溶液pH值及模拟酸雨对两种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中行为的影响

采用平衡振荡法和土柱淋洗法,研究了溶液pH及模拟酸雨对土壤中苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich方程能较好地描述苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆的吸附等温线,水-土壤系统pH升高能明显地降低这两种除草剂在土壤中的吸附,促进其在土壤中的迁移,且吸附常数(K_f)与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH呈负相关.pH值高的模拟酸雨对除草剂在土壤中淋溶贡献较大,且淋溶量随雨量的增大而增大.除草剂在土壤中的淋溶与土壤性质密切相关,有机质含量和粘粒含量较高的土壤对除草剂的持留能力较强.     

外来植物入侵的化感作用机制探讨

在最近的几十年,在全球范围内的外来植物入侵的频率达到了前所未有的水平,所以对其入侵机制的研究显得尤为重要。目前,已有几种假说从不同的侧面解释外来植物的成功入侵。本文在综述前人工作基础上,从化感作用的角度解释外来植物入侵,并给出解释模式。由于本土动植物对某些外来植物释放的化感物质比较敏感,外来植物可以利用它的“化学武器”与本土植物竞争,抵御植食性动物的取食和病源菌的感染,从而在与本土物种的相互干扰中占据优势,实现成功入侵。进一步从理论和应用的角度探讨了化感作用作为外来植物入侵的机制给我们的启示,并对今后这方面研究提出几点建议和看法。     

从上海外来杂草区系剖析植物入侵的一般特征

全球化不仅改变了世界的政治和经济格局,而且也改变了生物分布的格局,导致生物种群的重新分布,由此而产生的生物入侵已成了各国政府,国际社会和学术界所共同关心的问题,本文从上海市杂草植物区系的构成入手,揭示了该区植物入侵的特点,产生的原因以及将来的发展趋势,同时还从一般意义上探讨了入侵杂草和入侵生境的特征,植物入侵的环境和经济后果以及入侵生态学领域中重要的研究方向。     

外来入侵杂草假高梁的化感潜力

利用种子萌发和幼苗生长的生测方法研究了假高粱(Sorghum halepense(L.)Pers.)对3种农作物小麦、玉米和棉花的化感潜力,并进行化感作用的评价.结果表明:假高粱能够抑制作物种子萌发和幼苗生长,其化感作用强度随浓度升高而增强,随时间而降低;其中对小麦种子萌发率在第3天时0.1 g·ml-1浓度下抑制强度达40.4%,第20天时相同浓度下已经丧失化感活性;第3天和第10天时对作物幼苗生长有抑制作用,第20天时对3种作物幼苗生长均无影响;假高梁的化感潜力可能是其成功入侵的原因之一.     

利用传统生物防治控制外来杂草的入侵

随着国际贸易的日益频繁,外来有害植物入侵,严重威胁我国的自然环境和生物多样性。利用从原产地引入食性较专一的天敌来控制外来杂草是杂草生物防治的主要方式之一,有保护环境一劳永逸的效果。简要介绍了国际生物防治概况,统计表明全世界至少有133种目标杂草进行生物防治,主要分布在菊科、仙人掌科和含羞草科,63科369种无脊椎动物和真菌作为杂草生物防治的天敌,利用最多的天敌是鞘翅目象甲科和叶甲科昆虫,其中大多数项目是治理外来杂草的。杂草生物防治最活跃的国家依次为美国、澳大利亚、南非、加拿大和新西兰。重点论述了利用传统生物防治方法防治外来杂草的经典项目、国内外研究概况,以及目前面临的问题和应用前景。我国杂草生物防治起步晚,传统杂草生防的目标杂草有4种,紫茎泽兰、空心莲子草、豚草和水葫芦,其中,空心莲子草的生物防治获得成功。共引进天敌14种,输出天敌23种,与世界上生物防治先进的国家比尚有距离。中国应充分借鉴国际成功经验,对外来杂草开展生物防治。中国的生物多样性在世界上占有十分独特的地位,将在生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。     

外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展

反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)原产于美洲,是广泛分布于我国的外来入侵杂草。本文就反枝苋的种子生物学特性、化感作用、表型可塑性、作为典型C4植物的生理生态特征、其与作物的竞争机制、在我国的入侵扩散过程及影响因子,以及其对增强紫外线辐射的生理生态响应和防除方法分别进行了评述。结果表明:反枝苋的一些生物学特性对其入侵成功具有重要作用,其种子数量大、种子萌发温度范围广、表型可塑性强、光合能力强、并可通过化感作用影响多种作物的生长,温度和湿度适应范围广,可以入侵多种生境类型。针对目前研究中的不足,应加强以下方面的研究:1)反枝苋对大范围环境梯度变化的适应机制;2)反枝苋对农田生态系统资源波动的响应;3)反枝苋的化感作用机制;4)反枝苋的综合控制技术。     

外来植物成功入侵的生物学特征

外来植物的入侵能力与其性状之间的关系是入侵生态学中的基本问题之一.成功的入侵种常常能占据多样化的生境,具有较强的适应性、繁殖力和散布力.表型可塑性和遗传分化是外来入侵植物对生境异质性的两种适应策略;散布体多态型和散布途径多种化,使外来入侵植物迅速占领入侵生境,并进行远距离扩散;无性生殖和有性生殖并存,并根据生境和入侵阶段权衡的繁育对策不仅使入侵种群大面积暴发成为可能,而且直接影响散布机制并对种群遗传结构具有调节作用.高效的资源利用性竞争,加之以化感作用为基础的干扰性竞争使植物更具入侵性.     

外来入侵种入侵机制研究取得的新进展

<正>入侵种的入侵机制是入侵生物学的核心科学问题。已有假说主要从天敌、资源和生态位几方面阐述了入侵种的入侵性。但是现有的入侵理论只能解释部分入侵物种的入侵性,所以新的入侵理论令人期待。2006年至今,动物研究所孙江华研究员领导的森林害虫化学生态研究组以红脂大小蠹-伴生真菌为研究模型,以多物种协同作用为切入点,开展了红脂大小蠹入侵机制的研究,继2007年     

外来种入侵与物种多样性

在入侵生态学研究方面 ,物种多样性与生物入侵之间的关系已成为当前研究和争论的焦点。自Elton的经典假说提出以来 ,物种丰富度高的群落比物种贫乏的群落更能抵抗外来种入侵的观点得到广泛接受。一些理论模型和多样性处理实验支持了该假说。但现在越来越多的野外观测和实验研究开始对这一经典假说提出异议 ,甚至反对。同时 ,在入侵生态学广泛受到关注的今天 ,大量的实验研究也提出了一些新的观点。本文对Elton经典假说提出以来全球有关物种多样性与生物入侵关系的主要研究及其观点进行了评述 ,以期为我国有关研究工作的开展提供参考。     

新外来杂草--裂叶月见草的生物学特性及防控对策

裂叶月见草是浙江新发现的外来杂草,就其分布情况、形态特征、开花结实特性等进行了观察研究,认为裂叶月见草是人们通过蔬菜种子调用时无意带入的,并得出了裂叶月见草的繁殖系数大、适应性强,具有一定入侵性的结论,并提出了加强种子管理、宣传教育和控制等防控对策。     

祁连山天然气水合物赋存区钻孔细菌多样性

分析了青海省祁连山冻土区天然气水合物赋存区DK-6钻孔的4个样品,对岩心样品进行处理提取微生物总基因组,采用PCR构建了细菌16S rDNA基因文库,4个文库包括44个OTU,其中有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)(包括α-、β-和y-变形杆菌亚群)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)5类,煤、泥岩、粉砂岩等不同岩性的微生物群落之间显示出较大的组成差异,优势菌不同.细菌菌群多样性随采集点地质环境不同而有较明显的变化,天然气水合物含量、水含量、有机质含量等环境因素对冻土区天然气水合物赋存区中细菌菌群有一定的影响.4个样品中存在的微生物大部分可以代谢有机烃类,在天然气水合物环境的特殊条件下,外界环境因素制约了微生物的种类.     

Chemical defense of an exotic coral as invasion strategy

The invasion success of exotic species has been frequently correlated to abiotic and biotic features of the receptor region and to the biological aspects of the invasive organism. There is, however, no information about defensive chemicals found in invasive species as strategy that could promote or facilitate an invasion in a marine environment. We conducted experimental field assays to verify the potential of secondary metabolites of an Indo-Pacific exotic soft coral, Stereonephthya aff. curvata, as a defensive chemical against generalist fish and as an allelopathic agent against the potential local competitor-the gorgonian Phyllogorgia dilatata-in Arraial do Cabo, on the southeastern coast of Brazil. As a result of our experiments, it was confirmed as an efficient chemical defense against fishes by crude coral hexanic extract. In addition to its role as defense against consumers, the field experimental assay also verified that chemicals from this exotic coral had an allelopatic effect causing large necrosis on tissues of the Brazilian endemic gorgonian P. dilatata. Both defensive strategies observed may facilitate the perpetuation and/or expansion and characterize an expressive, invasive facilitator for S. aff. curvata. The obtained results indicate that this exotic coral species may be a real threat to the biological integrity of the Arraial do Cabo Harvest Reserve, Rio de Janeiro. In addition, the study reveals that defensive chemicals can be used to predict the potential invasiveness of introduced species.     

Dynamics of some Western Australian ligneous formations with special reference to the invasion of exotic species

Invasion of natural vegetation in Australia by exotic species has become pronounced in the last 150 years of European settlement. Changes in the frequency and type of fire have been a major disturbance to the dynamics of natural vegetation, and this disturbance has allowed rapid spread of exotics, particularly in urban and semi-rural regions. Less obvious disturbances include changes in nutrient levels and hydrological regimes, which also allow exotic species to establish and spread, at the expense of native species. Permanent plots established in various vegetation types show a decline in diversity which is associated with an increase in invasion by exotic species. Possible management strategies, designed to maintain the natural vegetation, which can be postulated include control and change of fire regime, removal of exotic species before seed-set, and the active introduction of native plants adapted to disturbance.We gratefully acknowledge the assistance of R. Hume for cartography and Doreen Jones for typing. One of us (DJB) was in receipt of a Commonwealth of Australia postgraduate award during the course of this work.     

Native cover crops suppress exotic annuals and favor native perennials in a greenhouse competition experiment

In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effectiveness of four native cover crops for controlling four exotic, invasive species and increasing success of four western North American grassland species. Planting the annual cover crops, annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), reduced the biomass of the exotic species cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), and whitetop (Cardaria draba). The annual cover crops also reduced the desired species biomass in competition with the perennial exotics, but either increased or did not affect the desired species biomass in competition with the annual exotics. Planting the perennial cover crops, Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) and littleleaf pussytoes (Antennaria microphylla), rarely inhibited exotic species, but did increase the desired species biomass. Field experiments are needed to test the cover crops under more ecologically relevant conditions, but our results suggested that the annual cover crops may be effective for controlling invasive annuals and for facilitating native perennials.     

California native and exotic perennial grasses differ in their response to soil nitrogen,exotic annual grass density,and order of emergence

Early emergence of plant seedlings can offer strong competitive advantages over later-germinating neighbors through the preemption of limiting resources. This phenomenon may have contributed to the persistent dominance of European annual grasses over native perennial grasses in California grasslands, since the former species typically germinate earlier in the growing season than the latter and grow rapidly after establishing. Recently, European perennial grasses have been spreading into both non-native annual and native perennial coastal grass stands in California. These exotic perennials appear to be less affected by the priority effects arising from earlier germination by European annual grasses. In addition, these species interactions in California grasslands may be mediated by increasing anthropogenic or natural soil nitrogen inputs. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to test the effects of order of emergence and annual grass seedling density on native and exotic perennial grass seedling performance across different levels of nitrogen availability. We manipulated the order of emergence and density of an exotic annual grass (Bromus diandrus) grown with either Nassella pulchra (native perennial grass), Festuca rubra (native perennial grass), or Holcus lanatus (exotic perennial grass), with and without added nitrogen. Earlier B. diandrus emergence and higher B. diandrus density resulted in greater reduction in the aboveground productivity of the perennial grasses. However, B. diandrus suppressed both native perennials to a greater extent than it did H. lanatus. Nitrogen addition had no effect on the productivity of native perennials, but greatly increased the growth of the exotic perennial H. lanatus, grown with B. diandrus. These results suggest that the order of emergence of exotic annual versus native perennial grass seedlings could play an important role in the continued dominance of exotic annual grasses in California. The expansion of the exotic perennial grass H. lanatus in coastal California may be linked to its higher tolerance of earlier-emerging annual grasses and its ability to access soil resources amidst high densities of annual grasses.     

稻鸭共作及其它控草措施对稻田杂草群落的影响

运用群落生态学方法研究了稻鸭共作、人工除草、化学除草3种控草措施对稻田杂草群落特征的影响及其对田间杂草的控制作用.结果表明,稻鸭共作显著降低了田间杂草的发生密度,对稻田主要杂草鸭舌草(Monochoriavaginalis)、异型莎草(Cyperusdifformis)、矮慈姑(Sagittariapygmaea)的防效均达到95%以上,总体控草效果显著优于化学除草和人工除草.稻鸭共作使稻田杂草群落的物种丰富度及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略有降低,但Pielou均匀度指数显著提高,表明群落物种组成有了很大的改变,降低了原来优势杂草的发生危害.在不同控草措施作用下,稻田杂草群落的结构组成也发生了一定的变化,稻鸭共作区群落组成为陌上菜(Linderniaprocumbens)+异型莎草+水虱草(Fimbristylismiliacea),Whittaker群落指数显著高于化学除草、人工除草及对照区,表明稻鸭共作对田间杂草群落结构影响较大.从Sorensen群落相似性指数及以其为距离测度指标的聚类分析结果中也可得到同样的结论.     

Vulnerability of riparian zones to invasion by exotic vascular plants

We compared the invasibility of riparian plant communities high on river banks with those on floodplain floors for four South African rivers. Analyses of abundant and significant riparian species showed that the floors have 3.1 times more exotic plants than the banks. The percent exotics ranges from 5% to 11% of total species richness for the banks, and from 20% to 30% for the floors. Species richness and percent exotics are negatively correlated for the banks, but not correlated for the floors.Despite great differences in climate, species richness, and landuse history, the percentages of exotic plants in three rivers in the Pacific Northwest of the USA and one river in southwestern France are similar to those in South Africa (24-30% vs. 20-30%, respectively). Furthermore, the high proportions of exotic species in these riparian plant communities are comparable to those reported for vascular plant communities on islands. We conclude that the macro-channel floor regions of the riparian zones of South African rivers are highly vulnerable to invasion by exotic vascular plants.     

A native nitrogen-fixing shrub facilitates weed invasion

Invasions by exotic weedy plants frequently occur in highly disturbed or otherwise anthropogenically altered habitats. Here we present evidence that, within California coastal prairie, invasion also can be facilitated by a native nitrogen-fixing shrub, bush lupine (Lupinus arboreus). Bush lupines fix nitrogen and grow rapidly, fertilizing the sandy soil with nitrogen-rich litter. The dense lupine canopy blocks light, restricting vegetative growth under bushes. Heavy insect herbivory kills lupines, opening exposed nitrogen-rich sites within the plant community. Eventual re-establishment of lupine occurs because of an abundant and long-lived seed bank. Lupine germination, rapid growth, shading and fertilization of sites, and then death after only a few years, results in a mosaic of nutrient-rich sites that are available to invading species. To determine the role of bush lupine death and nitrogen enrichment in community composition, we examined nutrient dynamics and plant community characteristics within a site only recently colonized by lupine, comparing patches where lupines had recently died or were experimentally killed with adjacent areas lacking lupine. In experimentally killed patches, instantaneous pool sizes of exchangeable ammonium and nitrate nitrogen were higher than in adjacent sites free of lupine. Seedlings of the introduced grass Bromus diandrus accumulated 48% greater root biomass and 93% more shoot biomass when grown in a greenhouse in soil collected under experimentally killed lupines compared to B. diandrus seedlings grown in soil collected at least 1 m away from lupines. At the end of the spring growing season, total above-ground live plant biomass was more than twice as great in dead lupine patches as in the adjacent lupine-free grassland, but dead lupine patches contained 47% fewer plant species and 57% fewer native species. Sites where lupines have repeatedly died and reestablished during recent decades support an interstitial grassland community high in productivity but low in diversity, composed of mostly weedy introduced annual plants. In contrast, at a site only recently colonized by bush lupines, the interstitial grassland consists of a less productive but more diverse set of native and introduced species. We suggest that repeated bouts of lupine germination, establishment, and death can convert a rich native plant community into a less diverse collection of introduced weeds.