鲜食大豆蚜虫种群增长规律与防治指标

大豆蚜Aphis glycinesMatsmura种群增长随时间而变化,符合Logistic增长模型,得出回归方程N=58.5330/(1+e4.8704-0.2274t),当t≈21时,可作为防治大豆蚜的关键时期,此时正值田间大豆苗期的营养生长盛期。大豆苗期随着蚜量上升,危害损失增加。根据田间蚜虫密度与危害损失率之间的相互关系,大豆蚜的防治指标可确定为平均每穴蚜量24头或800头/百株。     

小麦蚜虫为害小麦产量损失及防治指标研究

麦蚜是小麦的主要害虫之一,麦长管蚜Macrosiphumavena（Fabricius）是河北省优势种群,其次是麦二叉蚜Schizphisgraminum（Rondani）、禾谷缢管蚜、麦无网长管蚜AcyrlhosiphondirhodumWalker。小麦蚜虫为害损失及防治指标,国内已发表多篇论文,其防治指标均为400～500头／百株。中国农科院植保所郭予元等[1]的防治指标为4．4头／茎,西北农大植保系赵惠燕等[2]防治指标为500头／百株,北京大学生物系李拮鹄鸣等[3]的防治指标为480头／百株。作者于1994～1996年对麦蚜进行了研究,确定穗期百株蚜量为2000头左右,结果如下。1材料与方法…     

天津市小麦蚜虫大发生

(中国植保网讯)目前天津市小麦正处在扬花期,就小麦蚜虫发生普查情况看,全市发生面积达7 3 4万hm2 ( 1 1 0万亩) ,发生程度明显高于2 0 0 3年,接近2 0 0 2年和2 0 0 3年大发生年。百株蚜最高达2 5 2 6头,平均达1 0 0 0～1 5 0 0头,蚜株率已达1 0 0 %。截止2 0 0 4年5月8日,蓟县蚜株率达66 7%,百株蚜量达65 6头,比2 0 0 3年同期分别高5 2 7%和642头;宝坻蚜株率达1 0 0 %,百株蚜量达1 5 73头,比2 0 0 3年同期分别高91 %和1 5 3 5头;武清蚜株率达86%,百株蚜量达1 1 4 8头,比2 0 0 3年同期分别高82 %和1 1 3 0头;静海蚜株率达1 0 0 %,百株蚜量…     

桃蚜在烟株上分布的研究

在烤烟伸根期的前、中、后3个阶段,烟蚜主要分布在倒2～4叶（自下而上）之上,分别占全株总蚜量的59．68％,61．96％和77．27％。旺长期烟株5个叶层的蚜量以上棚叶层居多,前、中、后3个阶段的蚜量分别占全株蚜量的49．79％、50．32％和27．90％。中后期腋芽上的蚜量增多,分别占全株蚜量的17.12％和36．67％。将旺长期烟株5个叶层的蚜量分别与全株蚜量进行相关检验,结果上二棚叶层蚜量与全株蚜量相关最密切,9＝2．1668x－12．4314±41．1414,r＝0．9995,卡方检验X2＝35．4656＜X20.01＝73．658。因此,该相关式可认为适用于春烟旺长期田间蚜量调查取样的估计。     

夏季苹果新梢生理指标与抗苹果绵蚜的关系

研究苹果生理指标与其对苹果绵蚜(Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmann)抗性的关系,为筛选培育抗性品种,实现持续有效治理苹果绵蚜提供依据.田间调查不同苹果品种对苹果绵蚜的抗性,测定比较各品种正常枝条生理指标,以及被苹果绵蚜危害后生理指标的变化.结果表明,正常枝条中可溶性糖(r=0.99)、蛋白质(r=0.86)含量与感蚜率呈正相关;氨基酸含量与感蚜率呈负相关(r=-0.96);酚类物质和4种酶活性与苹果感蚜率均不存在明显相关性.被害后昭锦108可溶性糖含量有所下降,红富士、金冠分别上升1.4％、7.0％;蛋白质、氨基酸、酚类物质含量均有所下降,其中红富士总酚含量明显下降,达23.5％,总酚下降率与感蚜率呈正相关(r=0.94);超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide Dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性均上升,其中CAT变化率与感蚜率存在相关性(r=-0.92),昭锦108 CAT活性明显上升,达91.2％;多酚氧化酶(Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO)、过氧化物酶(Peroxidase,POD)活性增减不一;金冠4种酶活性均上升.研究表明,对苹果绵蚜抗性较强的品种:可溶性糖、蛋白质含量较低,游离氨基酸含量较高;受害后可溶性糖含量下降,总酚含量下降率较低,游离氨基酸含量下降率较高.酶活性对抗蚜性的影响不明显.     

塑膜覆盖棉田棉蚜消长特点及其原因探讨

<正> 塑膜覆盖栽培技术在棉田的应用,使棉蚜(侨居蚜)赖以生存的小生境发生改变,因而其田间消长也出现了新的特点。明确棉蚜在新的条件下的消长特点,对制定相应的防治策略和措施具有重要的生产指导意义。据刘绍友、仵光俊等观察,地膜棉田苗蚜比露地显著下降,认为其原因主要是塑膜对有翅蚜迁飞有一定驱避作用,迁人有翅蚜量比露地减少65.65—77.1％,因而使田间蚜量比露地下降62.64—93.53％甚至100％;又认为地膜棉地温高生长快,抗蚜力强,因而卷叶株率下降90.48％。而李曼瑞等观察,覆盖棉蚜发生量比露地高0.5—3.2倍。作者1981—1984年观察和试验     

敌敌畏毒沙防治伏蚜秋蚜效果好

<正> 近年来不少棉田伏蚜、秋蚜,为害严重,这时,由于棉株高大封行,喷雾耗药费工效果差。施用毒沙效果好,防治后虫口减退率可达95％以上,药效可维持6天以上。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉棉盲蝽防治指标研究

2005-2006年,采用田间接虫试验的方法,分别研究了江苏沿海棉区棉盲蝽优势种绿盲蝽和中黑盲蝽对Bt棉的为害与产量损失。结果表明,Bt棉田的被害株率和产量损失均随着接虫量的加大而增加,其对数相关均达极显著水平,直线相关也达显著至极显著水平;Bt棉田棉盲蝽的防治可以若虫数量与被害株率两项指标来把握,2种盲蝽混合种群第2、3、4代虫量推广防治指标分别为百株有2、3龄若虫5头、10头和20头上下;或被害株率依次为3%、8%和15%左右。     

麦双尾蚜发生数量与小麦播种期的关系

新疆伊犁和塔城冬、春麦田的麦双尾蚜Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) 有虫株率和百株蚜量,与小麦播种时间密切相关。在小麦正常播种期内,冬小麦晚播可以显著减少麦双尾蚜数量,每晚播种10天,第二年麦双尾蚜有虫株率可以下降40%～70%;春小麦每晚播种10天,麦双尾蚜有虫株率增加30%～88%。     

棉花抗蚜性与苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的关系

为探讨苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与棉花抗蚜性的关系,在室内人工接蚜危害和田间自然蚜群2种条件下,测定不同抗蚜性棉花品种受棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover危害后叶片的PAL活性。结果表明:未受棉蚜危害时,抗、感品种PAL活性无明显差异;棉蚜危害胁迫棉花PAL活性升高,抗蚜品种受到棉蚜危害诱导所产生的PAL活性远比感蚜品种高。田间有蚜株率与棉花叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的呈显著的负相关关系。研究说明PAL酶活性对棉花的抗蚜性有一定的影响。     

种植茼蒿对蚕豆苜蓿蚜的田间控制作用

[目的] 探讨不同生育期和不同种植方式的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫的诱集作用,为利用茼蒿控制蚕豆蚜虫提供理论依据。[方法] 在蚕豆田四周种植不同生育期（幼苗期、现蕾期、开花期）和不同行数（1行、2行）的茼蒿,观察不同处理的蚕豆田有蚜株率和蚜害等级,各处理设在互不干扰的小区内进行。[结果] 蚕豆四周种植不同生育期茼蒿后,蚕豆上有蚜株率和蚜害等级比例存在显著差异,且与茼蒿的生育期有明显的相关性,各处理有蚜株率从低到高分别为茼蒿开花期（28.33%） < 现蕾期（41.67%） < 幼苗期（55.00%）,并均显著低于对照（63.33%）;种植不同生育期茼蒿后,各处理蚕豆蚜害等级也不同,5级蚜害在种植开花期茼蒿处理后仅为5.00%,现蕾期为23.33%,幼苗期为33.33%,对照蚕豆上蚜害最高,达40.00%。分别种植1行（33.33%）和2行（23.33%）茼蒿后,最高有蚜株率均显著低于对照（66.67%）,低蚜害等级比例明显增高,高蚜害比例明显下降,且种植2行的效果更佳。[结论] 开花期的茼蒿对蚕豆蚜虫诱集作用最强,种植2行开花期茼蒿可以有效降低蚕豆蚜虫为害。在蚕豆生产上,种植茼蒿可以作为蚕豆蚜虫生态防控的重要手段之一。     

Feeding location affects demographic performance of cabbage aphids on winter canola

The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is a perennial pest that specializes on plants of the Brassicaceae family, attacking winter canola (Brassica napus L.) mainly during and after flowering. Under field conditions, cabbage aphid colonizes the upper flowering canopy. Population dynamics of aphids in the flowering canopy could be regulated by differences in either plant quality (bottom‐up) or predatory (top‐down) forces. The goal of our study was to determine the effect of feeding location on cabbage aphid demography. A stage‐structured matrix population model was constructed for aphids restricted to reproductive or vegetative plant tissues of canola. We found that feeding location had a large impact on demography of cabbage aphid; the finite rate of increase (λ ± SEM) was higher when aphids were restricted to reproductive tissues, compared to aphids feeding on vegetative tissues: 1.25 ± 0.01 vs. 1.17 ± 0.01 (leaves). Aphids confined to reproductive tissues with higher λ exhibited shorter generation times (T = 14.2 ± 0.2 days) and 53–75% higher net reproductive rates (R₀ = 23.3 ± 1.7) than aphids feeding on vegetative tissues. Prospective analyses showed that there was a nymph‐skewed stable stage distribution, and elasticity values revealed that λ is most sensitive to changes in stasis of adults staying in the adult stage and to adult survival. Retrospective analyses indicated that variation in adult fecundity (value of 0.05) had the largest effect on population dynamics but collectively, growth of nymphal stage 2–3, 3–4, and 4 to adult accounted for most of the difference in λ between the treatments. Monitoring programs should target adults and penultimate instars colonizing reproductive tissues of canola plants in the field as aphids on these plant structures contribute most to population growth.     

3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化

桃蚜是一种重要的农业害虫,寄主广泛,种下分化复杂。以采自黄土高原旱作区桃树、烟草、甘蓝上的桃蚜为研究对象,通过叶片选择法、传统比较形态测定法研究了3种寄主上桃蚜的选择性及形态分化。结果表明:在3种寄主同时存在的情况下,烟草上的桃蚜嗜食烟草,表现为63.5%的桃蚜选择烟草叶,13.8%选择甘蓝叶,8.2%选择桃叶,而甘蓝和桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性;从形态指标来看,3种寄主上的桃蚜在体长、触角末节长度、后足腿节长度、触角与体长的比例方面存在显著差异(P0.05),说明这几个特征可以作为区分这3种寄主上桃蚜的依据。综合分析可以初步认为黄土高原旱作区烟草上的桃蚜可能形成了寄主专化型-烟草型。     

Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts

The effects of commercial vermicomposts, produced from food waste, on infestations and damage by aphids, mealy bugs and cabbage white caterpillars were studied in the greenhouse. Vermicomposts were used at substitution rates into a soil-less plant growth medium, MetroMix 360 (MM360), at rates of 100% MM360 and 0% vermicompost, 80% MM360 and 20% vermicompost, and 60% MM360 and 40% vermicompost to grow peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.), in pots. Groups of 10 pots containing young plants were distributed randomly in nylon mesh cages (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). Groups of 10 pepper seedlings in a single cage were infested with either 100 aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) or 50 mealy bugs (Pseudococcus spp.) per cage. Similar groups of tomato seedlings were infested with 50 mealy bugs per cage. Groups of four cabbage seedlings in pots in cages were infested with 16 cabbage white caterpillars (Pieris brassicae L.). Populations of aphids and mealy bugs were counted after 20 days and the shoot dry weights of peppers, tomatoes and cabbages were measured at harvest. Numbers of cabbage white caterpillars and loss in shoot weights were measured after 15 days. The substitution rates of 20% and 40% vermicomposts suppressed populations of both aphids and mealy bugs on peppers, and mealy bugs on tomatoes, significantly. Substitutions with vermicomposts into MM360 decreased losses of dry weights of peppers, in response to both aphid and mealy bug infestations, decreased losses in shoot dry weights of tomatoes after mealy bug infestations significantly. There were significantly decreased losses in leaf areas of cabbage seedlings in response to the cabbage white caterpillar infestations.     

Effects of pesticide treatments on the yield of swedes

The effects of insecticide and fungicide applications to swedes (Brassica napus var. napobrassica) were examined at 15 sites in England from 1974 to 1978. Several different pesticide combinations were applied including carbofuran granules at drilling (63 mg a. i./m of row), demeton-S-methyl sprays (0·24 kg a. i./ha) and fluotrimazole sprays (0·18 kg a. i./ha). The best treatments, which varied in different years, gave significantly higher yields than no treatment in 12 out of a total of 15 trials, with varying levels of damage attributable to cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae), aphids (Myzus persicae) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum) in each of the 4 years. In 10 of 12 trials, plots receiving a complete insecticide and fungicide programme yielded on average 40% (range 21–61%) more than untreated plots, mainly through control of root fly and aphids in 1975 and of aphids and mildew in 1976. Aphid damage to swedes was exceptionally severe in both years. Granular formulations of aldicarb, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos or fonofos used alone to prevent cabbage root fly damage gave significant yield benefits in only 8 of the 15 trials, with least effect in 1977 and 1978 when growing conditions for swedes were good and damage relatively light.     

The development of an action threshold for cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in oilseed rape in the UK

Replicated small plot field experiments were done at two sites growing winter oilseed rape (ADAS Boxworth, Cambridgeshire and ADAS High Mowthorpe, North Yorkshire) and two sites growing spring oilseed rape (ADAS Bridgets, Hampshire and ADAS Rosemaund, Herefordshire) to investigate the effect of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on crop yield and quality. All four sites were included in the first 2 yr of the experiment in 1994 and 1995 but only those with winter oilseed rape were continued into the final year in 1996. Plots were artificially inoculated with cabbage aphids at either five aphid 4 m^-2 or 5 aphids 16 m^-2 or left uninoculated to become naturally infested. In 1995 and 1996 the naturally infested treatment was omitted. Sprays of the aphicide pirimicarb at GS 3.3, 3.7, 4.5, 4.9 and 5.5 were used to manipulate aphid populations. Once a plot had been treated at a target growth stage it was sprayed on all subsequent occasions to prevent recolonisation. Aphid numbers were assessed prior to each spray date and their effect on the crop measured in terms of yield of seed and oil and glucosinolate content. Artificial inoculation of aphids was often successful in establishing different populations of the pest at a range of growth stages. Results showed that cabbage aphid sometimes reduced both crop yield and quality. Yield responses to insecticide treatment tended to be larger in spring oilseed rape than in winter oilseed rape mainly because it became more heavily infested at an early growth stage. Tentative thresholds are proposed for control of the pest in both winter and spring oilseed rape. It is stressed that cabbage aphid is a sporadic pest and rarely likely to reach these threshold levels in field crops.     

Damage to sagebrush attracts predators but this does not reduce herbivory

Emissions of volatiles increase following herbivory from many plant species and volatiles may serve multiple functions. Herbivore‐induced volatiles attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores and are often assumed to benefit plants by facilitating top‐down control of herbivores; this benefit of induced emissions has been tested only a few times. Volatile compounds released by experimentally clipped sagebrush shoots have been shown to reduce levels of chewing damage experienced by other shoots on the same plant and on neighboring sagebrush plants. In this study, I asked whether experimental clipping attracted predators of herbivorous insects to sagebrush shoots. I also evaluated aphid populations and chewing damage on clipped and unclipped shoots and whether predators were likely to have caused differences in aphids and chewing damage. Shoots that had been clipped recruited more generalist predators, particularly coccinellids and Geocoris spp. in visual surveys conducted during two seasons. Clipping also caused increased numbers of parasitized aphids in one season. Ants were common tending aphids but were not significantly affected by clipping. Despite the increase in generalist predators, clipped plants were more likely to support populations of aphids that increased during both seasons compared to aphids on unclipped control plants. Clipped shoots suffered less damage by chewing herbivores in the 1‐year in which this was measured. Chewing damage was not correlated with numbers of predators. These results suggest that predators and parasitoids were attracted to experimentally clipped sagebrush plants but that these predators were not effective at reducing net damage to the plant. This conclusion is not surprising as much of the herbivory is inflicted by grasshoppers and deer, herbivores that are not vulnerable to the predators attracted to sagebrush volatiles. More generally, it should not be assumed that predators that are attracted by herbivore‐induced volatiles necessarily benefit the plant without testing this hypothesis under field conditions.     

UV‐B impact on aphid performance mediated by plant quality and plant changes induced by aphids

Plants face various abiotic and biotic environmental factors and therefore need to adjust their phenotypic traits on several levels. UV‐B radiation is believed to impact herbivorous insects via host plant changes. Plant responses to abiotic challenges (UV‐B radiation) and their interaction with two aphid species were explored in a multifactor approach. Broccoli plants [Brassica oleracea L. convar. botrytis (L.), Brassicaceae] were grown in two differently covered greenhouses, transmitting either 80% (high UV‐B) or 4% (low UV‐B) of ambient UV‐B. Three‐week‐old plants were infested with either specialist cabbage aphids [Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae] or generalist green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Sternorrhyncha, Aphididae]. Plants grown under high‐UV‐B intensities were smaller and had higher flavonoid concentrations. Furthermore, these plants had reduced cuticular wax coverage, whereas amino acid concentrations of the phloem sap were little influenced by different UV‐B intensities. Cabbage aphids reproduced less on plants grown under high UV‐B than on plants grown under low UV‐B, whereas reproduction of green peach aphids in both plant light sources was equally poor. These results are likely related to the different specialisation‐dependent sensitivities of the two species. The aphids also affected plant chemistry. High numbers of cabbage aphid progeny on low‐UV‐B plants led to decreased indolyl glucosinolate concentrations. The induced change in these glucosinolates may depend on an infestation threshold. UV‐B radiation considerably impacts plant traits and subsequently affects specialist phloem‐feeding aphids, whereas aphid growth forces broccoli to generate specific defence responses.     

Ant attendance of the cotton aphid is beneficial for okra plants: deciphering multitrophic interactions

相似文献   

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TRANSMISSION OF CABBAGE BLACK RING SPOT VIRUS BY MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZ.)

Factors affecting the transmission of cabbage black ring spot virus by Mysus persicae (Sulz.) were studied quantitatively using the local lesions produced on tobacco leaves. Aphids prevented from feeding for 15 min. or more, before feeding for a few minutes on an infected plant, caused more infections than unfasted aphids. Fasted aphids acquired virus from infected plants in feeding times as short as 10 sec., and infected healthy plants in test-feeding times of 5 sec. Increasing test-feeding times to 30 min. increased the numbers of infections. Increasing infection- feeding times from 10 sec. to 5 min. had little effect, but increasing to more than 5 min. greatly reduced the number of transmissions. This reduction was partly offset if the aphids were prevented from feeding continuously while on the infected plants. With undisturbed infection-feeding periods of 15 min. or longer, previously fasted aphids caused no more infections than unfasted aphids.
Infective aphids lost their ability to produce lesions more rapidly when feeding than when fasting.
Winged and wingless aphids were equally efficient vectors.