Conditioned reflex activity and several vegetative reactions in dogs during the recovery period following repeated reanimation]

Conditioned activity and vegetative reactions were studied in dogs which repeatedly underwent clinical death from electrical trauma and were reanimated by donor artificial blood circulation. (The first clinical death was provoked 15 to 18 months prior to the repeated death and was caused by drowning and blood loss). On the first few days after reanimation the functions of the higher parts of the CNS and the vegetative nervous system were considerably disturbed. This was manifested in diminished effector reactions to conditioned stimuli, in narcotic and ultraparadoxal phases in conditioned activity, in tachycardia and a higher respiratory rate. The disturbances gradually diminished and by the 5th to 13th day following reanimation completely disappeared. The nature and depth of the disturbances correlated with the basic properties of the animals' type of higher nervous activity. The conditioned reactions were restored despite the retained pronounced dystrophic and destructive changes in the cerebral cortex. This is significant proof of important compensatory capacity for conditioned activity in dogs.     

Conditioned reflexes following unilateral damage to the premotor cortex and the dorsal portion of the head of the caudate nucleus in dogs

The study was carried out on dogs by the secretory-motor method with a two-side reinforcement. Simultaneous and unilateral lesion of the premotor cortex and of the dorsal part of the caudate nucleus head brought about prolonged disturbances of the vegetative components (pulse and respiratory rate) and in the choice of the side of food reinforcement. The change in the magnitude of conditioned salivation, latencies of secretion and motor reaction was temporary, and by the end of the third postoperative period their initial magnitudes were restored. The duration of the disturbances of higher nervous activity depended on the localization and extent of lesion of the caudate nucleus head. Tests were made with chlorpromazine and caffeine before and after the lesion of the brain structures. The tests in the postoperative period revealed latent disturbances in the dog higher nervous activity. It is assumed that the premotor cortex and the dorsal part of the caudate nucleus head are one of the sub-systems involved in the regulation of vegetative, somatic components of unconditioned behaviour and in the analysis of conditioned stimuli.     

Integration of conditioned reflex systems in intact and callosotomized dogs

Characteristics of integrative activity were studied by Kupalov's method of situational conditioned reflexes in 2 groups of dogs with complete section of the callosal body and in group of intact animals. The dogs of the first group were callosotomized before the formation of the conditioned reflex systems, the dogs of the second group--after their stabilization. The level of the reflex systems integration in the first group was considerably lower than in the second one. This testifies to a special role of the callosal body in the initial period of formation of complex conditioned systems. The callosotomized dogs developed inertia of nervous processes which was manifested in slowing down of formation and of adaptive realization of reactions during integration of various reflex systems. It was shown that the integrative activity is provided for by the interaction of cerebral hemispheres at different structural levels.     

Conditioned reactions and mediator-humoral shifts during neurotization in a probabilistic pain reinforcement situation

Substitution of regular partial reinforcement for random one (in both cases the reinforcement frequency was 50%) acted in some dogs as a neurotizing factor: they showed unrest, stable defensive reflexes disappeared, corresponding changes were observed in vegetative reactions. At the same time activation of the sympatho-adrenal system was recorded along with a drop in concentration of acetylcholine in peripheric blood. It is noted that the development of neurotic disturbances in dogs in these conditions were to a certain degree dependent of the dominating motivation.     

Radiation resistance of motor-defensive conditioned reflexes in rats at different stages of the formation and stabilization of a temporary connection

Disturbances were studied of the motor defensive conditioned reflexes in rats radiated in a dose of 100 Gy at different stages of formation and stabilization of temporary connection. In comparison with consolidated (automatized) conditioned reflexes of active avoidance, early stages of formation and stabilization of the temporary connection are characterized by a relatively low resistance against extreme factors and by deepest disturbances of reproduction in radiated animals. The most probable mechanisms of these disturbances are connected with pathological changes of the nervous processes balance towards an increase of excitability and weakening of internal inhibition. Yet a direct radiation influence on the mechanisms of temporary connection reproduction at the second stage of its consolidation cannot be excluded. The role is shown of the emotional reactivity in the above-described processes.     

Aging and flowering of the apex in young Bidens radiata

The response of Bidens radiata Thuill., a short-day plant, to conditions for flower induction changes during the first 96 h after germination: the earlier the induction, the better the flowering response. Flowering is observed without previous vegetative development. An histological study shows that failure to flower is correlated with the development of the primordia of the second node leaves. The antagonism between vegetative and floral development is discussed.     

Modeling neurosis in the dog and a study of the effects of antidepressants

Introduction in tests with positive (alimentary) reinforcement, of elements of uncertainty and of "collision" of motivations, and carrying out of a series of experiments on dogs under such conditions during 2-4 weeks, led to the development of heavy and stable neurotic states. They were characterized by disturbances of emotional-motivational sphere, suppression of conditioned activity, somatovegetative dysfunctions. Preparations of atypical antidepressants (emovit and new benzamine derivate) reduced neurotic manifestations. The rate of reduction depended on the spectrum of neuro-psychotropic activity and properties of pathological states in dogs.     

Generalization of an instrumental defensive conditioned reflex elaborated to electric stimulation of the hypothalamus in dogs

Generalization of defensive conditioned reflexes elaborated to electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus (LH) was studied in four dogs with electrodes implanted in various structures of the limbic system. Electrocutaneous stimulation was switched off when the dog lifted the foreleg to a definite level. Generalization of the conditioned reflex was manifested in different degrees when testing different formations of the limbic system, or testing one and the same structure, but at different stages of conditioning. Two types of generalization were found: the first one--a well pronounced motor reaction, by its latency, level and duration of lifting the foreleg similar to movements appearing in response to the conditioned stimulus; and the second one--low amplitude or short-term movements differing from conditioned ones. The first type of generalization was observed in response to stimulation of LH, contralateral to the point of signal stimulation, of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the mammillary bodies and the basal, lateral and to a lesser degree, the central nucleus of the amygdaloid complex; the second type--in response to stimulation of the ventral hippocampus, the medial and lateral septum nuclei.     

Nuclear and cell migration during pollen development in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Nuclear and cell migration during pollen development in rice were studied using semi-thin section light microscopy, differential interference contrast microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy. Four migrations of nuclei and cells were observed and described in detail here. The first nuclear migration occurs at the uninucleate microspore stage, when the nucleus of the microspore migrates from the center to the periphery of the cell, and then to the wall opposite the pollen aperture where pollen mitosis I takes place. The second migration occurs at the early bicellular pollen stage, with the vegetative nucleus migrating three-quarters of the circumference of the pollen wall, finally locating at the periphery of the wall where the microspore cell nucleus is positioned. The third migration occurs at the late bicellular pollen stage, with the vegetative nucleus migrating from the periphery of the cell to the central part of the pollen and the generative cell migrating from the opposite side of the aperture to a position between the aperture and the vegetative nucleus where pollen mitosis II takes place. The fourth migration appears at the mature pollen stage when the two sperm cells and the vegetative nucleus migrate to the opposite side of the aperture, finally becoming positioned in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell distal to the aperture where the male germ unit forms. Cytological observations of pollen abortion resulting from allelic interaction at the S-a, S-b and S-c loci show that abnormalities in the first or second nuclear migration result in the formation of empty abortive pollen, whereas abnormalities in the third or fourth migrations cause production of stainable abortive pollen.     

Functional and biochemical parallels in two-stage devascularization of the liver]

Experiments were performed on mongrel dogs. Biochemical changes of the blood and functional disturbances in the organism were studied after a two-stage devascularization of the liver at different periods after the second stage, i.e. after the ligation of the hepatic artery. Early disturbances in the intermediary metabolism were the consequence of the two-stage devascularization, i.e. of the rise of the pyruvate and the lactate, an increase of ammonia in the blood and serum transaminases. Biochemical changes of the blood precede and accompany the encephalopathia and serious hemodynamic disturbances in the organism. The mentioned method was capable of causing hepatic coma.     

CHANGES IN PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS DURING GIBBERELLIC ACID INDUCED INDUCTION AND FORMATION OF ANTHERIDIUM IN THE FERN ANEMIA PHYLLITIDIS

Changes in protein biosynthesis have been studied during the induction and formation of antheridium in Anemia phyllitidis .
Based on incorporation of ¹⁴C-amino acid mixture into TCA precipitable material two distinct phases of accelerated protein biosynthesis were observed. First phase initiates at 4th day, while the second at 8th day of development. The first phase is likely associated with antheridium induction and second with spermatogenesis. From electrophoretic pattern of proteins on stained acrylamid gels and from radioactivity profiles of labelled proteins distinct quantitative differences between vegetative and reproductive prothalli were observed at different stages of antheridial development. Radioactivity profiles reveal characteristic pattern of each stage of antheridial differentiation.     

Motor alimentary conditioned reflexes and delayed reactions in dogs following destruction of the caudate nucleus]

The characteristics of formation and achievement of motor conditioned reactions were studied in seventeen dogs before and after the lesion of head or body of the caudate nucleus. It has been shown that the degree of higher nervous activity disturbances depends on the localization of injuries in the nucleus, and on the complexity of the tests used. The caudate nucleus exerts a modulating effect on the parameters of motor conditioned reflexes and takes a direct part in the structure of delayed reflexes. Lesion of the caudate nucleus body is attended with more serious disturbances of higher nervous activity than lesion of its head.     

Changes in the correlations of the different indices of the entire behavior of dogs under the influence of seduxen

During chronic use of seduxen various changes of correlation connections between different parameters of general behaviour are revealed in dogs. The character and degree of expressiveness of these changes depend on the drug dose and typological characteristics of animals. The most general and significant manifestation of favourable effect of the drug action on animals behaviour is an increase of the number of "strong" correlation connections (correlation coefficient is more than 0.7) of the parameters of various components of conditioned activity, reflecting the state of inner inhibition processes, and to the parameters of vegetative provision of conditioned reactions. The character of reconstructions of correlation connections between different conditioned, vegetative, neurotransmitter and general behaviour parameters allows to judge of the direction of pharmacological influence on separate functional systems and the behaviour as a whole.     

Patterns in the transition from normal to neurosis in dogs with different typological traits in food and defensive situations

At comparison of the formation of neurosis in dogs with different typological characteristics in conditions with alimentary and pain reinforcement, a resemblance was revealed of transition from norm to the initial stage of pathology. In strong animals a development was seen of compensatory tachycardia at circular changes of conditioned activity. Weak type dogs are characterized by a lowering or full disappearance of reflexes in combination with bradycardia. The method of differentiation, allowing in situations with alimentary reinforcement to classify the tested animals according to the type of higher nervous activity and differentiate the states of "norm" and "initial stage of neurosis", proved to be effective for the analogous aims also in studies with defensive reinforcement.     

Ontogenetic characteristics of the acquisition and extinction of a taste aversion in dogs following damage to the dorsal area of the hippocampus

In 2-9 months dogs the influence was studied of ablation of the hippocampus dorsal area on formation and preservation of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), elaborated by combination of 30% sucrose solution with i.p. injection of 0.28 M LiCl solution. Lesion of the hippocampus dorsal area does not prevent acquisition after the first pairing of conditioned taste aversion in puppies and adult dogs. Heterogeneous influences are observed after hippocampus lesions on the process of CTA extinction in animals of different ages. Acquaintance with conditioned stimulus before CTA acquisition accelerates the process of its extinction in hippocampectomized indiviuals, but less than in animals with an intact hippocampus.     

Expression pattern of alkaline phosphatase in Dictyostelium

We used two different methods to study the expression pattern of alkaline phosphatase (alp) in Dictyostelium. In situ staining of the endogenous enzyme activity at different stages of development showed that the enzyme was active early in the aggregation stage and localized to the area where the tip of the first finger was initiated. The activity was localized to the anterior region of developing slugs, then became restricted to the region between the prestalk and prespore cells at the culmination stage. In the complete fruiting body, the activity was confined to the lower and upper cup. A second method to study alp expression utilized a beta-galactosidase reporter gene under the control of the alp promoter. A low level of beta-galactosidase activity was observed in vegetative cells, then increased during development. Reporter gene activity was restricted to PstO cells at the slug stage. At the culmination stage, the expression was restricted to prestalk cells at the interface between the prestalk and prespore cells. In the completed fruiting body, the expression was observed in the upper and lower cup.     

Peculiarities of modifying influence of the factors forming the functional status of the central nervous system on dynamics of the rat higher nervous activity disturbances totally exposed to electron and gamma-radiation at a dose of 100 Gy

The dynamics of using a stabilized motor defensive conditioned reflex of active avoidance in "shuttle-box" in rats after the total influence of high energy electrons and gamma-rays at a dose of 100 Gy and a modifying influence of the two most important factors forming the functional status of the central nervous system: the stage of the conditioned reflex consolidation and typological peculiarities of the higher nervous activity have been investigated. The influence of both types of ionizing radiation has been shown to cause far more profound disturbances of non consolidated conditioned reflexes in comparison with the automatized conditioned reflexes and provoke an inverted picture of disturbances in the animals with opposed peculiarities of the higher nervous activity. The qualitative picture of the dynamics of disturbances that are caused by these types of radiation is identical. In summary, the studied conditions that form the functional status of the central nervous system determine the nature of neuroradiation syndrome to a greater extent than differences in the effectiveness of these types of radiation.     

Dynamics of the changes in microelement composition (cations of iron, copper and arsenic) during the biosynthesis of nystatin

The dynamics of changes in the microelemental composition during cultivation of the nystatin-producing organisms and synthesis of the antibiotic was studied. The microelemental composition of the raw materials and media used for the cultivation was also studied. Interrelation between the dynamics of the changes in the microelemental composition and the main parameters of the process of the antibiotic production were analyzed. It was revealed that during the first stage of the culture development characterized by the maximum rate of the biomass accumulation the ions of ferrum, cuprum and arsenic were consumed along with consumption of the main nutrients (carbohydrates, nitrogen and phosphorus). During the second stage of the culture development i.e. after 36 hours the ferrum ions were liberated into the fermentation broth while the content of cuprum and arsenic continued to decrease though at a lower rate. Marked shifts in the specific rates of the changes in the contents of ferrum and cuprum ions in the fermentation broth were also observed at the beginning of the second phase of the culture development. It was shown possible to control the process of nystatin biosynthesis by the microelemental composition of the media for cultivation of the antibiotic-producing organism.     

Induction and synthesis of tubulin during the cell cycle and life cycle of Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Two types of tubulin induction are observed in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. One is elicited by flagellar detachment and the other occurs as a normal event of the vegetative cell cycle. In the former case, a strong and extensive induction of tubulin synthesis occurs following deflagellation of cells in all phases of the life cycle [vegetative, gametic, and (early) zygotic]. Synthesis is initiated in all three cell types within 15 min after deflagellation. In gametic and zygotic cells, tubulin synthesis so induced accounts for 15 to 20% of the total protein synthesis during the 1-hr peak period of tubulin production. The ability to support both tubulin synthesis and flagellar regeneration is lost in zygotes at 1.5 hr after the initiation of zygotic development. This alteration represents one of several dramatic shifts in the programming of protein synthesis that occur during the first 4 hr of zygotic differentiation in C. reinhardi. The second (i.e., cell cycle-dependent) type of induction is observed in synchronously growing vegetative cells at ～1.5–2 hr prior to cytokinesis. Tubulin synthesis, in this case, persists at relatively high levels (～5% of the total protein synthesis) for the next 9 hr, i.e., through the entire period of cell division to a time just before the liberation of fully flagellated daughter cells at hr 20 of the cell cycle. Changes in the programming of protein synthesis, and of tubulin synthesis in particular, are discussed in relation to specific physiological and cytological transitions that occur during the growth and differentiation of C. reinhardi.     

A comparison of the effects of single and chronic microinjections of GABA and picrotoxin into the caudate nucleus on the conditioned reflexes of dogs

The effects on Pavlovian alimentary conditioned reflexes realization of two methods of intrastriatal microinjections--acute (separate) and long-term (chronic) one--are compared in experiments on dogs. Bilateral acute administration and the first week of chronic injection of 45 mcg of GABA into the caudate nuclei produced in dogs a manifest improvement of parameters of the conditioned differentiation inhibition, but only in the next period of chronic treatment an improvement of the positive Pavlovian alimentary conditioned reflex was obtained. The both ways of picrotoxin treatment impaired conditioned behaviour, and this effect was observed after the end of injection. No withdrawal effects were recorded. The data obtained give ground for discussion of the role of striatal GABAergic system in the positive modulation of adaptive alimentary behaviour. The application of novel psychopharmacological method in experimental and clinical fields of investigation is discussed.