Pax基因家族在果蝇发育过程中的调控作用

Pax是一个在进化上相当保守的基因家族, 它们编码的产物是一组极为重要的转录调控因子, 并存在于从果蝇到人类的各种生物体中, 参与细胞内信号传导通路的调控, 在胚胎发育过程中对细胞分化、更新、凋亡起重要的调控作用, 影响器官和组织的形成。果蝇中已发现10个Pax基因家族成员, 它们对果蝇胚胎发育及成虫组织器官的分化有非常重要的调控作用。文章结合最新的研究进展, 就果蝇中Pax基因的结构、表达模式和主要功能做一简要综述。     

Function of Pax1 and Pax9 in the sclerotome of medaka fish

We examined the expression and functions of Pax1 and Pax9 in a teleost fish, the medaka Oryzias latipes. While Pax1 and Pax9 show distinct expression in the sclerotome in amniotes, we could not detect the differential expression of Pax1 and Pax9 in the developing sclerotome of the medaka. Furthermore, unlike the mouse, in which Pax1 is essential for development of the vertebral body, and where the neural arch is formed independent of either Pax1 or Pax9, our morpholino knockdown experiments revealed that both Pax1 and Pax9 are indispensable for the development of the vertebral body and neural arch. Therefore, we conclude that after gene duplication, Pax1 and Pax9 subfunctionalize their roles in the sclerotome independently in teleosts and amniotes. In Stage-30 embryo, Pax9 was strongly expressed in the posterior mesoderm, as was also observed for mouse Pax9. Since this expression was not detected for Pax1 in the mouse or fish, this new expression in the posterior mesoderm likely evolved in Pax9 of ancestral vertebrates after gene duplication. Two-month-old fish injected with Pax9 morpholino oligonucleotide showed abnormal morphology in the tail hypural skeletal element, which may have been related to this expression.     

Spatial specification of mammalian eye territories by reciprocal transcriptional repression of Pax2 and Pax6

We have studied the molecular basis of the Pax2 and Pax6 function in the establishment of visual system territories. Loss-of-function mutants have revealed crucial roles for Pax2 in the generation of the optic stalk and for Pax6 in the development of the optic cup. Ectopic expression of Pax6 in the optic stalk under control of Pax2 promoter elements resulted in a shift of the optic cup/optic stalk boundary indicated by the presence of retinal pigmented cells on the optic stalk. By studying mouse embryos at early developmental stages we detected an expansion of Pax2 expression domain in the Pax6(-/-) mutant and of Pax6 expression domain in the Pax2(-/-) embryo. These results suggest that the position of the optic cup/optic stalk boundary depends on Pax2 and Pax6 expression, hinting at a possible molecular interaction. Using gel shift experiments, we confirmed the presence of Pax2- and Pax6-binding sites on the retina enhancer of the Pax6 gene and on the Pax2 upstream control region, respectively. Co-transfection experiments revealed a reciprocal inhibition of Pax2 promoter/enhancer activity by Pax6 protein and vice versa. Based on our findings, we propose a model for Pax gene regulation that establishes the proper spatial regionalization of the mammalian visual system.     

A new Pax gene,Pax-9, maps to mouse Chromosome 12

Members of the Pax gene family have recently been shown to play important roles in mouse embryogenesis. Of eight so far characterized Pax genes, three have been associated with mouse developmental mutants. Here we report the cloning of a new Pax gene, Pax-9. Most of the DNA sequence encoding the highly conserved paired domain has been determined and compared with previously known paired domains. This comparison classifies Pax-9 as a member of the same subgroup as Pax-1/undulated. By analysis of the segregation of a Pax-9 restriction fragment length polymorphism and a large number of simple sequence length polymorphisms in an interspecific C57BL/6 x Mus musculus mollosinus backcross, Pax-9 was mapped close to the D12Nds1 locus on the proximal part of Chromosome (Chr) 12.     

Homeodomain proteins Mox1 and Mox2 associate with Pax1 and Pax3 transcription factors.

Mox1 and Mox2 homeobox genes have been shown to be critical in axial skeleton and in limb muscle development respectively. Pax1 and Pax3 gene products are also implicated in these processes. Mox and Pax expression patterns are highly overlapping both spatially and temporally during embryonic development. We show here for the first time that Mox proteins physically interact with Pax1 and Pax3 using the yeast two-hybrid protein interaction assay as well as in vitro biochemical assays. There is a strong preference of Mox1 to associate with Pax1 rather than Pax3 and of Mox2 to associate with Pax3 rather than Pax1. The observed interactions are mediated through the homeodomain of Mox.