溶液pH值及模拟酸雨对两种磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中行为的影响

采用平衡振荡法和土柱淋洗法,研究了溶液pH及模拟酸雨对土壤中苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich方程能较好地描述苄嘧磺隆和甲磺隆的吸附等温线,水-土壤系统pH升高能明显地降低这两种除草剂在土壤中的吸附,促进其在土壤中的迁移,且吸附常数(K_f)与土壤有机质含量、粘土含量呈正相关,而与土壤pH呈负相关.pH值高的模拟酸雨对除草剂在土壤中淋溶贡献较大,且淋溶量随雨量的增大而增大.除草剂在土壤中的淋溶与土壤性质密切相关,有机质含量和粘粒含量较高的土壤对除草剂的持留能力较强.     

外来植物入侵的化感作用机制探讨

在最近的几十年,在全球范围内的外来植物入侵的频率达到了前所未有的水平,所以对其入侵机制的研究显得尤为重要。目前,已有几种假说从不同的侧面解释外来植物的成功入侵。本文在综述前人工作基础上,从化感作用的角度解释外来植物入侵,并给出解释模式。由于本土动植物对某些外来植物释放的化感物质比较敏感,外来植物可以利用它的“化学武器”与本土植物竞争,抵御植食性动物的取食和病源菌的感染,从而在与本土物种的相互干扰中占据优势,实现成功入侵。进一步从理论和应用的角度探讨了化感作用作为外来植物入侵的机制给我们的启示,并对今后这方面研究提出几点建议和看法。     

从上海外来杂草区系剖析植物入侵的一般特征

全球化不仅改变了世界的政治和经济格局,而且也改变了生物分布的格局,导致生物种群的重新分布,由此而产生的生物入侵已成了各国政府,国际社会和学术界所共同关心的问题,本文从上海市杂草植物区系的构成入手,揭示了该区植物入侵的特点,产生的原因以及将来的发展趋势,同时还从一般意义上探讨了入侵杂草和入侵生境的特征,植物入侵的环境和经济后果以及入侵生态学领域中重要的研究方向。     

外来入侵杂草假高梁的化感潜力

利用种子萌发和幼苗生长的生测方法研究了假高粱(Sorghum halepense(L.)Pers.)对3种农作物小麦、玉米和棉花的化感潜力,并进行化感作用的评价.结果表明:假高粱能够抑制作物种子萌发和幼苗生长,其化感作用强度随浓度升高而增强,随时间而降低;其中对小麦种子萌发率在第3天时0.1 g·ml-1浓度下抑制强度达40.4%,第20天时相同浓度下已经丧失化感活性;第3天和第10天时对作物幼苗生长有抑制作用,第20天时对3种作物幼苗生长均无影响;假高梁的化感潜力可能是其成功入侵的原因之一.     

利用传统生物防治控制外来杂草的入侵

随着国际贸易的日益频繁,外来有害植物入侵,严重威胁我国的自然环境和生物多样性。利用从原产地引入食性较专一的天敌来控制外来杂草是杂草生物防治的主要方式之一,有保护环境一劳永逸的效果。简要介绍了国际生物防治概况,统计表明全世界至少有133种目标杂草进行生物防治,主要分布在菊科、仙人掌科和含羞草科,63科369种无脊椎动物和真菌作为杂草生物防治的天敌,利用最多的天敌是鞘翅目象甲科和叶甲科昆虫,其中大多数项目是治理外来杂草的。杂草生物防治最活跃的国家依次为美国、澳大利亚、南非、加拿大和新西兰。重点论述了利用传统生物防治方法防治外来杂草的经典项目、国内外研究概况,以及目前面临的问题和应用前景。我国杂草生物防治起步晚,传统杂草生防的目标杂草有4种,紫茎泽兰、空心莲子草、豚草和水葫芦,其中,空心莲子草的生物防治获得成功。共引进天敌14种,输出天敌23种,与世界上生物防治先进的国家比尚有距离。中国应充分借鉴国际成功经验,对外来杂草开展生物防治。中国的生物多样性在世界上占有十分独特的地位,将在生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。     

外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展

反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)原产于美洲,是广泛分布于我国的外来入侵杂草。本文就反枝苋的种子生物学特性、化感作用、表型可塑性、作为典型C4植物的生理生态特征、其与作物的竞争机制、在我国的入侵扩散过程及影响因子,以及其对增强紫外线辐射的生理生态响应和防除方法分别进行了评述。结果表明:反枝苋的一些生物学特性对其入侵成功具有重要作用,其种子数量大、种子萌发温度范围广、表型可塑性强、光合能力强、并可通过化感作用影响多种作物的生长,温度和湿度适应范围广,可以入侵多种生境类型。针对目前研究中的不足,应加强以下方面的研究:1)反枝苋对大范围环境梯度变化的适应机制;2)反枝苋对农田生态系统资源波动的响应;3)反枝苋的化感作用机制;4)反枝苋的综合控制技术。     

外来植物成功入侵的生物学特征

外来植物的入侵能力与其性状之间的关系是入侵生态学中的基本问题之一.成功的入侵种常常能占据多样化的生境,具有较强的适应性、繁殖力和散布力.表型可塑性和遗传分化是外来入侵植物对生境异质性的两种适应策略;散布体多态型和散布途径多种化,使外来入侵植物迅速占领入侵生境,并进行远距离扩散;无性生殖和有性生殖并存,并根据生境和入侵阶段权衡的繁育对策不仅使入侵种群大面积暴发成为可能,而且直接影响散布机制并对种群遗传结构具有调节作用.高效的资源利用性竞争,加之以化感作用为基础的干扰性竞争使植物更具入侵性.     

外来入侵种入侵机制研究取得的新进展

<正>入侵种的入侵机制是入侵生物学的核心科学问题。已有假说主要从天敌、资源和生态位几方面阐述了入侵种的入侵性。但是现有的入侵理论只能解释部分入侵物种的入侵性,所以新的入侵理论令人期待。2006年至今,动物研究所孙江华研究员领导的森林害虫化学生态研究组以红脂大小蠹-伴生真菌为研究模型,以多物种协同作用为切入点,开展了红脂大小蠹入侵机制的研究,继2007年     

化感——外来入侵植物的“Novel Weapons”

综述了与外来植物入侵相关的理论假说。并主要介绍了从化感角度提出的“N ove lW eapons”假说(NW假说)。某些外来入侵植物能产生一些化学物质。这些物质可以发挥较强的化感作用,或者成为植物和土壤微生物之间相互作用的调节者。由于不同区域的植物群落共同进化的轨迹不同,被入侵群落的植物对这些化学物质缺乏适应性,因此,这些物质成为了外来种入侵的利器。而对外来种发源地的群落来说,由于长期的共存关系,这些物质对其伴生植物的影响相对较小。NW假说为化感作为外来植物入侵的一种机制奠定了理论基础,为外来入侵植物的防治提供了理论依据,但作为一种较新的理论假说,还需要更多的实验研究加以支持。     

新外来杂草--裂叶月见草的生物学特性及防控对策

裂叶月见草是浙江新发现的外来杂草,就其分布情况、形态特征、开花结实特性等进行了观察研究,认为裂叶月见草是人们通过蔬菜种子调用时无意带入的,并得出了裂叶月见草的繁殖系数大、适应性强,具有一定入侵性的结论,并提出了加强种子管理、宣传教育和控制等防控对策。     

祁连山天然气水合物赋存区钻孔细菌多样性

分析了青海省祁连山冻土区天然气水合物赋存区DK-6钻孔的4个样品,对岩心样品进行处理提取微生物总基因组,采用PCR构建了细菌16S rDNA基因文库,4个文库包括44个OTU,其中有厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)(包括α-、β-和y-变形杆菌亚群)、放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus)5类,煤、泥岩、粉砂岩等不同岩性的微生物群落之间显示出较大的组成差异,优势菌不同.细菌菌群多样性随采集点地质环境不同而有较明显的变化,天然气水合物含量、水含量、有机质含量等环境因素对冻土区天然气水合物赋存区中细菌菌群有一定的影响.4个样品中存在的微生物大部分可以代谢有机烃类,在天然气水合物环境的特殊条件下,外界环境因素制约了微生物的种类.     

Review and analysis of the surveys for natural enemies of Mimosa pigra: What does it tell us about surveys for broadly distributed hosts?

Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae), a serious weed in Australia and Asia, has been the target of a biological control project for 25 years. This woody legume occurs naturally in all tropical American countries from Mexico to Argentina and on many Caribbean islands. In this paper, we analysed the results of surveys for natural enemies of M. pigra conducted in seven countries by several different collectors and which revealed 420 species of insects and five of fungi. We assessed the survey effort relative to the natural distribution of the host-plant to show that large areas of the natural distribution were not covered. We examined the known distribution of the natural enemies to show that most natural enemies occur over the majority of the range of the host, although the Isthmus of Panama is a barrier to many species. This indicates that few potential agents were missed. We show species accumulation curves for three sites to estimate the number of visits required to find most species at a site. Although the species accumulation curves continued to rise, even after 28 collections and 101 insects found at one site, the species utilised for biological control were found relatively early. We expect that these general conclusions (that those insects with potential for biological control are widely distributed and relatively quickly discovered) are applicable to biological control surveys of any target that occurs continuously over a wide geographic range, but possibly not to targets that occupy disjunct distributions.     

三峡库区苏门白酒草（Conyza sumatrensis）化感作用与入侵性研究

为探讨外来种苏门白酒草（Conyza sumatrensis）的入侵机理,在长江三峡工程库区苏门白酒草入侵地,采用生物检测的方法研究开旷荒地、公路边、林缘3种不同生境条件下的苏门白酒草地上部分和地下部分水浸提液的化感作用。研究结果发现：（1）在小白菜（Brassica chinensis）幼苗萌发生长试验中,苏门白酒草地下和地上部分水浸提液对供试种子的萌发以及幼苗的生长主要表现出抑制作用,并随着浸提液浓度的增加,抑制作用增强;（2）在小白菜种子的萌发及幼苗生长各项指标的对比中发现,用各样地的苏门白酒草地上部分水浸提液处理的各组指标之间的差异大于用其地下部分水浸提液处理的各组指标之间的差异,说明对于不同样地的苏门白酒草的入侵力,地上部分的化感作用比地下部分具有更大的贡献力;（3）不同生境的苏门白酒草化感作用存在差异,生于公路边和开旷荒地生境的苏门白酒草地上部分和地下部分的化感作用能力最强,而生于林缘的苏门白酒草地上部分和地下部分的化感作用能力弱,即公路边〉开旷荒地〉林缘;（4）不同生境条件下的苏门白酒草化感作用力与本地植物的相对多度存在显著的正相关关系,表明苏门白酒草化感作用的差异是导致它在不同生境间入侵力差异的原因之一;（5）苏门白酒草的化感作用确实存在,也是其入侵成功的重要原因。     

The alien flora of Europe: a taxonomic and biogeographic review

Abstract. A geographic and taxonomic overview of the non-indigenous plant species of Europe, based on the ‘Flora Europaea’ is given. The flora of Europe includes 1568 species which have either expanded their ranges within Europe under human influence (naturalized European species) or are of non-European origin (exotic species). The latter group consists of 580 species (37%) which form a diverse group in terms of their taxonomic composition and geographic origin. The exotics are represented by 113 families, of which the Compositae, Rosaceae and Gramineae are most important. The ratio of species to families is low. Most exotic species in Europe originate from the Americas and Asia. Countries of southern Europe have a higher relative number of exotics in their non-native flora than northern ones. The species-range size distribution differs between naturalized European and exotic species; the latter are on average more widespread than the naturalized.     

Does endophyte symbiosis resist allelopathic effects of an invasive plant in degraded grassland?

Allelopathic effects and plant associated systemic endophytic fungi are often thought to play a role in the invasion of exotic plant species. Here, we tested the inhibitory effects of the aqueous extracts of the hemiparasitic weed Pedicularis kansuensis on seed germination and seedling growth of endophyte-free (E−) and -infected (E+) grass species, Stipa purpurea and Elymus tangutorum. The weed extracts significantly inhibited both seed germination and seedling growth of the target grass species. Extracts from the inflorescences gave greater inhibition than those from the stems or roots, while the concentration of the extract had a direct effect on the extent of inhibition. The E+ target plants were less susceptible to the extracts than their E-counterparts. Our results suggest that the allelopathic potential of P. kansuensis will lead to increased frequencies of endophyte infected plants in grass populations.     

Native cover crops suppress exotic annuals and favor native perennials in a greenhouse competition experiment

In a greenhouse experiment, we examined the effectiveness of four native cover crops for controlling four exotic, invasive species and increasing success of four western North American grassland species. Planting the annual cover crops, annual ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and common sunflower (Helianthus annuus), reduced the biomass of the exotic species cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), and whitetop (Cardaria draba). The annual cover crops also reduced the desired species biomass in competition with the perennial exotics, but either increased or did not affect the desired species biomass in competition with the annual exotics. Planting the perennial cover crops, Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) and littleleaf pussytoes (Antennaria microphylla), rarely inhibited exotic species, but did increase the desired species biomass. Field experiments are needed to test the cover crops under more ecologically relevant conditions, but our results suggested that the annual cover crops may be effective for controlling invasive annuals and for facilitating native perennials.     

Vegetation dynamics following resource manipulations in herb-rich woodland

Changes in species richness, turnover, composition and above-ground biomass of herb-rich woodland were documented following fertilizer application and water addition over three growing seasons. Addition of fertilizer significantly reduced species richness relative to unmanipulated control and water addition plots after 3 years. This change coincided with significant increases in biomass, which were largely due to increased growth of exotic annual grasses. The reductions in richness observed in the fertilized plots were a consequence of both lower rates of local colonization and enhanced rates of local extinction of the resident species. Species loss was not random; native species were lost after nutrient addition whereas exotic species were not. Nutrient limitation was more important for species coexistence in these communities than was water availability.     

Pisonia grandis monocultures limit the spread of an invasive ant—a case of carbohydrate quality?

The mechanisms by which invasive species are able to spread into and dominate natural communities are poorly understood and remain a focus of invasion research. In this quest, studying invasions that are limited by a controlling factor will be more informative than will studies documenting unabated spread and impacts. Some ant species are very successful invaders, and research demonstrating abiotic and biotic factors limiting their success has aided the understanding of invasion ecology. We report here a study showing the highly invasive African big headed ant Pheidole megacephala having a novel distribution on coral cays within Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. These patterns displayed a clear limitation of its distribution with monocultures of the tree Pisonia grandis. This distribution was contrary to the known environmental limitations of the ant, and the limitation could not be associated with an underlying abiotic determinant of the vegetation type. We present these distributional patterns, and following consideration of all known biotic and abiotic limitations of ant invasions we discuss the potential that the peculiar ecophysiology of P. grandis is the causal factor. Specifically, we suggest that the quality of carbohydrate supply to ants is a limitation to invasive spread in much the same way that carbohydrate quantity is known to affect ant population densities in other ecosystems.