylet = 66.5–78.5 µ and R = 75–84. Measurements from populations of Discocriconemella limitanea and M. surinamensis from Ecuador are also provided. D. repleta is accepted as a junior synonym of D. limitanea, and D. heynsi Van den Berg & Marais, 1995 is proposed as a junior synonym of M. surinamensis.     

A new genus and four new species of Criconematidae (Nematoda) from the Pacific

Summary A new criconematid genus Amphisbaenema is proposed, its type being a new species, A. paradoxiger, from Western Samoa which shows an unusual combination of features in that the outer layer of the female cuticle is broken up into numerous platelets and the female head is rounded without submedian lobes, labial plates or pseudolips; the male has prominent caudal alae and juveniles have longitudinal rows of tubercles over most of the body which is covered by an outer layer of fine backwardly directed spines. Nothocriconema lamellatum (Raski & Golden, 1966) De Grisse, 1967 is transferred to this genus and a second new species, A. amicorum, from Tonga is tentatively assigned to it. Two new Nothocriconema species, N. polynesianum and N. lanxifrons, are also described. ac]19810806     

Effect of Planting Site Preparation, Hydrated Lime,and DBCP (1, 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) on Populations of Macroposthonia xenoplax and Peach Tree Short Life in Georgia

Annual postplanting applications of 40.7 kg/ha DBCP (1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) controlled Macroposthonia xenoplax (Raski, 1952) deGrisse and Loof, 1965 in peach tree short life sites, reduced bacterial canker incidence from 74% to 6%, and inreased the average life of the trees from 3.9 to 6.8 yr for a 7-yr test period. Hydrated lime at 5.5 kg per planting site reduced bacterial canker incidence from 81% 57 % and increased the tree longevity from 2.6 to 6.0 yr. Populations M. xenoplax were inversely correlated with tree longevity.     

Aquatic nematodes from Ethiopia VII

Three species of Rhabdolaimus de Man, 1880 and two (of which one is new to science) of Udonchus Cobb, 1913 are described from sediment samples of two lakes, two rivers and a hot spring, Ethiopia. Udonchus merhatibebi n.sp. is characterized by a distinctly truncate lip region and small cardia surrounded by gland cells that he on the anterior intestine at 45 °. The presence of twelve rugae in the cheilostome in the genus Udonchus is reported here for the first time. As a result, the family Rhabdolaimidae has been moved from suborder Leptolaimina to the superfamily Microlaimoidea in the suborder Chromadorina. The family Rhabdolaimidae is also subdivided into the subfamilies Rhabdolaiminae Chitwood, 1951 and Undonchinae n. subfam.. Scanning electronmicroscopic pictures of the five species viz. R. aquaticus de Man, 1880, R. cf. minor Cobb, 1914, R. terrestris de Man, 1880, U. merhatibebi n.sp. and U. tenuicaudatus Cobb, 1913 are also given.Abbreviations ABE = anterior body end - ABW = anal body width - Amph = amphid - Amph W = amphidial fovea width - CBW = corresponding body width - GL = gonad length - G1L = anterior gonad length - G2L = posterior gonad length - L = length - LM = light microscope - LRW = lip region width - MBW = maximum body width - n = number of specimens - NR = nerve ring from the anterior end - Ph L = pharyngeal length (neck length) - RL = rectal length - SEM = scanning electron microscope - V-A = distance from vulva to anus - W = width     

New Books

Book reviewed in this article: Hauser , M. D. 1996: The evolution of communication. Runciman , W. G., Maynard Smith , J. & Dunbar , R. I. M. (eds) 1996: Evolution of Social Behaviour Patterns in Primates and Man. Snowdon , C. T. & Hausberger , M. (eds) 1997: Social Influences on Vocal Development. Wyrwicka , W. 1996: Imitation in Human and Animal Behaviour. Waal , F. de & Lanting , F. 1997: Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Witte , G. R. 1997: Der Maulwurf, Talpa europaea. Neuc Brehm-Bücherei Nr. 637.     

The Discocriconemella species of the Fiji Islands (Nematoda: Criconematoidea)

Summary Two species of Discocriconemella, one new and one previously described, were found in the Fiji Islands. D. caudaventer n.sp., from the rhizosphere of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L., is characterized by its reflexed tail and shape of the tail terminus. D. discolabia (Diab & Jenkins, 1966) de Grisse, 1967 is redescribed from the Fijian populations, the male for the first time.     

A new species of the genusEudorylaimus Andrássy, 1959 (Nematoda: Qudsianematidae) from East Antarctica

 Eudorylaimus shirasei sp. nov. is described as the seventh member of the genus in the Antarctic region. The specimens were found among green algae collected near the Molodezhnaya Station of Russia, and in moss from Cape Ryugu on the Prince Olav Coast, East Antarctica. This species resembles E. similis (de Man, 1876), E. coniceps Loof, 1975 and E. imitatoris Gagarin, 1982, but differs from them in the shape of the tail and some other characteristics on the lip region, odontostyle, spicules and precloacal supplements. It is also similar to three species known from females, E. eremitus (Thorne, 1939), E. jurassicus (Altherr, 1953) and E. altherri Tjepkema et al., 1971, but differs in the features of the body length, lip region, amphids, odontostyle and vulva. The present species has multinucleate intestinal cells, which have not been so far reported in Eudorylaimus. It is possible that the multinucleation of intestinal cells has been overlooked in the previously known species of the genus. Received: 11 April 1995/Accepted: 19 June 1995     

Nematodes from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel (Chile): Description of four new species of the Comesomatidae

Four nematode species of the Comesomatidae from the Strait of Magellan and the Beagle Channel, Chile, are described as new to science. Comesoma hermani n. sp. can be separated from similar species, Comesoma bermudense Jensen & Gerlach, 1977, Comesoma minimum Chitwood, 1937 and Comesoma chilense Jensen & Gerlach, 1977 by the difference of body length, cephalic setae length, the ratio of the subcephalic setae to cephalic setae length and the ratio of spicule to anal body diameter. Dorylaimopsis magellanense n. sp. is identified by the lateral differentiation of 3–4 longitudinal rows of enlarged dots, the curved spicules are prominently jointed and with a ventral protrusion. Hopperia beaglense n. sp. could be easily recognised by both the rounded tail tip and anterior head end which differs from all the species of this genus except H. dorylaimopsoides (Allgén, 1959), which has, however, a smaller de Man ratio 'a' and reflexed ovaries. Hopperia arntzi n. sp. has a shorter body length which differs from the closest species, Hopperia americana Ward, 1984 and Hopperia muscatensis Warwick, 1973. Furthermore, the de Man ratio 'a' is different between our specimens and the other two species. An identification key to all known species of the genus Hopperia is provided.     

A Sauropod Dinosaur tooth from the Lower Cretaceousof Galve (Province of Teruel,Spain)

A sauropod tooth, from the Barremian-Aptian ofGalve (Teruel), is described in Spain for the first time. This tooth probably belongs to the sauropod reported by A.F. de Lapparent (1), a Brachiosaurinae different of that reported by J.V. Santafé, M.L. Casanovas & J.L. Sanz (2) and J.L. Sanz, J.V. Santafé & M.L. Casanovas (3) from Morella (Castellón, Spain), Lower Aptian in age. It is probably a lower left piece with a developped worn surface. The subfamily Brachiosaurinae-sensuR. Steel, 1970 (4)-has a certain coherence of tooth morphology in respect of other Camarasauridae-sensuR. Steel, 1970 (4). The piece from Galve belongs to a Brachiosaurinae close to Brachiosaurus, though could differ of this genus in the structure and distribution of enamel ornamentation.     

Distribution of trichodorid nematodes in Great Britain

This survey describes the distribution of trichodorid nematodes in Great Britain. Twelve species were recorded, including the newly described species Trichodorus hooperi Loof, 1973 and the first British record of T. sparsus Szczygiel, 1968. In the survey 3614 samples and records were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences computer programme. Seven hundred and ninety-two positive sites, containing 971 trichodorid populations, were located. Outline maps show the geographical distribution of each species. T. primitivus de Man, 1880 was the most commonly found species and had a cosmopolitan distribution. Paratrichodorus pachy-dermus Seinhorst, 1954 was the next most prevalent and occurred mostly in eastern England and Scotland. Populations of the other ten species were more restricted in both number and distribution. The distribution of trichodorid spp. with respect to altitude, soil type, pH and primary vegetation was tested using chi-squared contingency tests. A significant relationship between nematodes and environmental factors was found in all cases examined. However, interactions were found between several environmental factors and further tests were applied to study the independence of the species distributions with respect to these interactions.     

Description of two species of free-living nematodes (Nematoda) from fresh waterbodies of Vietnam

The new nematode species Monhystera longivaginata sp. n. and the rare species Mononchulus nodicaudatus (Daday, 1901) collected in waterbodies of Vietnam are described. M. longivaginata sp. n. is morphologically similar to M. paludicola de Man, 1881, but differs from it in a longer and slenderer tail in females, ocelli situated closer to the anterior end of the body, the presence of a postvulval gland cell, and a longer vagina. The genus Monhystera Bastian, 1865 is revised, and several species of this genus (M. lemani Juget, 1969, M. macramphus Filipjev, 1923, M. amabilis Gagarin, 1997, M. hamata Gagarin et Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2005, and M. melnikae Gagarin et Naumova, 2010) are transferred to the genus Eumonhystera Andrássy, 1981 as E. lemani (Juget, 1969) comb. nov., E. macramphus (Filipjev, 1929) comb. nov., E. amabilis (Gagarin, 1997) comb. nov., E. hamata (Gagarin et Nguyen Vu Thanh, 2005) comb. nov., and E. melnikae (Gagarin et Naumova, 2010) comb. nov.     

Proposal of a new genus,Doorochen (Digenea: Lepocreadioidea), for reef-inhabiting members of the genus Postlepidapedon Zdzitowiecki, 1993

A new genus, Doorochen n. gen., is erected for four species of Postlepidapedon Zdzitowiecki, 1993, all of which inhabit members of the labroid genus Choerodon Bleeker, the tuskfishes, and which molecular phylogenies have indicated are not congeneric with the type-species, P. opisthobifurcatum (Zdzitowiecki, 1990) Zdzitowiecki, 1993. Doorochen secundum (Durio & Manter, 1968) n. comb. from Choerodon graphicus (De Vis), the Graphic tuskfish, from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and New Caledonia is designated the type-species of the new genus. Other species recognised are Doorochen spissum (Bray, Cribb & Barker, 1997) n. comb. from C. venustus (De Vis), the Venus tuskfish, C. cyanodus (Richardson), the Blue tuskfish, and C. graphicus from the GBR; D. uberis (Bray, Cribb & Barker, 1997) n. comb. from C. schoenleinii (Valenciennes), the Blackspot tuskfish, and C. venustus from the GBR and Moreton Bay; and D. philippinense (Machida, 2004) n. comb. from C. anchorago (Bloch), the Orange-dotted tuskfish, from Philippine waters. In addition to these four species, two new species are described: D. zdzitowieckii n. sp. from C. fasciatus (Günther), the Harlequin tuskfish, and C. graphicus from the GBR; and D. goorchana n. sp. from C. anchorago from the GBR and Palau. The genus Postlepidapedon is now considered to comprise just two species, P. opisthobifurcatum and P. quintum Bray & Cribb, 2001. The relationships of Doorochen, Postlepidapedon, Myzoxenus Manter, 1934 and Intusatrium Durio & Manter, 1968 in the family Lepidapedidae Yamaguti, 1958 are discussed.     

New combinations in Indian Orchidaceae

A critical study of literature coupled with the study of type and living materials has necessitated the transfer of Herminium angustilabre King & Pantl., Herminium josephi Rchb. f., Herminium kalimpongense Pradhan and Herminium monophyllum (D. Don) P. F. Hunt & Summerh. to the genus Androcorys Schltr. and Herminium orbiculare Hook. f. to the genus Peristylus Blume. The necessary new combinations are proposed.     

Cattiena fansipanis n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhigonematida: Carnoyidae) from a millipede (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Spirobolida) in North Vietnam

A new species of Cattiena Hunt & Spiridonov, 2001 from a diplopod (Spirobolida: Pseudospirobolellidae Brolemann) collected near Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province, Vietnam, is described. Females of Cattiena fansipanis n. sp. are closely related to females of two other known species of the genus, C. trachelomegali Hunt & Spiridonov, 2001 and C. trigoniuli Hunt & Spiridonov, 2001, but can be distinguished by the distinctly more anterior position of the vulva, abrupt constriction of the body at the vulval level, presence of two swollen portions of the oviducts, and longer body and tail. Males of new species differ by having a rounded cephalic region followed by 13–14 annules which are larger than those which follow them, a different size and shape of the spicules and gubernaculum, and body and tail length. Three size groups of juveniles were found in the host gut lumen, presumably representing second, third and fourth juvenile stages. The morphology of the juvenile stages is described.