番茄属和茄属的属间细胞杂交研究进展

综述了番茄属和茄属的属间细胞杂交研究进展,并对植物细胞杂交研究的发展和存在问题进行了讨论。     

植物细胞杂交研究的现状

自两种比较有效的融合方法(高pH高Ca法和聚二乙醇法)确立以来,植物细胞杂交的研究进展迅速。至今巳有九个国家和地区的实验室得到了20多个细胞杂种植株。近年来植物细胞杂交的研究工作主要集中在异核体     

植物体细胞杂交及其杂种鉴定方法研究进展

植物体细胞杂交使远缘杂交不亲和的植物有可能实现遗传物质重组,创造和培养植物新品种乃至新物种,尤其在多基因控制农艺性状的改良上具有较大优势.随着原生质体融合技术和现代分子生物学的发展,体细胞融合再生植株的植物种属范围不断扩大,杂种鉴定的方法和手段也有了很大提高.本文就近年来植物体细胞杂交的技术手段、筛选体系和杂种检测方法进行了综述,并展望了其应用和发展前景.     

原核微生物原生质体融合

引言微生物原生质体融合是在高等动植物体细胞杂交的基础上发展起来的。早在1838年Muller曾见到肿瘤多核细胞的融合现象,直到1962年才由Okada首次用仙台病毒诱导建立了细胞融合的基本方法。与此同时,植物的体细胞杂交也得以开展,去除细胞壁的植物原生质体融合获得杂种细胞,并再生成植株。1970年英国的Power等首次报道了高浓度NaNO_3诱导植物原生质体融合,1972年Carlson等用Na_2CO_3诱导融合。目前在植物原生质体融合中主要用的方法有两大类:keller等建立的高Ca~(2+)、高pH方法以及高国楠等发展起来的聚乙二醇诱导     

石竹科植物组织培养与细胞工程

近年来,植物组织培养与细胞工程研究在石竹科植物上取得了一定进展。现从组织培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交、单倍体育种、试管开花、转基因等5个方面对其进行综述,并展望了石竹科植物在组织培养和细胞工程研究方面的发展前景。     

细胞杂交与病毒

细胞杂交是以不同种、属的动物或植物的体细胞,进行原生质融合,以期获得杂种个体或杂种细胞的一种技术。植物的体细胞具有发育成完整植株的全能性(totipotent)。因此,通过细胞杂交技术,可以把获得的杂种细胞培养成杂种植株。Carlson 与Melchers 二氏分别于1972与1974年,都曾培育出烟草种间的细胞杂交种植株,使体细胞杂交育种的设想,成为现实。     

植物体细胞杂种及其选择

没有细胞壁的球形原生质体给体细胞杂交提供了有利体系,为克服远缘植物间有性过程中(包括授粉、授精)的不亲和性开辟了途径。同时也为携带外源遗传信息的大分子渗入列细胞创造了机会。从而打破了只依靠有性重组的界线,扩大了遗传重组的范围。近十年来已建立了体细胞杂交的一系列程序和方法,获得了许多体细胞杂种和胞质杂种。     

植物细胞壁分解酶的制备与细胞生物学的鉴定

为了研究植物原生质体的分离、培养和融合,我们对分解植物细胞壁的纤维素酶的生产进行了研究,并对酶制剂进行了细胞生物学的鉴定。试验结果证明:用我们的方法和程序生产的酶制剂完全可以满足植物体细胞杂交研究之用。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

松柏类植物原生质体培养研究进展

原生质体培养在体细胞杂交、遗传转化、细胞壁再生、细胞分裂及细胞的许多生理生化研究和植物细胞全能性的理论研究中有重要的应用价值。与组织和细胞培养相比,松柏类植物的原生质体培养研究难度更     

水稻体细胞杂交研究进展

水稻是世界重要的粮食作物,全世界约有120个国家种植水稻。水稻的近缘或远缘种具有一些优良性状,如抗病、抗虫、抗逆等。将这些性状导入水稻,是科学家们所希望的,但因用普通杂交方法存在交配系统的不亲和性等难题而进展不大。随着组织培养技术的发展,特别是植物原生质体培养技术的日趋成熟,使得人类能够在细胞水平通过体细胞杂交方法实现遗传信息的重组。     

生物技术在油菜种质创新中的应用

从胚拯救、体细胞杂交、体细胞无性系变异和基因工程4方面综述了现代生物技术在油菜种质创新中所取得的成绩.胚挽救技术主要用于克服远缘杂交受精后的不亲和,提高获得杂种的频率;体细胞杂交由于绕过有性杂交不亲和障碍,扩大了杂交范围;基因工程技术借助分子操作技术,达到定向改变目标生物遗传物质的目的,拓宽其种质资源.另外,对限制生物技术在油菜种质创新中的一些因素和其发展前景进行了讨论.     

2004 SIVB Congress Symposium Proceedings “Thinking Outside the Cell”: Applications of Somatic Hybridization and Cybridization in Crop Improvement,with Citrus as a Model

Summary Although somatic hybridization techniques are being ignored by variety improvement programs for most commodities, their contribution to citrus variety improvement continnes to expland and with increasing complexity. Citrus is, one of the few commodities where somatic hybridization is reaching its predicted potential, as somatic hybrids are now possible from most desirable parental combinations. Somatic hybrid citrus plants have been produced from more than 250 parental combinations, including more than 130 at the CREC. The CREC hybrids include 34 from sexually compatible intergeneric combinations, 16 from sexually incompatible combinations, and 81 interspecific combinations. The objective of this report is to demonstrate the impact of somatic hybridization on citrus improvement programs, and to discuss its potential with other commodities. For citrus scion improvement, several applications are aimed at the development of improved seedless fresh fruit varieties, and these include symmetric somatic hybridization, haploid+diploid fusion, targeted cybridization to transfer cytoplasmic male sterility (mtCMS) from Satsuma mandarin, and triploidy via interploid crosses using somatic hybrid allotetrapoid breeding parents. For rootstock improvement symmetric somatic hybridization provides an opportunity to hybridize complementary rootstocks without breaking up successful gene combinations. Rootstock somatic hybridization is providing opportunities for improving disease and inseet resistance, soil adaptation, and tree size control. Wide somatic hybridization provides an opportunity for gene transfer from related species, including some that are sexually incompatible. Extensive field research on citrus somatic hybrid rootstocks combined with emerging molecular analyses of citrus has allowed for the development of additional strategies for rootstock improvement. These include rootstock breeding and selection, at the tetraploid level using somatic hybrid parents, and the resynthesis of important rootstocks at the tetraploid level via fusion of selected superior parents. Ongoing examples of each strategy will be provided, along with ideas for extending the technology to other commodities.     

Somatic hybridization in citrus: An effective tool to facilitate variety improvement

Summary Citrus somatic hybridization and cybridization via protoplast fusion has become an integral part of citrus variety improvement programs worldwide. Citrus somatic hybrid plants have been regenerated from more than 200 parental combinations, and several cybrid combinations have also been produced. Applications of somatic hybridization to citrus scion improvement include the production of quality tetraploid breeding parents that can be used in interploid crosses to generate seedless triploids, and the direct production of triploids by haploid + diploid fusion. Applications of somatic hybridization to citrus rootstock improvement include the production of allotetraploid hybrids that combine complementary diploid rootstocks, and to combine citrus with sexually incompatible or difficult to hybridize genera that possess traits of interest for germplasm expansion. A few somatic hybrid tetraploid breeding parents have flowered, are fertile, and are being used as pollen parents to generate triploids. Several allotetraploid somatic hybrid rootstocks are performing well in commercial field trials, and show great promise for tree size control. Seed trees of most of these somatic hybrid rootstocks are producing adequate nucellar seed for standard propagation. Somatic hybridization is expected to have a positive impact on citrus cultivar improvement efforts.     

Non-random chloroplast segregation inNicotiana tabacum (+)N. rustica somatic hybrids selected by dual nuclear-encoded resistance

Nicotiana tabacum (+)N. rustica interspecific somatic hybrids were produced by fusion of leaf mesophyll protoplasts of transgenic methotrexate-resistantNicotiana tabacum L. with leaf mesophyll protoplasts of transgenic kanamycin-resistantN. rustica L. Somatic hybrids were selected on the basis of resistance to both methotrexate and kanamycin. Evidence for nuclear hybridization was obtained for 21 hybrids by restriction-fragment-length-polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using a heterologous wheat nuclear ribosomal-DNA (rDNA) probe and by analysis of glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) isoenzymes. Chloroplasts segregated non-randomly as 20 of the somatic hybrids possessedN. rustica chloroplasts and only one hadN. tabacum chloroplasts. Patterns of mitochondrial inheritance were examined by hybridization of a heterologous wheat cytochrome oxidase subunit II (coxII) gene with genomic DNA of the somatic hybrids. Four somatic hybrids with hybridization patterns similar toN. rustica and 17 with hybridization patterns consistent with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) rearrangement or recombination were obtained. None of the somatic hybrids had patterns ofcoxll hybridization identical withN. tabacum. Male-fertility levels in the hybrids ranged from undetectable to 87% and only nine hybrids produced a limited amount of viable seed. There was no apparent correlation between the patterns of organelle inheritance in the somatic hybrids and the relative degree of fertility.Contribution No. 1439 Plant Research CentreCurrent address: Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, 110 Gymmasium Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OW9, Canada     

The place of asymmetric somatic hybridization in wheat breeding

Since its first development some 40 years ago, the application of the somatic hybridization technique has generated a body of hybrid plant material involving a wide combination of parental species. Until the late 1990s, the technique was ineffective in wheat, as regeneration from protoplasts was proving difficult to achieve. Since this time, however, a successful somatic hybridization protocol for wheat has been established and used to generate a substantial number of both symmetric and asymmetric somatic hybrids and derived materials, especially involving the parental combination bread wheat and tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum ponticum). This review describes the current state of the art for somatic hybridization in wheat and focuses on its potential application for wheat improvement.     

5S rDNA间隔序列分析和RAPD技术用于鉴定体细胞杂种

主要对狭叶柴胡(Bupleurum scoronerifolium)与川西獐芽菜(Swerita musstii Franch) 的科间体细胞杂种愈伤组织、小麦(Triticum aestivum)与燕麦(Avena sativa)的族间体细胞杂种愈伤组织及再生植株进行5S rDNA 间隔序列及RAPD 分析鉴定, 确证了它们为体细胞杂种。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.