制备遗传工程小鼠的技术改进

遗传工程小鼠是当今生命科学领域集成度最高的研究体系之一。特别在“人类基因组计划和小鼠基因组计划”完成后,遗传工程小鼠在制备人类疾病模型、药物开发和评价、基因功能分析以及比较基因组学中发挥着越来越重要的作用。由此,也推动了遗传工程小鼠相关技术的快速发展。就遗传工程小鼠制备的现况、存在的问题以及新策略等相关问题进行了总结。     

现代生物技术发展带来的伦理问题

随着生物技术的发展,人们可以对生物体进行不同层次的设计、控制、改造或模拟,产生巨大生产力的同时,但与此同时,生物技术的发展也带来了生物物种伦理的问题。接下来,本文将结合现代生物技术研究的新进展,探讨现代生物技术存在的伦理问题以及与之相关的解决对策。     

用于发展动物生产的遗传工程疫苗

现代医学的主要成就之一是向人和动物体内导入抗传染免疫。本综述旨在论述可能提高传染病疫苗的效果并进而减少动物患病和经济损失的动物遗传工程疫苗的发展方向,说明如何将从传染病控制中获得的知识与动物生理学知识结合起来用于动物生产和生殖行为的调节。     

转基因技术的伦理问题及解决方案

转基因技术已广泛应用于农业、医药、食品、环境保护、能源等各个领域,但也面临着对健康的潜在风险,对生态的破坏及转基因技术带来的责任问题。本文提出了部分解决方案,如成立伦理委员会,发挥政府的理性作用,加强宣传与教育。     

医护人员道德勇气的觉解与实践?????? ——思与行的辩证会通

道德为护理专业的核心价值理念,医护人员的执业行为无一不是为了合乎社会大众对“好护士”的期待。面对进入临床工作后凸显的伦理困境与道德诘难,医护人员在执业过程中若能秉持自己的良知,在困境中激发出个人的道德勇气,必能为患者与自己的权利发声,并以此证成“好护士”的角色并符应社会对医护人员的期许。即从个体的道德与良知出发,推阐道德勇气的内涵以及道德勇气实施的条件、方法与行动,期冀临床工作中的医护人员能够觉解出道德勇气的张力,在实践中共创伦理的生态氛围,以此型构护患情境中的和谐之域。     

遗传工程食物的健康安全性问题——介绍20002001年FAO/WHO联合专家顾问委员会的结论意见与建议

本文介绍联合国专家有关遗传工程植物性食物对人体健康安全问题的结论性意见和建议。由于世界各国公众对转基因生物作为食物的安全问题日益担心,联合国世界粮农组织(FAO)和世界卫生组织(WHO)在2000年和2001年共同召集了两次FAOWHO联合专家顾问委员会会议,会后公布了两份详尽的报告。针对当前一些有争议的问题,联合专家委员会提出了合理的并具权威性的结论意见和建议,其中包括实质等同性概念、对健康的长期效应、抗菌素抗性基因问题、潜在的过敏原性及其新修订的评估策略———树型判定法。     

遗传工程食物的健康安全性问题—介绍2000／2001年FAO／WHO联合专家顾问委员会的结论意见与建议

本文介绍联合国家专家有关遗传工程植物性食物对人体健康安全问题的结论性意见和建议,由于世界各国公众对转基因生物作为食物的安全问题日益担心,联合国世界粮农组织（FAO）和世界卫生组织（WHO）在2000年和2001年共同召集了两次FAO／WHO联合专家顾问委员会会议,会后公布了两份详尽的报告。针对当前一些有争议的问题,联合专家委员会出了合理的并具权威性的结论意见和建议。其中包括实质等同性概念,对健康的长期效应,抗菌素抗性基因问题,潜在的过敏原性及其新修订的评估策略－树型判定法。     

基因工程技术在动物营养学上的应用及其发展前景

综述了基因工程技术在动物营养学中应用的最新进展,并就其在动物营养学上的发展前景作了展望。     

The impact of ADHD on morality development

Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed childhood mental disorders. This pervasive disorder can affect all aspects of the child’s life, including, but not limited to: peer relations, adult relations and intellectual development. As a direct result of ADHD, many of these deficiencies pervade through the child’s life into adulthood. Although there is a growing number of literature focusing on the sequela of ADHD, especially social deviance, most of the literature’s scope is limited to the connection between ADHD and criminality. This finite perspective provides little insight into the developmental characteristics which actually link ADHD to criminality. The most glaring example of an obscured developmental link is that of moral judgment. The following is an attempt to draw a meaningful connection between deficient moral development and ADHD, especially as it relates to attachment theory. Connecting previous research relevant to the topic as well as time-tested psychological theories on morality and attachment will serve to validate this claim.     

Metabolic engineering: techniques for analysis of targets for genetic manipulations

Metabolic engineering has been defined as the purposeful modification of intermediary metabolism using recombinant DNA techniques. With this definition metabolic engineering includes: (1) inserting new pathways in microorganisms with the aim of producing novel metabolites, e.g., production of polyketides by Streptomyces; (2) production of heterologous peptides, e.g., production of human insulin, erythropoitin, and tPA; and (3) improvement of both new and existing processes, e.g., production of antibiotics and industrial enzymes. Metabolic engineering is a multidisciplinary approach, which involves input from chemical engineers, molecular biologists, biochemists, physiologists, and analytical chemists. Obviously, molecular biology is central in the production of novel products, as well as in the improvement of existing processes. However, in the latter case, input from other disciplines is pivotal in order to target the genetic modifications; with the rapid developments in molecular biology, progress in the field is likely to be limited by procedures to identify the optimal genetic changes. Identification of the optimal genetic changes often requires a meticulous mapping of the cellular metabolism at different operating conditions, and the application of metabolic engineering to process optimization is, therefore, expected mainly to have an impact on the improvement of processes where yield, productivity, and titer are important design factors, i.e., in the production of metabolites and industrial enzymes. Despite the prospect of obtaining major improvement through metabolic engineering, this approach is, however, not expected to completely replace the classical approach to strain improvement-random mutagenesis followed by screening. Identification of the optimal genetic changes for improvement of a given process requires analysis of the underlying mechanisms, at best, at the molecular level. To reveal these mechanisms a number of different techniques may be applied: (1) detailed physiological studies, (2) metabolic flux analysis (MFA), (3) metabolic control analysis (MCA), (4) thermodynamic analysis of pathways, and (5) kinetic modeling. In this article, these different techniques are discussed and their applications to the analysis of different processes are illustrated.     

The development of and perspectives for genetic engineering of malaria parasites

The genetic manipulation of malaria parasites is a rapidly emerging technology that offers great promise for the investigation of many aspects of infection. Currently it is possible to transform avian, rodent, primate as well as human parasites, the latter three on a stable, drug selectable basis. This review focuses on the history of the development of the technology, current abilities and future perspectives.     

Prospects and achievements of genetic engineering in development of antiviral vaccines

Proceeding from the known data various theoretical and experimental approaches to the construction of gene-engineering vaccines are considered. Gene-engineering subunit vaccines of the first generation are based on isolation of the genes coding for the synthesis of full length capsid proteins with the main antigenic determinants and their subsequent expression in suitable recipient cells. Initial idea of the microbiological synthesis as the main way for production of any antiviral vaccines was not confirmed by the later development. Now for this type of vaccines eucaryotic systems are widely employed using the animal virus vectors and the animal cell cultures. Gene-engineering subunit vaccine of the second generation appears to be a chimeric protein with built-in antigenic determinants of different viruses and maximal immunogenicity in monomeric form. The last point reopens the perspective to use a microbiological synthesis for the production of antiviral vaccines. Besides that the chemically synthesized polypeptide antiviral vaccine will be used widely. In gene-engineering subunit vaccines of the third generation it is possible to use not the natural antigenic determinants which often are characterized by high level of the primary structure changes but artificial (non-natural) antigens, that are the capsid protein conservative regions which under natural conditions of infection or immunization do not induce the protective antiviral antibodies. The recombinant DNA technology in addition to subunit type vaccine allows to construct living vaccines which represent a DNA-containing attenuated virus with build-in natural or synthetic gene of the capsid or chimeric protein with antigenic determinants of another viral species.